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ANNALS

OF THE

ei ~

CARNEGIE MUSEUM

eel

VOLUME. X:

1916

Wile HOLLANDS Aare,

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE

JANUARY AND JULY, 1916

PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA

abe Ob CONEENTS.

Tit!e-page and Table of Contents List of Plates List of Figures in Text

Errata et Corrigenda . Editorial Notes he Tt

III.

. A New Species of eee ren ae By W. J. Holland . The Birds of the Isle of Pines. By W. E. Clyde Todd . The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Isle of Pines. By

Description of a Mee Saece of Tomoise aoe the Jurassic of Utah. By Charles W. Gilmore : : ;

The Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana. By W. P. Haynes

Description of a New eae ie ae de Seen By Carl H. Eigenmann

. Some Marine Fishes from Ghoanes Wee Bodadon By

Charles Wilson .

. On Apareiodon, a New eae ai Ghartid ene By Carl

H. Eigenmann .

. New and Rare Fishes Hon ooh erica Rivers. By

Carl H. Eigenmann .

. Description of Three New ereries af Chiacd Fishes. By

Carl H. Eigenmann and Arthur W. Henn

. On the Species of Salminus. By Carl H. Eigenmann . . On Various South American Peeciliid Fishes. By Arthur

W. Henn

Thomas Barbour

. A List of the Land and Fick water Shells of ov Isle of

Pines. By John B. Henderson

/. The Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation. By Percy E.

Raymond .

. South American Crickets, Grligeaiodes: and Abtetnides:

By Lawrence Bruner

I. A Preliminary Catalog of the North Ampican ehenciicle.

By Victor Sterki, M.D.

. Some Directions and Suggestions for Collecting tae eine.

riide and Aquatic Gastropods. By Victor Sterki, M.D. ili

PAGES. i-iv v-V1 Vil

Viil

owe Kew 5 309-314

7-12

93-142

- 143-145 . 146-296

. 297-308

478-486

1\ CONTENTS.

XVILM. The Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines, being a List of the Species Collected on the Island by Mr. J. L. Graf and Mr. G. A. I.ink, Sr., in t910 and 1912-1913. By W. J. Holland ~. 5 : : : : ; pees : . 487-518 XIX. A List of the Odonata Collected on the Isle of Pines by Mr. J. L. Graf in 1910, and by Mr. G. A. Link in 1912-19132, now Contained in the Carnegie Museum. By Hugo Kahl. 519-526 XX. A Trip to Islands in Lake Erie. By Calvin Goodrich. . 527-531 XXI. Notes on the Land-shells of the Islands at the Western End of Lake Erie and Description of New Varieties. By George H. Clapp : ; ’ é : : f XXII. A List of the Orthoptera Collected in the Isle of Pines by J. L. Graf, t910, and G. A. Link, 1912-1913. By W. J. Holland and Hugo Kahl . : : ; ; : : . 542-546 Index . : é 5 : : ; : : ‘ : . 547-576

532-541

ie

ks JUN IV. VoVECL IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI.

XVII. XVIII.

XXI. XXII.

XXII. XXIV.

XXV. XXVI

XXVII.

SE On SPiN LES,

Carapace and Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore, Type.

Carapace and Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore, Paratype.

Geologic Map of Region about Three Forks, Montana.

Columnar sections of the Three Forks formation.

Brachiopods from Green Shales, Montana.

Sphagebranchus conklini Eigenmann, Type.

Umbrina tumacoénsis Wilson, Type.

A pareiodon affinis (Steindachner), Type of Parodon paraguayensis Eigenmann; A pareiodon itapicuruénsis Eigenmann, Type.

A pareiodon hasemani Eigenmann, Type.

Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann, Type.

Corydoras mete Eigenmann, Type; Ofocinclus spectabilis Eigen- mann, Type, inferior and superior views.

Gnathocharax steindachnert Fowler.

Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann, Type.

Hemiodus parnague Eigenmann & Henn, Type.

Rivulus compressus Wenn, Type; Phalloceras caudomaculatus (Hensel).

. Diphyacantha chocoénsis Henn, Type and Paratype; Limza holland

Henn, Type; Neoheterandria elegans Henn, Type and Paratype.

. Heterandria hasemani Henn, Type; Phalloptychus eigenmanni

Henn, Type and Paratype.

Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, Type and Paratype.

Casas Mountains near Nueva Gerona; Jungle on upper slopes of Caballos Mountains, Isle of Pines.

Palmetto-pine Scrub; Grove of Royal Palms; Bottle Palms, Isle of Pines.

Grove of Caribbean Pines near McKinley, Isle of Pines; Mangroves and grass along river-bank, Isle of Pines.

Characteristic view in the Cienaga; Sea-cliffs at Punta del Este, Isle of Pines.

Cuban Nighthawk, Chordeiles virginianus minor (Cabanis) on nest, Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines.

Map of the Isle of Pines, West Indies.

v

List OF EVATES.

. Lateral view of anterior portion and dorsal view of top of head of Leimadophis nebulatus sp. nov.

Lateral view of anterior portion and dorsal view of top of head of L. andree.

. Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation.

. Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation.

. Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines.

. Shells from the Western Islands of Lake Erie.

. Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Pyramidula strontiana

and P. roseo-apicata Clapp.

7, Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Pyramidula alternata

ertensis Clapp.

. Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Polvgyra profunda

strontiana Clapp.

. Diagram of diameters and heights of Polygyra albolabris goodrichi

Clapp. Mr. Bryant Walker collecting Polygyra goodrichi on

Middle Sister Island. Mr. George H. Clapp collecting shells on

Middle Sister Island. |

Mist Or. FIGURES.

PAGES Glyptops utahensis. Carapace of type 9 Glyptops utahensis. Plastron of type 10 Mouth of A goniates anchovia Eigenmann ; 78 Predorsal spine of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann 81 Scale of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann 81

Diagrammatic sketch of Pecilia vivipara, &, showing modification of last two precaudal vertebre to form a support for intromittent organ : :

Diphyacantha, See Henry deel ot of intromittent organ

Priapichthys nigroventralis (Eigenmann & Henn), distal end of intro- mittent organ : 3 : Z : ;

Heterandria formosa Agassiz, cipal end of intromittent organ

Neoheterandria elegans Henn, distal end of intromittent organ

Pseudopecilia fria (Eigenmann & Henn), distal end of intromittent organ

Pecilopsis amates (Miller), distal end of intromittent organ

Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, side view and anal fin of male

Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, inferior view of premaxillaries with teeth

Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, view from above of terminal portion of anal; view from below of-same object

Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, section through center Ai eae al 6 anal; section through posterior portion of terminal part or scoop of the anal. : ;

Pecilia melanzona Giese alist neal as anal of male

Mollienisia latipinna Le Seur, distal end of anal of male .

Mollienisia caucana (Steindachner), distal end of anal of male .

Limia hollandi Henn, distal end of anal of male : :

Method of making a cheap ring for a net for collecting small ane

Vil

ERRATA £2 -CORRIGE NDE.

P. 25, 5th line from top, for ‘“/ena”’ read leana.

ne,

— Y

a Mea eke MODEL SAS CLS

. 39, 3rd line from bottom, and 40, 14th line from bottom, for “‘kellogi”’

read kelloggi.

53; . 544,

. 71, 10th line from bottom, for “hkasemanni”’ read hasemant.

22nd line from bottom, for ‘‘ Pharacrocorax”’ read Phalacrocorax. 17th line from bottom, for ‘‘auricola”’ read auricoma.

7th line from top, for “‘oxydactyla”’ read oxydactylus.

19th line from bottom, for “ Anurogyllus”’ read Anurogryllus.

‘

23rd line from bottom, for ‘“‘immaculata”’ read tmmaculatus.

Ist, ond, and 5th lines from top, for ‘‘augusticollis” read angusticollis. 15th line from bottom, for “ Hapithes’’ read Hapithus.

16th line from top, for “‘ (Draper) ’’ read (Drapernaud).

22nd line from top, for “ Giddings ’’ read Gould.

ard line from bottom, for “ Mousensis’’ read mynesites.

for “‘ AZpIpopIDa’’ read CEDIPODID®.

Vill

ANNALS \

fan NIE GLE MUSEUM

VoL. x, Nos: § AND. 2.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

THE month of May and the first two weeks in June were spent by the Director on the Pacific coast, whither he had gone at the invitation of the authorities of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, to act as a member of the International Jury in the Department of Education. The work of the Jury was more or less exacting, so that little time could be devoted to anything else. Nevertheless a visit to the University of California on Commencement Day, and a visit to Leland Stanford University on Baccalaureate Sunday, permitted the Director to renew his acquaintance with Professor J. C. Merriam at Berkeley and to inspect the wonderful paleontological collections which he has acquired, and to enjoy the hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. D. Starr Jordan at Palo Alto, and to glance at the ichthyological treasures in the Museum of the University.

After his work as a member of the Jury had been completed, the Director was able to find time to view the Yosemite, where he spent a couple of days, and then to repair to Los Angeles and San Diego Near Los Angeles the remarkable deposit at Rancho la Brea was inspected. The kindness of Dr. Frank S. Daggett, the Director of the beautiful Museum of History, Science, and Art of Los Angeles County, on the occasion of a visit paid to the institution, will never be forgotten. The action of the authorities of Los Angeles County in appropriating a sum of money for the thorough scientific exploitation of the fossil Beds at Rancho la Brea is most gratifying as an illustration of in-

il

2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

telligent interest in scientific matters. The wonderful results in the recovery of vast numbers of splendid specimens representing the Pleistocene fauna of California, is most remarkable. The researches of Professor Merriam, now being followed up by the work of Dr. Daggett and his associates, will reveal the life which existed in Pleistocene times upon the Pacific coast in a manner unparalleled by any similar work. The number of species of mammals and birds preserved in these asphalt beds is astonishingly large, and we impatiently wait for the publications, which are in course of preparation, and which will give in detail an account of the discoveries made.

From Los Angeles the Director proceeded to Utah, where he viewed the Carnegie Quarry near Jensen, spending some time with Mr. Douglass going over the work which has been accomplished during the past year or more. The result in many respects has been very gratifying, resulting in the recovery of specimens representing many species which lived in Jurassic time, and which in perfection are not surpassed, and in fact are not equaled by those obtained by any other institution in existence. The old sand-bars here uncovered are almost as rich in animal remains as are the pitch-beds at Rancho la Brea. The creatures are of course wholly different, representing the Age of Reptiles rather than the Age of Mammals and Birds.

IT is with sorrow that we record the death, on April 24, of Mr. William H. Reed, the Curator of the Museum of the University of Wyoming. Mr. Reed was born on June 9, 1848, near Hartford, Connecticut. In his early boyhood the family removed to Michigan, and later to Nebraska. In his early manhood, he resided for a time in Ohio, and in the year 1880 married Miss Anna Clark of Milford Center in that state. Later he returned to Wyoming, and becoming acquainted with Professor Othniel C. Marsh, of Yale University, who was engaged in investigating the Jurassic deposits near Como Bluff on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, was taken into the employment of Professor Marsh, and continued to serve him for several years. He became deeply interested, and secured for Professor Marsh a great deal of valuable material. He was very successful as a prospector and col- lector in the field. Subsequently he became associated with the late Professor Wilbur C. Knight of the University of Wyoming, under whom he worked as a preparator in paleontology.

EDITORIAL. 3

In the spring of the year 1899 he entered into the employment of the Carnegie Museum as a field assistant under the Director. He was a member of the party led by Dr. Jacob L. Wortman which discovered the specimen of Diplodocus carnegiet near Sheep Creek in Albany County, Wyoming. In fact, that discovery was due to Mr. Reed. The Fourth of July was being celebrated in camp as a holiday, and Mr. Reed, shouldering his rifle, went out to hunt, and on his rambles discovered the deposit which yielded up the skeleton of that now famous specimen. The winter of 1899 was spent by him at the Carnegie Museum in the paleontological laboratory. In the spring he resumed work in the field under the late Professor J. B. Hatcher. In the summer of 1900 he voluntarily left the employment of the Carnegie Museum and engaged in copper mining. Later he resumed his con- nection with the University of Wyoming as Curator of the Museum of the University and as preparator of fossils.

Mr. Reed, although he had enjoyed but few advantages in early life, by reading and contact with men had acquired considerable familiarity with the subject of paleontology, and as a collector proved himself efficient. It was often said of him that he “ had a nose for and found them where others passed them by unobserved.

’

fossils,’

The news of his death awakens a flood of memories in the minds of his friends at the Carnegie Institute, who trekked with him over the mesas and explored the canyons of eastern and south central Wyoming in the years 1899 and 1900. His good humor, his inexhaustible fund of amusing anecdotes and stories of life on the plains in the days of the early settlement, told in his own inimitable way, remain firmly fixed in the memories of those who enjoyed his companionship.

To his widow and children the Director on behalf of his former associates desires in these lines to express heartfelt sympathy in view of their sad bereavement.

OnE of the very interesting discoveries made by Mr. Douglass in the Carnegie quarry in Utah is that of a perfect skull of a Diplodocus directly articulated with the atlas, which is followed by the remaining vertebre of the neck. This beautiful specimen settles for all time the question as to the type of skull which beionged to Diplodocus. It is profoundly to be wished that as definite information could be secured as to the heads of some of the other genera of sauropod dino-

4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

saurs. As the Director pointed out in his paper read before the Paleontological Society on December 31, 1914, there is no positive certainty as to the head which belonged to A patosaurus. No speci- men has as yet been found with the skull so situated in relation to the cervical vertebre as to remove the question from the field of con- troversy. The association made by Professor Marsh, which has generally been accepted by those who have not had opportunities to closely study the subject, appears to have been in the nature of a guess. There is a good deal of reason to think that Professor Marsh may have been in error.

Mr. AND Mrs. Otto E. JENNINGS have returned from the State of. Washington where they spent the summer making botanical collections for the Museum. They were highly successful and the result has been the acquisition by the herbarium of many thousands of specimens representing in the neighborhood of fifteen hundred species of the flowering plants of that State. Collections were made by Mr. Jen- nings on the high mountains, in the arid interior, and along the coast. Incidentally Mrs. Jennings succeeded in collecting quite a number of insects, some of which are entirely new to our collections.

Dr. ARNOLD E. ORTMANN has twice visited the drainage basin of the Tennessee, and has made very large collections both in its upper affluents and in the broader reaches of the river below Knoxville. He reports that this Museum now possesses as the result of his re- searches the largest and most perfect collection of the mollusca and crustacea of eastern Tennessee in existence in any museum. His studies, based upon these extensive collections, will enable him to clear up a number of disputed questions as to synonymy and will pave the way for the preparation of a monograph similar to that upon the molluscan fauna of the Ohio River which is in course of preparation.

WE have acquired by purchase from Mr. Samuel M. Klages a very large collection of the birds of Venezuela, which adds a multitude of species of South American forms to our collection. From the same source we have also secured a considerable collection of the lepidoptera of the same country.

EDITORIAL. 5

WE have purchased a collection of the lepidoptera of Arizona made by Mr. O. C. Poling during the past summer, which will add a number of species to the collection which heretofore have not been represented.

WE are indebted to Mr. Herbert DuPuy for the gift to the Museum of a model of a Pullman parlor car. It is one of two models, in the fabri- cation of which it is stated that two thousand dollars’ worth of gold and silver was employed. The model is about three feet long. It will be provided with small electric lights which will enable the inte- rior as well as the exterior, to be thoroughly inspected. Every minute detail is reproduced in miniature, even to the cuspidors on the floor.

Dr. L. E. GRIFFIN has been working diligently during the summer of I9I5 in arranging the collections of recent reptiles in the Museum, and reports that he is now in a position to begin the preparation of a catalog, which will include, when published, descriptions of a number of species new to science.

Mucu industry has been displayed by Dr. Eigenmann, the Curator of Ichthyology, during the past summer. He has partly re-arranged the collections and has studied and described a number of species new to science. He was assisted by Mr. Arthur W. Henn, who has now left us in order to take up a course of postgraduate study at Columbia University, where he is reading for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. One of the results of Mr. Henn’s work during the summer has been the preparation of a highly interesting and important paper upon the Peeciliide, which the Director takes pleasure in issuing in the present number of the ANNALS. A large and important paper by Dr. Eigenmann upon the Cheirodontine will shortly appear as Part 1 of Vol. VII of the Memoirs. It is in the hands of the printer.

ARRANGEMENTS have been concluded for the purchase from Mr. Alan W. Owston of Yokohama of his entire collection of the fishes of Japan,

6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

known to be the largest and most complete collection of fishes from Japanese waters in private hands. The acquisition of this assemblage of specimens taken in conjunction with collections previously obtained from Japan, Korea, and Formosa, places the Carnegie Museum in the position of having probably the most complete collection of the fishes of those regions in America.

i ta, “eee

I. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORTOISE FROM THEAsURASSIC OF UTAH.

By CHARLES W. GILMORE. (PLATES I-II.)

By the kindness of Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, I am permitted to study and describe the large series of fossil chelonian remains, which that museum has accumulated during the years since 1906, before which time the collections in Pittsburgh were subjected to study by Dr. O. P. Hay. It is proposed to treat these collections in a series of articles, each to be devoted to the turtles of a particular formation. The turtles from the Morrison beds are the basis of the present communication. Being the most ancient of any found in North America, they are of peculiar interest.

There are three specimens in the collection, all from the extensive quarry near Jensen, Uinta County, Utah, from which the Carnegie Museum has obtained a wonderful collection of the remains of sauropodous dinosaurs. One of these specimens, Cat. No. 3411, pertains to the well-known genus and species Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), and is only of interest as greatly extending the known geo- graphical range of this species. The remaining specimens I regard as representing a new species of Glyptops to be described in the follow- ing pages. The better preserved specimen, Cat. No. 3380, although differing in several features from the type, is for the present at least referred to the same species.

Glyptops utahensis sp. nov.

Type: Cat. No. 3412, complete carapace and plastron; Paratype: Cat. No. 3380; both specimens collected by Earl Douglass, 1913, at Carnegie Dinosaur Quarry, near Jensen, Uinta County, Utah.

Horizon: Morrison, Upper Jurassic.

The carapace of the type, when compared with Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), is relatively long and narrow, with a depressed shell, having its greatest depth of 63 mm. at the center. Transversely the carapace is evenly convex, but antero-posteriorly the front portion is but little below the level of the back, whereas the posterior portion descends

land

{

8 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

from the center to the posterior border on a long gradual slope. The outline of the anterior border of the left side is somewhat distorted from the healing of an old wound. (See PI. I, fig. 1.) Most of the sutures can be clearly traced, but the sulci marking the limits of the epidermal scutes, except on the ventral areas, cannot be determined in either specimen, and as to the extent of the dorsal scutes we must await the discovery of additional material.

The carapace is 252 mm. long on the midline, and 178 mm. wide. Compared with a specimen of Glyptops plicatulus in the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 5458) the shell is more depressed and more elongate- oval in its general contour. Anteriorly the border is excavated on the midline and posteriorly it is evenly rounded with a narrow but well-defined median notch. As in Glyptops plicatulus, there are eleven peripherals, which extend outward nearly horizontally. Relatively they are thin throughout the series, high on front and back, but narrow above the bridges. The first and second have a height of 25 mm., the fifth of 16 mm.; the ninth of 29 mm.; the eleventh of 26 mm. Their borders are thin and acute in front and behind, but thicken and become somewhat obtuse toward and above the bridges. Along the sides and toward the front on the upper surfaces the peripherals curve upward, thus forming a well defined gutter (best shown in speci- men No. 3380, Pl. II, Fig. 1), which becomes wider and shallower especially toward the posterior ends. The deepest part of this gutter is in the center of the peripherals, whereas in G. plicatulus it is confined to the outer half of their superior surfaces.

The surface of the carapace is covered with small, rather obscure, but irregularly placed tubercles and ridges, the latter on the median part of the back having a tendency to run in a fore-and-aft direction, but not forming a regular pattern. The sculpture of the carapace would at once distinguish the species from G. plicatulus which as Hay! says, ‘‘is finely sculptured with tubercles and winding ridges, there being about thirteen ridges in a line 10 mm. long.’”’ The surface of the plastron and the lower surfaces of the peripherals and bridges in the type of G. utahensis are smooth and without sculpture, which would serve to further distinguish it from G. plicatulus, which is sculptured beneath. In the second specimen, Cat. No. 3380, there is a decided longitudinal depression or sulcus along the carapace where the second,

1 Fossil Turtles of North America, Pub. Carnegie Inst., Washington, 1908, p. 49.

GILMORE: A NEw SPECIES OF TORTOISE. 9

third, fourth, and fifth costals join the peripherals, the inner edges of the latter being raised and rounded over. This feature is not apparent on the undamaged side of the type, where the surface of the costals continue smoothly into those of the peripherals.

oa aut

tas eee us

Fic. 1. Glyptops utahensis. Carapace of type, No. 3412. One-third natural size.

The nuchal bone is quadrilateral, with the widest side posterior. This side measures 48 mm. in length. The neurals are hexagonal, with the widest end anterior, just as in G. plicatulus, except the eighth neural, which is much longer than in any known specimen of that species. The accompanying table presents the dimensions of the neurals as compared with those of G. plicatulus, as given by Hay in the publication cited above.

DIMENSIONS OF NEURALS.

G. utahensis. | G. plicatulus. No. a ov Se Sse Length. Width. Length. Width. I 30 17 38 23 2 18e | 16e 30 26 3 25¢e 2I | 32 24 4 25e 24 | 26 23 5 19 | 20 | 27 23 6 19 19 19 19 7 15 16 | 18 20 8 22 16 18 21

e = estimated.

10 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The pygal measures 40 mm. transversely and 16 mm. antero- posteriorly; at the median notch it is only 10 mm. fore-and-aft. As in G. plicatulus there are two suprapygals.! The form of these bones is well shown in Fig. 1. The greatest width of each is 53 mm.; the antero-posterior diameter of the posterior element at the midline is 18 mm.; the same measurement of the anterior element is 14 mm.

The costal plates narrow in succession from before backward, the eighth being relatively wider than in G. plicatulus.

The plastron is comparatively narrow. It is thin and flat, except on the hinder two-thirds of the posterior lobe, which is shallowly concave transversely. It has a length of 224 mm., and extends slightly in advance of the border of the carapace. The anterior lobe is 68 mm. long, its width at the base being 87 mm. The borders are relatively thin and rounded.

The entoplastron measures 55 mm. in length, and 55 mm. in width. It is more pointed behind than in G. plicatulus, resembling in this respect the entoplastron of G. depressus Hay.

Fic. 2. Glyptops utahensis. Plastron of type, No. 3412. One-third natural size.

The mesoplastra differ in width at the midline, the right being 20 mm.; the left 23 mm. The hypoplastrals meet on the midline for about 46 mm. ‘The xiphiplastral bones have their greatest length, 45 mm., at their median junction.

1 Hay, O. P., Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 35, 1908, p. 162, Fig. I.

GILMORE: A NEw SPECIES OF TORTOISE. 11

The posterior lobe diminishes rapidly in width, backward from the hypo-xiphiplastral suture, much as in Probaéna sculpta Hay. Its posterior extremity is truncated, ending 38 mm. anterior to the hinder margin of the carapace. The free borders of the hinder lobe are acutely edged, the bones being but little thickened back from the margin. The bridge is 87 mm. wide. The sulci of the plastron can only be made out in part as shown in Fig. 2. The gular scutes are broad, the sulci bounding them (See Fig. 2) curving outward and slightly backward, much as in G. plicatulus, but not approaching the epi-hyoplastral sutures so closely as in the latter species. The inter- gulars cannot be differentiated. The gular-humeral sulcus cuts across the antero-median part of the entoplastron. The humero-pectoral sulcus passes almost straight across and behind the entoplastron. Inframarginal scutes are present on the bridge, but their full outlines, or exact number, cannot be determined from the present specimens. They appear to lie almost entirely on the plastral bones.

The present species is distinguished from Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), described from the same geological horizon, by the following differ- ences:

(1) Elongated-oval contour of the carapace and its relatively narrow transverse diameter.

(2) Difference in the pattern of the ornamentation of the carapace and sculptureless plastron.

(3) Posterior lobe of plastron relatively narrow.

(4) The greater width of the gutter on the peripherals.

(5) Deeper median anterior emargination, with a narrow notch on the median posterior border of the carapace.

(6) The greater length of the eighth neural.

From Glyptops celatus Hay the present species is distinguished at once by the coarser and more regular ornamentation of the carapace in the former. From G. pervicax, the relatively longer and narrower anterior lobe of the present species is a distinguishing character. From G. depressus Hay the species is differentiated by the narrower nuchal and neural bones, by the regular decrease in width of the costals from front to back, and the relatively narrower mesoplastrals.

Specimen No. 3380 from the same geological level and from the same locality, although showing some differences, such as a longitudinal sulcus, or groove, at the junction of the second, third, fourth, and fifth costals with the peripherals, different contour of the entoplastron, and

i, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

a slight transverse convexity of the bridges (in the type they are some- what concave) on account of its close resemblance in form and other features is referred to the present species. Its close resemblance to the type is clearly shown by a comparison of Plates I and It.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis. Type, No. 3412, Carnegie Museum

Cat. Foss. Vert. XX ate 100

Fic. 2. Plastronofthesame. xX =

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis. Paratype, No. 3380, Carnegie Mu-

oO seum Cat. Foss. Vert. ago 100

fo) Fic. 2. Plastronofthe same. X =

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate I.

Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. Type. No. 3412, Cat. Vert. Foss. C. M. Fic. 2. Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. No. 3412,C.M. Both figures about 75 nat. size.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate II.

Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. Paratype, No. 3380, Cat. Vert. Foss., Carnegie Museum. Fic. 2. Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. No. 3380, C. M. Both figures

about 74 nat. size.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate III.

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Geology south plat h bey AC Peale Tue ' Rewssed by WV PHayne

Geolowy north of Lats tse Ww PE fangren Saree gee o®

Geologic Map of Region about Three Forks, Montana.

Il. THE FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. Part 2. THE STRATIGRAPHY AND THE BRACHIOPODA.

By W. P. HAYNES.

(PLATES III-VIII.)

A number of years ago Dr. P. E. Raymond undertook the description of the fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana, basing his work upon collections made by Mr. Earl Douglass and himself for the Carnegie Museum. The first part, containing a description of the Cephalopoda and a few other fossils from the ‘‘ Red shales,’”’ appeared in 1909 in these ANNALS.

In this, the second contribution to the subject, the writer describes the Brachiopoda, based on the material in the Carnegie Museum, supplemented by collections, which he has himself made for the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, and describes the stratigraphy of the formation.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Raymond for many suggestions in the preparation of this work for publication.

STRATIGRAPHY.

The writer has made a study of the Three Forks Formation at its type-locality at Three Forks, Montana, and also throughout the Three Forks quadrangle and the neighboring region along the Missouri river in the Fort Logan quadrangle (See Plate III). In this report the distribution and stratigraphy of the formation will first be con- sidered, and then the fauna will be discussed, with a detailed de- scription of the brachiopods of the limestone and green shale members of the formation.

Three Forks Formation.

General Description.—Lying in apparent conformity upon the Jef- ferson limestone is a series of shales and limestones, which have been named by the late Dr. A. C. Peale the Three Forks Shales... He described the formation in some detail, which may be briefly summar- ized by the following columnar section.

1 Peale, A. C., Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 110, pp. 29-30, 1893. 13

14 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Yellow laminated. sandstones... 0.5. <2... .- 0.0. lee .. 25 - feet.

Upper Shales Greenish gray nodular limestones, Dark colored argillaceous limestones,

Soft shaly black and purplish calcareous limestones.. 45 feet.

Fine green argillaceous shale........... Ay ae Se exo) > Intermediate Compact grayish brown limestone, weathers into Limestone orange debris and obscures lower shales....... 15-20 feet. Lower Shales Reddish and brownish yellow argillaceous shales .... 50 “ 145 + feet.

Dr. Peale noted the absence of fossils in the Lower Shales and the over- lying limestone, and the great abundance of fossils of Devonian age in the Upper Shales, particularly in the calcareous portions. He also noted the presence of a band of black slate or shale in the section at the base of the Yellow Sandstone member at two localities, one near the Horseshoe Bend of the Missouri River near Rekap, and the other south of the Jefferson River near Antelope Creek.

The writer has visited both of these localities and has included sections measured at both places among the lists of sections given in the following pages.

Dr. Peale in summarizing his description of the Three Forks Shales noted the fact that they become more arenaceous to the east of Three Forks, as they pass into the Bridger Range, while they become more calcareous to the west on the north side of the Jefferson River.

This description given by Dr. Peale applies to the Three Forks Formation as seen in the northern part of the Three Forks quadrangle, but in the southern part the formation has changed and becomes more dominantly a limestone with argillaceous and arenaceous phases. Owing to the fact that the strata called the Three Forks Shales by Dr. Peale are a composite series and include limestones and shales and some sandstones, the writer feels that it is advisable to use the name which is applicable to the southern occur-

”

“Three Forks Formation rences as well as to those about Three Forks.

The writer has found it possible to divide the Three Forks Formation into seven members, which are easily recognized by their lithologic characters and are present in all of the sections studied in the northern part of the quadrangle and the adjacent region to the north. This sevenfold division will be noted in the case of each section, so that a

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HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 1h

comparison of the thickness of any of the members in different parts of the region can easily be made by referring to the numbers. It is noticeable that in all of these sections the thickness of the formation is considerably greater than in the section given by Dr. Peale, which has been generally taken as the standard for the Three Forks Formation.

For purposes of general comparative study the five columnar sec- tions on Plate IV have been drawn. ‘These sections are arranged in order from left to right, from the northeastern part of the region to the southwestern.

Throughout all of the region where the Three Forks Formation has been recognized it is almost invariably exposed ina small valley. This is due to the fact that it is prevailingly a shaly formation occurring between two massively bedded limestone formations, and differential erosion has produced the characteristic valley between the Jefferson and Madison limestone ridges. Because the formation generally occurs in a valley the exposures are obscured and the contacts masked by talus and vegetation. Often the valleys were traversed by the writer for several miles without finding any place where a satisfactory section could be measured. In consequence of this many of the sec- tions are incomplete, especially in the lower part, but since no fossils have been found in the two lower members it is not so important that they should be included in the sections. The figures which are given were obtained by measurements with a steel-wire tape and the thick- nesses were either measured directly or computed from the horizontal distance and the angle of dip.

The details of the various sections of the Three Forks Formation studied by the writer will now be considered in order from north ta south.

Section A.—The most northerly occurrence of the formation was observed about four miles east of Lombard and one and one-half miles northeast of Crane, a flag station on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and Puget Sound Railway. Here there is a good exposure in a saddle, back of a cliff of the massive brown Jefferson limestone. The strata have a strike of about N. 70° E. and dip 15° north. The Lower shale member is almost entirely obscured by vegetation and only a small amount of reddish yellow angular shaly fragments in some gullies, indicates its presence. The intermediate limestone member is of a rather bright yellow color and contains some white calcite veins. Above the limestone, which is about fifteen feet thick, there isa good

16 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

exposure of the very fissile green shale member. The green shale is from sixty to seventy feet thick and contains numerous bands of greenish and grayish limestone concretions, which are usually very fossiliferous. From many horizons in the lower forty feet of the green shale, pyritized fossils, chiefly cephalopods, often beautifully preserved, weather out on the surface and furnish excellent collecting. Above the green shale at this locality is about ten feet of very fossiliferous gray limestone which weathers reddish on the surface. Overlying this limestone are thirty or forty feet of yellowish shales, grading upward into calcareous sandstones. Above the yellow sandstones is the gray Madison limestone with fossils of Mississippian age. ‘This section northeast of Crane was not measured carefully with a tape, because many of the contacts were obscured by talus or vegetation. However, enough of the section was exposed to show that it closely resembles the sections to the south at Rekap and Logan.

Section B.—The section next south of Lombard is near Rekap Station on the Northern Pacific Railway. The strata here strike N. 30°-35° E. and dip 30° W. The section was measured from the base of the gray Madison to the top of the brown Jefferson limestone and includes the following seven members:

Tand.2. Yellow: sandy limestone and shalesas4-4-e1 ce eee 74 feet. 3. Black ‘coaly shale% aise hts otk ee es bam ee et en ee ous A. Nodularerayalimestonewnn.<.8 5 Oe. Ree eee 7 Reh 5. Fissile green shale

F250 0 it A ne Ml SMe yi aoe wir, Aaa Ryaiea aS rhasecn T20) om 6. Gray and orange limestone. J 7. Pebbly yellow and reddish limestones and shales.......... BOTs

MNO tall ad cick oobi ere me potar LAS eae Ee elg ae ae 287 feet.

The Three Forks formation was measured at two localities near Logan, Montana. One section was near the Gallatin River and the other was about two miles inland. The strata here strike about N. 50° E. and dip 40°-50° W.

Section C, measured near the Gallatin River, is as follows:

Base of gray Madison limestone.

TeV ellowsarenaceous limestones acme ier. oleae erste ere oie eteelich aie 30 feet. 2. Pale yellow arenaceous shale: ai face ciaes a tlete Oke eieeee 30 oe Ze sPurpletissileGhalle srs t8 cx Scares a edeass psa ene ete eee RCN Sa Ae Blush cray nodulardinmestoneme ers ee teen eee OS an 5. Missile’ green Shalev. Sas danweeut akc plevlins ove b it) a5 6 Sr eeceeene 47 oS 6. Yellow crystalline limestone with calcite veins........... I5 sf Massive grayish brown limestone. ....-.......saeeees I2 a 7 Vellow and orange blocky shalesi™ .).. 1. sian oe ceeneneeets _78 S

TOtalie.aaa 2e cise ete aint doe ie ee 222 feet.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 17

Section D, measured two miles farther north is as follows:

Base of gray Madison limestone.

mmMellow: sandstone with some shale... ....:.052........... 44 feet. peeMellowasShalyalimestOne’s ... 2.6 22 os fs le ee ede soe meee s I5 - PomVellowrarolllaceOus SHAG. acs sce vis cence se los se Sa) PemtiEplsheced)stalemmrryas accrris str els «ene he aieis ss <feye ous « I ‘s aly INi@taluilewe mageny Ibneaestworten ode oo bo oo pUouba eo abo denoouoneS 8 - FPG COTINS LALO MBE eect een coh cicctis oi av ebena) sicewore, oko) Ses. cslay sa Syeneeto (68 fenisie 49 “s 6. Orange limestone

myal 9 © A Oe rer eAenS hc eRe 130 i

7. Reddish yellow shales mostly obscured Top of Jefferson limestone. "IR eels 6 ws isadastalb io. did Cac OOS ch Chk CREME ON A-One een CRER caer 252.5 feet. The region north of Three Forks and west of the Missouri River

has many good exposures of the Three Forks Formation. The valleys eroded in the formation have a general north to south direction and are nearly parallel with one another. The repetition of the formation is due partly to folding and partly to faulting. The structure in the central part of the ridge is that of a southward pitching anticlinal fold which is overturned to the east. A very large valley is eroded in the Three Forks formation in the western limb of the fold. The strata here strike N. 10° E. and dip 30° W. The following section was measured on the western side of this valley across the upper part of Three Forks Formation.

Section E: Base of gray Madison limestone. Wand~2.. Vellow, sandstone and shale. 2.5... 5. 529:.-242------ 75 feet. 3 and 4. Purplish shale with limestone at the base........... 2 Oe

5. Fissile green shale with layers of limestone concretions. Lower part of section obscured.

West of the overthrust fault there is another valley formed in the Three Forks Formation. The strata here strike N. 20°-30° E. and dip 30°-40° W. The best exposures were seen on the western side of the valley in the small tributary gullies which cut across the dip of the strata. Partial sections were measured along this valley at several places in a distance of over two miles. These sections, beginning at the northern end of the valley, are as follows:

Section F, on tributary gully 3, western side of valley.

\)

Base of yellow shale No. 2.

3. Purplish black shale weathering reddish...............- 13.5 feet. APA GLAVBIIIMESEONE Crear asad inti ec reteryee Sal esos See este ge Top of green shale No. 5.

18 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Section G, on tributary gully 4, western side of valley.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

Ti Mellow Sandy, limestGner menses ste ei iaiciel ee ie renee 44 feet. 2. Finely laminated pale yellow arenaceous shale, lower five feet draibrcolored andiarcillaceous. ss see oe ee eee 28s 2y Bissilespunplish) blackyshal ems ieeree cis cee ae eae TOman 4: ‘(Gray ‘limestones ig sate eae oo ees he ee ae fe ee Sie Fa. binelyaamimatedssreensshaleseme recat erie e cic eine age 5bs Yellowishvand purplish white shales... ..0:.9- 0506 4se56 AS 6 Yellow limestone withicalcite:veins: 2... 257) ses- esos see arly oo oeeReddishivelloweShalesin ce. cote 21: cteceeusie sicdetenitte Ce nos oe JAS pO tallewe tuto arson cus fete cits ake RS eRe 279 feet.

Section H, between tributary gullies 4 and 5 on the western side of the valley.

Base of yellow shale No. 2. Bee urplishblackicoaliygshial emmys stiri ernie rere terenet ter 15.3 feet. Top of limestone No. 4.

Section I, on fifth gully on western side of valley.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

1. Yellow sandy limestone, | 2. Yellow shales, '

; ON ge SASS WEEE, eg te eC SE Sa ct Dy 93 feet 3. Purplish shales, ' 4. Gray limestone, j 5 Green finely laminated! shalesmssmerceeee ee ommele eee et 77 feet. 5a. Purple and yellow soft argillaceous shales................ Sie

6. Yellow limestone with calcite veins. Lower part cf section obscured.

Section J, at the southern end of this western Three Forks valley. Here the strata have a strike of about N. 40° E. and a dip of 20° W.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

r. Nellow Standstonespe ese <a paves He eae, Do cinkas eres 07 feet. 2. Laminatediyellow/shales ¥sis.05 soce «ue ceric a ee eee 10 es 2a, Vellowishowhite limestones... a. eer tee Cee eneeeeren Ge ae 3; Purplishveray shale sts 5 jocics -c-te cet ecient hel ons poe eke hole 5 a Aw Gray nodularidimestones saacte. cole clase ieee eee tee ec 3 se 5s Hussile preenishales.. ccc: doe oe ee ren See oh eet reuers ems 54 a 5a. Whitish yellow argillaceous shales..................... 14 Z

(Dr. Raymond’s white blocky shale?)

5b. Finely laminated yellowish green and locally reddish shale 7 (Dr. Raymond’s red shale?)

Top of Orange limestone No. 6.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 19

The following sections of the Three Forks Formation were measured by the writer south of Jefferson River between Willow and Antelope Creeks.

Section K, measured one and one-half miles west of Willow Creek. Here the strata are vertical and have an east-west strike.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

tand 2. Yellow sandstone and shales.................+.-«..- 70 feet. Beep lackscoalliyaShaleyj-gtecie cia sravcte tebe ee sy wile arene ob dual e apts ata louceys ee a 4 and 5. Green shale calcareous at the top, with white and yellowish shalestatithe bas@s 4 ..-44.4...-.5--+66- oa OmIViAssivercrayeliMestOneis «miles cis coe es dies ee o exp ene sauces Mas WC PeeVellowanodmlaralimestOnes aac sos ee< cies ceie eke le eos Sus ches 3 ois Gy SK Call pee oe NSA Yee chm Sete ee areata afeosiaun ea thiten 256 feet.

Top of brown Jefferson limestone. Section L, farther west in Three Forks ravine. Strike of strata N. 80° W. dip 70° N.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

1. Yellow sandstone and talus obscuring 2, 3, 4, 5............ 108 feet. Ga Gray, inassivelimestones a..e1. cca dem dete cle Helse ts + sive Tan 7. Yellowish red thinly bedded limestone..................- AG 7a. Nodular red limestone, nodules 2 to 3 inches in diameter .. 73 “ TOCA PS Nie ces tee OR Reeds rece eccPe ta Dieks eae eth eeepoeel atais end 221 feet.

Section M was measured just east of Sand Creek. The strata strike N. 60° E. and dip 40° N. Base of gray Madison limestone.

emeViellowsSanastOne: IN Glith:.,.. ciesicc1slaeGrsydacyaneaciel teary aye) tees Rosse 10 feet. 2, 3, 4, and 5. Contacts obscured and therefore not measured

SOMALALELY: ever shar eteidiere eee Sekar er Hate e ahs Mya ae eutyivaie ors 135 5a. Thinly bedded white and yellowish limestone............ igsys Sbapealelpink shalyslimestone. an acch oases ee ee 1 Ns

Top of grayish yellow limestone No. 6. Section N, measured about a half miles west of Sand Creek.

Base of gray Madison limestone. tand 2. Yellow arenaceous limestone and nodular yellowish gray

EES EOL C Meret he PME Te ee Aur eMac span Satori ie tas 76 feet. rae LACKACODUVES ial CMe eins @ ohA Teneo aie ei temas Wise oats eee die 5 4. Gray nodular limestone. Remainder of section obscured.

Section O, the westernmost section, was measured about a quarter of a mile east of Antelope Creek. Strike E.—-W., dip 30° N.

20 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Base of gray Madison limestone.

i and 2. Yellow sandy limestone and shale.................. 79 feet. 3. Blackicoaly shales. se. ore le oe ee Crs AnGray no ditlardlimest ome ace sualiete eileen eee eee Se ins, (Green Hfissile/ shale se. ci aise ita Cees et eats aS ae ean eee a Asia ss

5a. White thinly bedded limestone partly stained with limonite 20 “ 5b. Purplish white thinly bedded limestone. Remainder of section obscured.

This completes the list of measured sections of the Three Forks Formation in the northern part of the quadrangle and the neighboring region to the north. A comparison of these sections shows the per- sistence of all of seven members in all parts of the region. The members show if the different sections a considerable variation which may be briefly summarized as follows:

Members I and 2 together vary from 60-80 feet and have an average thickness of about 70 feet. Member 3 varies in thickness from about 19 feet, in the west Three Forks valley, to 6 inches at Logan. It has an average thickness of about 6 feet. Member 4 varies from 3 to 10 feet in thickness; member 5 from 50 to 120 feet; member 6 from 15 to 40 feet, and member 7 varies from 40 to 8o feet.

These thicknesses of members I and 6 are much greater than those given by Dr. Peale in his section for the formation. Dr. Peale’s figures have apparently been adopted by Dr. Kindle? in his section at Logan, Mont., and also by Dr. Raymond,’ who, although he did not measure the section here or north of Three Forks, noted the presence of (1) a Lower Red-Shale zone; (2) a Green-Shale zone, and (3) a White Blocky Shale, all part of Dr. Peale’s Green Shales. The writer has noted in Section J the probable position and thickness of these zones as recognized by Dr. Raymond. Although these zones are indicated in Sections G and I “ farther north”’ and in Sections M and O south of the Jefferson River, they are generally not clearly defined and therefore are not given a place among the seven members of the formation as recognized by the writer.

The slight thickness of the yellow sandstone and shales of members 1 and 2, noted in Section J, is probably partly due to obscured contacts, and somewhat to actual thinning of the strata. Some deformation in the strata due to the folding and overthrusting may also be the cause of the lessened thicknesses of the members in this section.

2 Kindle, E. M., Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 8, 1908. 3 Raymond, P. E. Amer. Jour. Sci., Ser. IV, vol. XXIII, pp. 116-122, 1907.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 21

A comparison of all of the sections shows a distinct increase to the southwest in the amount of limestone in the formation. This is due chiefly to the increase in thickness of member 6 and the predominance of limestone in member 7. Thus there is a gradation toward the con- ditions which prevail in the southern part of the quadrangle.

Fossils were obtained from the upper part of the formation at all of the localities where sections were measured. The fossiliferous mem- bers of the formation are numbers I, 2, 4, and 5. Fossils are particu- larly abundant in number 4, the gray limestone, and number 5, the green shale. The fossils in numbers 4 and 5 indicate an Upper De- vonian age, and those in 1 and 2 indicate a transition into the Missis- sippian. The evidence for the age of the formation will be given with the description of the fossils.

The sections of the Three Forks Formation studied by the writer in the southern part of the Three Forks quadrangle are not as satisfactory as those just given on account of the much poorer exposures. The country here is much more mountainous, and the shaly beds are obscured by talus and vegetation. No fossils were obtained from the formation here, but this was probably due to insufficient search and poor exposures, because fossils have been found in small numbers in the formation in the northwest corner of the Yellowstone Park, which adjoins the Three Forks quadrangle on the southeast.

The best section measured by the writer in the southern part of the Three Forks quadrangle is located in the upper end of the West Gallatin Canyon where it opens out into the Lower Basin. Here the strata are downfaulted against the gneiss along a nearly vertical fault plane. The strata strike about N. 40° W., nearly parallel with the fault, and dip about 50°S. The thicknesses of the beds considered to belong to the Three Forks Formation are as follows:

Base of gray Madison limestone. Gray shaly limestone weathering buff, in lower part red and

VCO Wipe ers ci och tarncnercRr si sie stay Sac yabacits erates wears eee ane 3 125 + feet. Brown limestone, breaking into small joint blocks......... 25 oe MellowishiredishalylimestOne=. sh s0: sseciets sos sat .c. ss 40 =a Crayishi brows: limestone breccia. 55. ........656. 0005-605. 15 <

Opscunredsbyatalise arava ches « ets cr oe ees thes 35 E

INGE oe Gla ateco URERD Dee O IOS EG Dene 240 -& feet.

Brown Jefferson limestone with Favosites cf. limitaris.

It will be noticed that although the seven members which compose the formation in the northern part of the quadrangle cannot be re-

2D, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cognized here there is a general persistence of a lower and upper shaly member separated by a more massive limestone. There are, however, no true argillaceous shales in the formation, as exposed in the southern part of the quadrangle.

Some of the sections of the Three Forks Formation measured by Dr. Weed? in the northwest corner of the Yellowstone Park are similar in lithologic character to the section already given. Three of these sections are as follows:

Crowfoot Ridge Section. Buff and red fissile argillaceous and siliceous limestone... 30 feet. Crystalline magnesian limestone, generally dense and mas-

Limestone, impure and argillaceous, in alternating thin fissile; andsmassiveisray bedsaysst ace eee oe 100

Antler Peak Section.

Light gray limestone, somewhat massive............... 4o feet. Dark brownish gray arenaceous limestone.............. TEZYO)) PS Totals oo) 23s oes One Ce tees tote Ses ere 170 feet

Bighorn Pass Section.

Gray crystalline limestones. .2 424 -- 2. ee 80 + feet. Dark bluish gray massive argillaceous limestone......... 20 < Alternating beds of massive gray arenaceous limestone and fissile light grayslimestone= s-.- sieeieie ieee eee ieee 4o a Total... sen es act shina AR OS Cee Een ieee 140 + feet.

East of the Yellowstone Park in the region described in the Absaroka folio of Central Wyoming, Dr. Weed® has identified the Three Forks Formation, which there has an average thickness of about 250 feet. He describes the formation as consisting of bluish gray limestone at the base, alternating with shaly beds and fine clays. These pass upward into bedded limestones generally bright purple and blue, with intercalated thin layers of indurated earthy and sandy material. Recurring alternations abound, but limestone is the prevailing rock. In places near the top of the formation the shaly beds exhibit bright red and orange tints. Localities yielding small groupings of a marine Devonian fauna occur at several places in the Absaroka district.

The Three Forks Formation has been recognized by Dr. Kindle® in

4 Weed, W. H., Mono., 32, pt. 2, pp. 7, 22, and 26, 1899.

5 Weed, W. H., Atlas Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 52, 1899. 6 Kindle, E. M., Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 12, 1908.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 23

a section measured by him in southwestern Wyoming, on Labarge Mountain, northeast of the town of Viola. Here he notes the presence of 80 feet of drab shales and shaly, thin-bedded magnesian and siliceous limestone, barren of fossils, occurring below dark gray Madison lime- stone and above the Jefferson limestone.

The southernmost occurrence of the Three Forks Formation, which the writer has seen recorded, is in a section near Bear Lake in northern Utah in the Randolph quadrangle. Mr. Richardson’ reports the presence of 200 feet of soft reddish shaly limestone, which is poorly exposed, occurring between the Jefferson and Madison limestones. He considers this the equivalent of the Three Forks Formation farther north.

North of the Yellowstone Park the Three Forks Formation has been recognized in the Livingstone, Little Belt Mts., and Fort Benton Quad- rangles. In the Livingstone quadrangle’ it is described as a series of thinly bedded, impure limestones, alternating with thin beds of shale, with a total thickness of about 250 feet. The top beds are often purple and red in color. The lower strata are earthy shales in beds a few feet thick, alternating with limestone layers of equal thickness.

In the Little Belt Mountains Quadrangle? the upper member of the Monarch formation is equivalent to the Three Forks formation of other quadrangles. It consists of thinly bedded shaly limestones (with much argillaceous matter), of a bluish gray color when fresh, but weathering to a straw-yellow or pink color. The thickness is usually 40 or 50 feet and does not exceed 140 feet.

In the Fort Benton quadrangle! the upper 30 feet of the Monarch Formation is equivalent to the Three Forks Formation, and consists of reddish shaly limestone with abundant Devonian fossils. This is as far north as the Three Forks Formation has been recognized so far as the writer can ascertain.

Northwest of Three Forks the Formation has been recognized in the Helena District by Dr. Knopf!! who describes the section as follows:

Fine-grained black carbonaceous shales..................... 15 feet. Light-colored fossiliferous calcareous shales, grading downward into earthy shales with interbedded quartzite.............. 270 feet. MO tale a we Ree oe eee AER Se Serpe ey en sc Shed Ligh Bie, Bue 285 feet.

7 Richardson, G. B., Amer. Jour. Sci., Ser. lV, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 406-416, 1913. 8 Atlas Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 1.

9 Atlas Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 56.

10 Atlas Folio, U. S. G. S., No. 55.

11 Knopf, A, Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 527, p. 92, 1914.

24 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Another section is as follows:

BlacGkSh ale tiicay 5 eaeceh sate eke ea to ee Siete OLS ROT IO ae AS 56 feet

Galcareoustarsillitess Gee tank ee eee 3 Ove

Shales) Soper. Sees) Rees os NOR UO Ee ee A0lae MRO tal ee ore Se nerete. tees 608 Sed Shoe Gten ko ahe Re ae ieee 232 feet

Farther west, in the Philipsburg Quadrangle,” the Three Forks Formation is apparently absent, and the Jefferson limestone is immedi- ately overlain by the Madison limestone. In the Camp Creek section near Melrose, about 50 miles southwest of Three Forks, Dr. Kindle maintains that the Three Forks Formation isrepresented bya bluish gray argillaceous shale and buffish shale in the lower part, with limestone bands near the middie, having a total thickness of about 200 feet.

The boundaries of the region throughout which the Three Forks Formation has been recognized may tentatively be placed at latitudes 48° and 42° north and longitudes 109° and 113° west. This includes a region with a north-south dimension of about 400 miles and an east- west dimension of 200 miles. It is very evident from these figures that the Three Forks Formation has not nearly so widespread a dis- tribution as the Jefferson limestone, which underlies it, or the Madison limestone, which overlies it.

Although the Three Forks Formation has not been recognized by its lithological characters outside of the region just noted, it is likely from faunal evidence that the sea, in which the Three Forks Formation was deposited, covered an area much greater than that in which the for- mation has been recognized. The similarity of some of the fauna of the lower part of the Ouray limestone of Colorado with the brachiopod fauna of the Three Forks Formation indicates a connection in that direction, and the presence of a small Ouray faunule from the beds transitional from the Lower Banff limestone to the Lower Banff shale, reported by Dr. Shimer! in the Lake Minnewanka section in Alberta indicates a spreading of this Upper Devonian sea to the north.

THE FAUNA OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION. The writer has made a careful study of the collection of fossils made

by Dr. Raymond for the Carnegie Museum and also of his own col-

12\Calkins, F. C., Prof. Pap. U. S. G. S., No. 78, p. 65, 1013. 13 Kindle, E. M., Bull. Amer. Pal., No. 20, p. 9, 1908. 14 Shimer, H. W., Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. XXIV, pp. 233-240, 1913.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 25

FAUNAL LIST OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION.

BRACHIOPODA. Atremata. WEN EWG NLOUGTOt SPs NOW ocus ss eos wus cin ss <is'se 5 R|R TE ROLDO=PUNCMBES Ss NV ALCOLE, cre «ie eis csleiteitee war die ons toss oe R Joy Gis UE Ee roca el ce ene cle chlor eae ita a R

Neotremata. Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem).................- OALELITTAB: SOW 8 eich Coreeneadl GNI Mo aL on Sree

aA

Telotremata.

SHULL ALLLOLIOL S10E Oe o gage odie Seen 64 Bee iP 5, CON OCOENAS EN UB Re oe ries an ares ea Juwniineys var. monticola var. NOV.....:...--.-+.--- Y . whitneyt var. animasensis (Girty)............... . whitneyt var. gallatinensis var. nOV.............. I CHRCIES PEG CLUS HNC E ker pe iris cate cain hanaianerseissrens, Se F013 bycr ae CH RILEW DELP TVET AN Pac Sete. bolic oh us) si x alode taro choke Givens Cp esSuveQUalas ELAM aah Sale eteecs esis soe i Dees Bee SiOiAOUMOS Gudiad sella. 6a pa0edecouusouboseacae c ANTRUDRTATE EAAgo aw As EM oS ano pasdupanecsugoooun. Eevorhynchus Gunvarense Sp: NOV... «22... -0 se ess ee GOCLSCHAISE Ss WOVE oo Galo che saeoocoodedcuen ac L. madisonense var. gibbosum var. NOv............--.- L. utahense var. ventricosum var. Nov.............-- ee. JE,

Stet iG) Stacy SSEnG) NE ci VBRVORR

AnHRnHRHHHYN

Qseans

GG)

EI CIELSONECNSE|SDANOVae ie ey teeae es eis ahehensie shorter ae Sie TES ACOSTGLE PITAL Nayoen, 5 chert ce icieke pekinese OREO Cc Gia Atran (Billings) eects cosas oles 2 Gis she eiee orienta as Gamarotecivaconirzactawtall. 552. eee oe c

OQ AOS OO @ ayaaanro

Q AWB oj & isy

Protremata. Schizophoria striatula var. australis Kindle.......... GWG RHUPVAOMIEULASUENUX CIV ELAll ete een einai ete ee Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (Hall).... Sa Gave UO. AUMIN Sao gon cccoguePameoedpanodec So aie (Opies Wows nACUIG soe dadoenboosGoeooG Tee voductella, covoradensts) Kander e2)72e ee. ae

MICOLOLadensis var. plicata, Kindle). .......+-+2.+->

LOTT Glawiindlem sega. cere ear code Se

PESUMU SCH MICATI GLC myers ere ice eae ian esos ree =

GROG PRESSOMIGING] Claes cata BA oincn cin ee ee |

PIC AAUT SULA REL Al lhe, RR EN Se Ma, CEM ne cartes

MCL MALTS OV INIS CANV AlCOLEs . ancien ee net oe oo a2) >

MG ESUUAGCUICOLOINVAICOLE iain ameeieincinies eee >

MSUDGIGLC PEL AM wapeaoe reams (1S Pees EN ede os ode. v8 |

. o Qas

o

oOo ©

Now Ac wg

is) is}

htt ty tyes

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

FAUNAL LIST OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION.—Continued.

MOLLUSCA. Pelecypoda.

iEyyiopecten\ fasciatus tally meres terete) arte eer Toa melone eb, onan seoampdaporcododsoumodsogene Dn (apy el MUL ATS IRIN. pape bdo ms op Oooo ROD oes woe

Geglaber ally assesses hs otc het eee et Aviculopecten fasciculatus Hall.........:.......-.. yea (ad Sols ULE Sin ig ota O er Bmebiaale nb Dib anioge ie cle 2 Nowak. ANAC A RS We sso chaobéucudceobumeouoL ae Alviculopecten Spsteri a miei eae eee ae et tera hea Ptevinopecten 1mbecils Wallis. te ie JETT TOD lala 604 ab domoouoams ono dog Om Manos Mah NADIAD SOE 6 6 co as SAR GSO won dno bapeobonosccn. ANGE MO PLE CON Ca aed alll meme rere pevet el ie ton el t-te aout -e A. emiliana? = Avicula emiliana Frech........... VA Clin O PLETEOISD ate eee ee ieee eek eee al Loxopteria holzapfeli Raymond...........-.------- Loxopteria clarket Raymond..........:......------ ie prodesmmassocralevattally sy nye erey tale eieha steer TLE PLOGESING: SP tenets te eta ee ee et ayo Gly plodesma’ cf erectum Haller si. je aeneta aie ele sie Mytilarca chemungensis? Conrad............++++-: WO PO ARIE Soon 5 pan eeganne de bbooon sob eo adoe ac IMGT ORion ah bese ois oe am ream Capea te He dhs ad O10 BoC Grammysta;swbarcuagta lalla ey eee) env e (CT MOINS Dea a ook Seaeauedoesaomepe soot onconot Goniaphora cf. hamiltonensis Hall.................- Gu Gh subrectavelall rer oer teenie naCaert aie eeet IQA RAE OLB > 6 ba boama ped acbooccomopoasascus

Macrodon chemungensis Hall...............+-..4-- IBY Here) (ajo CMpatei see IBIS 3 son ato bod pcan oogeuo= Gis Paleonerlovbrevrs Elaine racer) tele Spathellatch. ty prea ball eee came eeen en yee een keer PAY GCY CLASRS:D3?. a -ote ae Oe I ee ere Gy pricardella.sp:) se. see ee eee ee Oc er

Gastropoda.

JY PaO LES Sida ene Oo aon Pod ap asc OdoOnouuE

Conularida.

SOMULATLGISD SP ie i she siecle ie, eee ctaeMohone Re: ope omer

Nautiloidea.

Orthoceras montanense Raymond.............+.+++- Geisonoceras normale Raymond.................++5

G. accelerans Raymond.......- +--+ esses eee ets ;

5 L. |IM G R R C Y R R R R R R R R R R R GAVWMG R|\R R bf if c Coline Cem: Cc GCalmG Te R R R Cc R R R Lp R | Yr | | (hl fe c\c tn

ye

a

Sy ae ce)

HayNEs: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. Pat

FAUNAL LIST OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION.—Concluded.

5 eer |) % i ; Ammonoidea. Platyclymenia americana Raymond..............-. CG ke Platyclymenia polypleura Raymond .............-. CarGe| Py Olovrtes: StHUp lex: TRAY IMONG oie: oy ccs ee Pace woo ie) Se ss (ENE | Tornoceras crebriseptum Raymond................-. (CNG | 10S CY IOSSo Rew aetels 5545454005 5ns an seed ous eo de ia We | | GringidmstemnsS eee Ore eee weal eos GNCehkea TN. | IBGV.OZOANCEREGEOtLY, Da ySDiy i sien eee ee (|G

lection made for the Museum of Comparative Zoology. In the faunal list compiled by the writer, which immediately follows, only the species identified by him are included, and their comparative abundance and horizon are indicated by the letters R = very rare, r = rare, ¢ = common, and C = very common, in the column with the number of the member in which they occur. The localities are not indicated on the faunal list because no difference was found in the fauna of the - formation at the different localities. Most of the collecting was done at Logan and in the east and west valleys north of Three Forks, but enough specimens were collected from the other localities to show that the same species occur at the same horizons throughout this region.

This list of fossils identified by the writer from the Three Forks formation shows among other things (1) that the ammonoids are almost entirely limited to the lower and middle part of member 5, and (2) that members 1 and 2 contain a fauna which is different in most of its forms from that of the lower members, and is more like that of the Madison limestone which overlies member 1. The fauna of the yellow sandstone and shale is considered by Dr. Raymond! to be transitional between the Lower Mississippian fauna of the Madison limestone and the Upper Devonian fauna of members 4 and 5 of the Three Forks Formation.

Dr. Schuchert!® has examined Dr. Raymond’s specimens and notes the presence of Syringothyris cartert and Spirifer cf. striatus, and con- siders that this faunule is like that of the lower Louisiana limestone of Pike County, Missouri. He therefore concludes that there was a “ break in deposition, clearly distinguishing the Devonic, both physic- ally and faunally, from the Mississippic.”’

16 Raymond, Am. Jour. of Sci., Ser. IV, Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 119. @ 16 Schuchert, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. XX, 1910, p. 546.

28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The writer has made a careful study of these horizons in the field, and was unable to find any indication of unconformity in the section in this part, and concluded, that, although Spirifer whitney: and other typical Upper Devonian forms present in 4 and 5 were not found in members 1 and 2, as noted by Dr. Raymond, certain forms, such as Rhipidomella vanuxemi(?) and Productella cf. arctostriatus were sufh- ciently abundant in both the gray limestone, number 4, and the yellow shale, number 2, which almost immediately overlies number 4 at Logan, where this careful study was made, to indicate that there is no sharp break in the record here. Syringothyris cartert was found in the yellow shale within six feet of the top of number 4, and in the same layers with R. vanuxemi(?). In the overlying yellow calcareous sand- stone S. carteri is common, and is associated with Schuchertella inflata and Productella cf. arctirostrata, and certain doubtfully identified Spirifers. This faunule, although containing many lower Mississip- pian forms, is considered by the writer to be sufficiently different from the fauna in the overlying Madison limestone, which is regarded as Kinderhook, or basal Mississippian, to be considered transitional, as - Dr. Raymond has suggested.

Syringothyris carteri is generally regarded as an index of Mississip- pian age, but this seems to be a case where it extends down as far as uppermost Devonian strata. Other species of Syringothyris have been reported from Middle or Upper Devonian strata in various parts of the Mississippi valley, and this genus is now regarded by Dr. Schuchert!? as having originated in the Cordilleran sea during later Devonian time.

The typical faunule of the Three Forks Formation, collected from members 4 and 5, is similar in certain of its forms to that of the lower Ouray limestone of Colorado and also to some of the Upper Devonian forms of the eastern United States. It compares closely with certain European faunules, especially those from near the Ural Mountains.

Dr. Th. Tschernyschew! in 1887 made the following correlation of the Upper and Middle Devonian Formations of the Urals, Germany, and eastern North America: ,

17 Schuchert, Am. Jour. Sci., Ser. IV, Vol. XXX, I910, p. 223. 18 Tschernyschew, Mem. Com. Geol., St. P., Vol. III, pp. 172-185, 1887.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 29

Ural. Rhein. North America. D.2/3 Clymenia Kalk. Clymenia zone. Chemung. Upper Devonian. D.1/3 Goniatites and Goniatites zone. Portage. Cuboides zone. Naples. Cuboides zone. Genesee. Middle D.2/2 Sp. annossofi and Devonian. Stringoce phalus. Stringocephalus zone. Hamilton group.

The Upper Devonian of the western border of the Ural Mountains is divided by Dr. Tschernyschew into two horizons. The upper horizon is correlated with the Clymenia horizon of Enkeberg, Fichtel- gebirge, Saxony, Thiiringerwald, and Cornwall, and is characterized by Clymenia annulata, Clymenia flexuosa, Tornoceras simplex, Spirifer archiacit, Spirifer disjunctus, Rhynchonella acuminata, Camar- ophoria (Leiorhynchus) subreniformis, Orthis (Schizophoria) striatula, etc. The lower zone is correlated with the Goniatites and Cuboides horizons of the Eifel and with the Naples fauna of eastern North America, and contains Goniatites (Manticoceras) intumescens, Tor- noceras simplex, Atrypa aspera, A. reticularis, Spirifer disjunctus, S. conoideus, Rhynchonella ( Hypothyris) cuboides, etc.

Dr. R. Wedekind!’ has recently made a special study of the Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Germany, and has found that it can be subdivided by characteristic cephalopod faunas into six zones. These zones are named as follows, beginning with the uppermost: VI. Gonioclymenia, V. Levigéta, IV. Postprolobites, III. Prolobites, II. Cheiloceras, I. Manticoceras.

Dr. Wedekind has noted the wide distribution of the Prolobites zone IIIb, which he considers is represented by the Three Forks For- mation of Montana. Although he does not include any of his other zones in his correlation with the Three Forks Formation, it seems likely that the Postprolobites zone is also represented, because Clymenia annulata of his zone IVb is closely related to Platyclymenia americana of the Three Forks Formation.

Dr. E. Perna”® has recently correlated the Upper Devonian strata of the eastern Ural Mountains, with those of Westphalia (Enkeberg and Balve) and Silesia, and has shown that the upper horizon of Tschernyschew’s classification can be divided into four zones, which

19 Wedekind, K. Gesell. d. Wissen. zu Gottingen, Mathematik-phys. Klasse, 1913. 20 Perna, ibid.

30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

are equivalent to the five upper zones of Dr. Wedekind’s classification, and two lower zones, which are equivalent to the Manticoceras zone.

This sixfold division is not widely applicable and therefore is of little assistance in correlation with the American Upper Devonian formations, where the brachiopod fauna is much more abundant than the cephalopod fauna.

Apparently the cephalopods are the only abundant fossils in the German Upper Devonian, and for that reason the brachiopods are not mentioned. It is therefore possible to make a much closer cor- relation between the Upper Devonian of the Ural Mountains and North America, than between that of Germany and North America. From an examination of the brief lists of fossils, noted in connection with Tschernyschew’s two zones of the Upper Devonian, it is evident that the upper zone, D’, is approximately equivalent to the Three Forks Formation, exclusive of members I and 2, and contains many similar fossils, although only a few of the species are the same. This corre- lation and also the other European correlations place the Three Forks fauna above the Manticoceras fauna, and make it the latest Devonian fauna of which we have any record in North America, which is the conclusion at which Dr. Raymond”! arrived some years ago, before these recent European correlations were made.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BRACHIOPODA. Class BRACHIOPODA. Order ATREMATA Beechen Superfamily LI NGULACEA Waagon. Family LINGULID& Gray.

Genus LINGULA Bruguiere. 1. Lingula hubbardi sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 1.)

Description.—Shell elliptical, width about three-quarters the length; base regularly rounded; sides gently curving; apex obtuse, with an angle of about 115°. The shell has a narrow flattened border about one millimeter wide. The surface is marked by fine concentric striae, also by fine radiating strie on the middle portion. These striew are somewhat wavy about two-thirds of the way from the apex to the margin. The substance of the shell is thin, glistening, brownish black,

“1 Raymond, Proc. 7th Internat. Zodl. Cong., Camb., Mass., 1910.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 31

brittle material. The type specimen has a height of 18.5 mm. and a width of 14.5 mm., with the ratio of I : .79. Locality.—A single very perfect valve was collected from the lime-

‘

stone in the green shale member (number 5) in the ‘‘ east”’ valley, north of Three Forks. A somewhat smaller and less perfect specimen was collected by Dr. Raymond in 1903, from near this same locality. This type appears to be different from any figured species and so the writer has placed it in a new species which is named in honor of Mr. G. E. Hubbard, who found the specimen while aiding the writer in

his geological work near Three Forks.

Order NEOTREMATA Beecher. Family DISCINIDZ Gray.

2. Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem). (Plate VII, fig. 4.) Orbiculoidea lodiensis VANUXEM, Geol. N. Y., Rept. 3d Dist., 1842, Pl. 163, fig. 1;

HALL, Ibidem, Rept. 4th Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. I.

Discina lodiensis Watcott, Mono. VIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 112-113, Pl. 2, ater, bs, Yaa,

A few specimens from the middle of member number 5, collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer, were identified as Orbiculoidea sp. and one or two of the best preserved specimens were identified as Orbicu- loidea lodiensis Vanuxem, on their general agreement with the de- scription and figures of the Nevadan form from the White Pine Shale as noted by Dr. Walcott.

Order TELOTREMATA Beecher. Family SPIRIFERIDZ& King. Genus SPIRIFER Sowerby.

3. Spirifer raymondi sp. nov. (PI. V, figs. 1-2; Pl. VI, figs, 12-13.)

Cf. Spirifer pinonensis, MEEK, King, 4oth Parl. Surv., p. 45, Pl. 1, figs. 9a, 6.

Cf. Spirifer pinonensis RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1909, p. 143.

Cf. Spirifer argentarius KINDLE, Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, 1908, p. 32, Pl. 2, fig. 4. This form is apparently identical with the specimen figured by Dr.

Raymond from the red shale as Spirifer pinonensis. About sixty

specimens from the green shale and associated limestone were carefully

studied by the writer, and they show marked differences from S. pino-

nensis as figured and described by Mr. Meek. These differences are

as follows:

oe ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The shape of the shell is not semicircular in outline, but is triangular, and much like that of S. mucronatus Conrad. The cardinal margin terminates in acute and not rectangular or obtuse extremities. The proportions of height to width are different. Spirifer pinonensis has a ratio of .76: 1 and a height of .g2 in. and a width of 1.20 in. Six specimens of Spinifer raymondi were measured and gave the following dimensions: I. Height 12 mm.; width 25 mm.;ratio.48:1. II. Height 15 mm.; width 30 mm.; ratio .5:1. III. Height 11.5 mm.; width 21 mm. ratio, 54:1. IV. Height 13 mm.; width 23 mm.; ratio .56: I. V. Height 14 mm.; width 24 mm.; ratio .58:1. VI. Height 20 mm.; width 30 mm.; ratio .66 : I.

Specimens of S. pinonensis have from eleven to fourteen rounded plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, and these plications are covered with radiating strie. Spirifer raymondi has from nine to twelve rounded radiating plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, and in no specimen were more than twelve plications observed. No minute striations were seen on the plications of any of the specimens. All of the well-preserved specimens of S. raymondi show a slight fold in the middle of the sinus, and the surfaces of both valves are marked with rather fine undulating lines of growth.

Specimens from the Jefferson limestone near Princeton, Montana, have been by Dr. Kindle, referred for comparison to Spirifer argen- tarius Meek, which Dr. Schuchert believes to be the same as S. pinon- ensis Meek. The specimen figured by him is apparently identical with the average specimen of Spirifer raymondt.

Four specimens of the European species Spirifer elegans Stein, in the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy (Schultze’s Collection) show a very marked resemblance to the specimens of Spirifer raymondi. The points of difference are that the specimens of S. elegans are one-third to one-half larger than S. raymondi, and the delthyrium in S. elegans is an equilateral triangle, while in S. raymondz its height is to its width as 1:.6. The sinus in S. elegans is also somewhat broader and perfectly smooth.

On account of all of these differences from any described forms, it seems advisable to place these specimens from the Three Forks Formation under the new specificname Spirifer raymondi. This new species is named in honor of Dr. Raymond who collected the first specimens from Three Forks. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

Locality.—Specimens of Spirifer raymondi are numerous in the

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. ao

green shale and limestone bands of No. 5 at all of the localities where - specimens were collected.

4. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. (Pl. V, fig. 5; Pl. VI, figs. 8-11. Cf. PI. VILE aig. 7:)

Spirifer whitneyi HALL, Geol. Surv. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 502, Pl. 4, fig. 2.

Spirifer whitneyi KINDLE, Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 391, 1909, p. 24.

A large number of specimens of spirifers with plicated fold and sinus were collected from the gray limestone, number 4, and the green shale, number 5, by Dr. Raymond, for the Carnegie Museum in 1905, and by the writer in 1912 and 1913 for the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, These specimens have been carefully studied by the writer and compared with New York and European forms of Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby =S. verneuili Murchison, and also with specimens of Spirifer whitneyi from Lime Creek, Iowa. The results of this comparative study are as follows:

The specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from the Chemung formation of New York are similar to those of the de Koninck Collection from Sougniez Province, Liége, and from Colonster and Traipont. In general they are mucronate and rather large forms, with simple rounded plications. They are all very different from the specimens from Montana. Certain of the European forms identified as Spirifer disjunctus, from Boulonnais (Duval and de Koninck collections), are of the same shape and size as specimens of Spirifer whitney: from Lime Creek, Iowa. The European specimens, however, all lack the fine striations on each plication which are characteristic of Spirifer whitney.

Some of the specimens from Montana have the same measurements and appearance as Spirifer whitney: from Lime Creek, and in a few cases the surface is well enough preserved to show traces of fine striations on the plications. They have therefore been identified as Spirifer whitneyi Hall. A comparison of the measurements of the Boulonnais, Lime Creek, and Montana specimens is as follows:

Spirifer disjunctus Sow. from Boulonnais. Ratio (1), width on hinge line to height of brachial valve measured over the surface, from I :..53 to I:.71 majority of specimens 1:.66. Ratio (2), width on hinge line to height of area: range I : .143 to I :.27, majority I:.21. Ratio (3), height to width of delthyrium; range I: .6 to i245, miajority 1:1.

34 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa.

Ratio (1), range 1 : 6 tor :.77. Ratio (2); range 1: 223 tows come Ration(2), range T : 86 tol 31%

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Three Forks, Montana.

Ratio (i), range 1:.47 to 1 =.69: “Ratio..@)) sange 1 17. 16 I:.27. Ratio (3), range 1:.5 to1:.8. An average specimen from Three Forks has a width of 32 mm. a height of 21 mm., height of area of 7 mm., and width of delthyrium of 5.7 mm.

The number of plications on each side of the brachial valve and the number on the fold is as follows:

Sprrifer disjunctus from Boulonnais, 18 to 31 on a side, majority 21; 9 to 13 bifurcating plications on the fold, majority of specimens have 7s

Spirifer whitneyt from Lime Creek, 16 to 26 on a side, and 7 to 12 on the fold.

Spirifer whitneyi from Three Forks, 16 to 26 on a side; majority 21; and 8 to 15 on the fold.

5. Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Girty). (Plate V, figs. 11-13.) Spirifer disjunctus var. animasensis GIRTY, Twentieth Ann. Rept. U.S. G.S., pt. 2,

1900, p. 48, Pl. 4, figs. I-10.

Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Kindle), U. S. G. S. Bull. 391, p. 25, Pl. 9, figs.

16

About twenty of the spirifers from the Three Forks Formation have been identified by the writer as Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Girty). These specimens are somewhat smaller than Spirifer whitneyi and they all show a relatively high area with frequently a slightly twisted ventral beak, and they compare well with the specimens - figured by Drs. Girty and Kindle. The ratio of the width to the height of the brachial valve in the Montana specimens range from I: .5 to 1:.76 and the ratios of width to height of area from 1 : .28 to I :.33. The ratios of the height to the width of the delthyrium range from 1: .46 to1:1. The ratios of the specimens of Spirifer disjunctus var. animasensis Girty are, width to height of area I : .23 to 1 : .36; height to width of delthyrium 1: .75 to I: 1.

The specimens from the Three Forks Formation have from thirteen to twenty-one simple radiating plications on each side of the fold, and from nine to fourteen bifurcating plications on the fold. The presence of traces of striz on some of the plications shows that this form is more

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 35

closely related to S. whitneyi than to S. disjunctus, as was pointed out by Dr. Kindle. The size of an average specimen from Montana is: width 30 mm.; height 19 mm.; height of area 9 mm.; width of del- thyrium 5.5 mm.

6. Spirifer whitneyi var. gallatinensis, var. nov. (PI. V, figs. 3-4; CPE VITI; figs).

About twenty-five specimens of the same general form as those just described, show a very different type of area and on this account have been described as a new variety, gallatinensis. These specimens have a rather narrow area, which is usually flat, or only slightly curved, although the beak of the pedicle may be strongly incurved. The area is of equal width throughout its whole extent, and usually extends at right angles to the hinge-line. The area generally shows distinct fine vertical striz.

The ratios of width to height of brachial valves range from I : .52 to 1:.78. The ratios of width to height of area range from I : .125 to 1:.2. The ratios of width to height of delthyrium range from I1:.8to.g9:1. Thesize of an average individual is, width 29 mm.; height 19 mm.; height of area 4 mm.; width of delthyrium 4 mm. There are from sixteen to twenty-six plications on each side of the shell, and from nine to fifteen bifurcating plications on the fold. Some of the specimens show striations on the plications, and this and the general shape of the shell indicates a close relationship with Spirifer whitneyi. The type is in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

Some of the specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from Europe (locality Try prés Walfourt) show a type of area with parallel sides similar to Spirifer whitneyt var. gallatinensis. (Cf. Pl. VIII, fig. 12.) Ratios from the European specimens show a range in width to height of brachial valve from I: .4 to 1: .56, and a range in width to height of area from 1: .1 to 1: .2, and a range in height to width of del- thyrium from I :.62 to 1:1. None of these specimens show traces of striations on the plications.

This close resemblance between certain specimens of Spirifer dis- junctus from Boulonnais, and Spirifer whitneyi, and certain specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from Try prés Walfourt and Spirifer whitneyt var. gallatinensis shows that we have here a good example of parallel development in two very similar species of spirifers. Each species has developed similar variations in regard to the shape of the shell

36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and the area. In cases where the striations are preserved on the specimens from western America it is easy to refer them to the species whitneyi, but the majority of the specimens are exfoliated, and they therefore come within the limits of the species disjunctus. This is undoubtedly the reason why so many of the western American species of this general type have been identified as Spirifer disjunctus. The wide variations in the European specimens of Spirifer disjunctus= Spirifer verneuili show that varietal differences have been overlooked in the identification of the specimens.

7. Spirifer whitneyi var. monticola, var. nov. (PI. V, figs. 6-10; Pl. V1; figs. 1-7): Cf. Spirifer whitneyi KINDLE, Bull. No. 391, U. S. G.S., p. 24, Pl. 8, figs. 2-5.

By far the commonest of the specimens of Spirzfer from Montana is a robust form with a relatively short hinge-line. Several hundred specimens of this variety were collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from all of the localities where the Three Forks Formation is well exposed. These specimens are apparently identical with those from the Ouray limestone of Colorado and New Mexico, which are figured by Dr. Kindle and identified as Spirifer whitneyi. Dr. Kindle notes the fact that the forms from Colorado and New Mexico are more robust and have flatter and broader plications than the Iowa specimens. He considers it undesirable to make a new species based on these differences, because Spirifer disjunctus is such a variable type.

A study of the large collection of specimens from the Three Forks formation has convinced the writer that these specimens show certain characters which are sufficiently distinct from Spzirifer whitney to be the basis for a new variety, monticola.

A series of seven specimens (See Pl. VI) was selected to show varia- tion in shape in the new variety. The ratios between the width and height of the brachial valves are as follows: (a) .84:1; (b) .88: £Xe)) 03-215 (a) © 2 1: (zg) T2207; (6) 1 = 0813) 178. Bhematros of the width to the height of the area are as follows: (a) I : .152; (0b) i, 7.297- (6) 1s 2326 ((d) 1 @ 13% (€) at .25: (fri =34 502) 1 Scone is interesting to note that with the exception of specimen, g, the increase in the height of the area and its flattening-out follows directly the increase in length of the hinge-line.

A comparison of these ratios with those of Spirifer whitneyi from Lime Creek show that all of the western specimens have a shorter

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. oh

hinge-line and relatively higher brachial valve than the specimens from Iowa. Furthermore all the western specimens are more robust, and have a ratio between the length of hinge and the maximum thickness of the specimen which ranges from I : .86 to I: .54, while the same ratios for specimens of Spirifer whitneyi from Iowa range from 1 : .5 EOsT 1.46:

A large percentage of the well-preserved specimens of Spirifer whitney var. monticola, show fine striz on the rather broad, flattened, radiating plications. The plications vary in number from thirteen to twenty-nine on a side, and from nine to nineteen on the fold. The size of a moderately small individual is: width 22 mm., height 25 mm., height of area 5 mm., width of delthyrium .45 mm., thickness 19 mm. The measurements of a rather large individual are: width 37 mm., height 30 mm., height of area 12 mm., width of delthyrium 9.5 mm., thickness 26 mm. Specimens from the fissile green shales of number 5 are much better preserved than those from the limestone layers. Almost all of the specimens from the shale show the characteristic striations on the plications, and some show a tendency to develop. alate, almost spiniform, hinge extremities.22 Such delicate spinose: points are preserved in only a few of the specimens from the shale, so. that it seems likely that this is an abornmal feature and not a general! character.

About fifteen of the specimens, including Nos. 174 a, b, and c, of the- series just mentioned, and specimens numbered 172c and d,. and 176 a and b, show under the hand-lens, or microscope, a spinose- surface covering the plications. The character of this surface varies: from numerous irregularly scattered small rounded spines,” as seen on specimens 172d or 174a to elongate spine bases arranged in radiating rows (See PI. V, figs. 7, 8, 9,), which under slight magnification appear continuous, and therefore like the normal stria. Upon a closer examination they appear to be an intermediate stage between the normally striated specimens and the irregularly spinose individuals. Since there is this gradation in surface character on specimens, which in other respects are identical, it seems best to note it merely as a variable detail in Spirifer whitneyi var. monticola. Specimens from the green shale almost always have the details of the surface well- preserved and it is from a study of these that the intermediate stages

22 See Plate V, fig. 6. 2s Seeumlate: Ve fig. 10:

38 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

between the normally striate and the irregularly spinose types were made out. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. Locality.—Specimens of Spirifer whitneyi and its varieties were obtained from the gray limestone, number 4, and the green shale num- ber 5, at all of the localities studied in detail by the writer, where the Three Forks Formation is exposed in the region about Three Forks and

to the north. Genus AMBOCGLIA Hall.

8. Amboccelia gregaria Hall.

Ambocelia gregaria HALL, 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Nist., p. 81. Ambocelia gregaria RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1900, p. 143.

Specimens referred to this species are very common in certain of the limestone bands in the green shale, number 5, particularly at Three Forks and Logan. The brachial valves show the well-marked sinus, which characterizes this species.

Locality —Green shale, member number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and localities to the north.

Family RHYNCHONELLIDZ& Gray. Genus LEIORHYNCHUS Hall.

9. Leiorhynchus dunbarense sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 8.) Cf. Leiorhynchus astabulense PROSSER, Ohio Geol. Surv., 4th ser., Bull. 15, 1913.

Shell very gibbous and wide in comparison with its height. The ventral valve is slightly convex and the beak rather prominent. The mesial sinus becomes very deep toward the margin and contains two rather low, rounded plications. The sinus is bordered by two large rounded plications, with usually two less elevated, rounded plications on either side, the outermost usually faintly defined. The dorsal valve is very convex and strongly incurved at the umbo, and rises some- what above the ventral valve. The surface is marked by a high fold with three rather angular plications. The sides have one strongly marked plication next to the fold, and usually two less distinct, low, rounded plications nearer the lateral margins. The surface of the well-preserved specimens is covered with strong, concentric, imbricated growth-lines. The dimensions of the type specimen are: width 27 mm., height 16 mm. Another specimen has a width of 22 mm., and a height of 14 mm. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

This species resembles Leiorhynchus astabulense Prosser in many

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 39

respects, but the ratio of width to height in Leiorhynchus dunbarense is I : .6 instead of 1: .g asin L. astabulense, and the sides have fewer plications. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

Locality—Five specimens of this species were collected from the limestone layers at the top of member number 5, near Dunbar’s mine, north of Three Forks. Three of them were collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and two of them by the writer in 1912. One very well preserved specimen was obtained by the writer in 1913 from the base of gray limestone number 4, from east of Lombard, Montana.

10. Leiorhynchus madisonense sp. nov. (Plate VII, figs. 11-13.)

Outline of shell oval; width always greater than height; the ratio varies from I : .64 to 1:.76. An average specimen has a width of 19 mm. and a height of 14 mm., with a ratio of I : .73.

The pedicle valve curves to the sides and has a well marked, rather broad sinus, developed slightly above the middle of the shell. Beak small and closely incurved over the umbo of the opposite valve.

The brachial valve is much more convex than the pedicle, and rounds to the sides. Mesial fold well-developed in most cases, and greatly elevated at the outer border. Surface marked by fine im- bricating concentric striz, also by fine radiating striz, which are well- developed on the sides of the shell. The sinus is generally character- ized by two rounded plications, rarely one or three. The fold is usually marked by three, sometimes two, or four, plications. Sides of the shell usually marked by one or two faint, low, rounded plications. These plications all extend to the apex of the shell. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

This species differs from Leitorhynchus mesacostale in the smaller number of plications in the fold and sinus, and in the greater width of the shell in relation to its height.

Locality—Specimens are numerous in the green shale and asso- ciated limestone layers of member number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and most of the other localities in the region near Three Forks.

11. Leiorhynchus madisonense var. gibbosum var. nov. (Plate VII, figs. 14-16.) Cf. Leiorhynchus kellogi HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 361, Pl. 56. Shell more gibbous and usually larger than Leiorhynchus madisonense. An average specimen has a width of 23 mm. and a height of 20 mm.,

40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

with a ratio of width to height of 1: .87. A smaller specimen has a width of 19 mm. and a height of 15 mm., and a ratio of 1:.79. The range in the ratio of width to height is from 1 : .77 to.1 : .89.

The valve of the pedicle is gibbous a little below the umbo, and curves evenly to the sides. It becomes flattened in the middle and is deeply sinuate toward the front of the shell. The beak is closely incurved over the umbo of the brachial valve.

The brachial valve is more convex than the pedicle and curves to the sides, with a broad, flattened mesial fold, well-developed from the upper third of the shell.

The surface is marked by fine concentric striz and also by fine radiating strie, which are usually most prominent on the sides of the shell. From three to seven low, rounded plications occur in the sinus, and from four to eight in the fold. The specimens usually have from one to three low, rounded plications on the sides of the valves, which diminish in relief toward the lateral margins. All of the plications radiate from the beaks and they are almost invariably clearly defined from the beaks to the margin of the shell. This new variety differs from Leiorhynchus madisonense in the greater convexity of the valves; the normally greater number of plications in the fold and sinus, and in the height and width being more nearly equal.

This new variety differs from Leiorhynchus kellogi in the lesser number of plications on each side of the fold and sinus, and in having the plications extending all the way from the margin to the apex, instead of half-way or less, asin L. kellogi. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

Locality—Specimens are numerous in the gray limestone, number 4, and also in the green shales, number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and the other localities in that region. ‘Twenty-four specimens were collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and seventeen by the writer in 1912, and about ten in 1913.

12. Leiorhynchus utahense var. ventricosum var. nov. (Plate VIII, figs. IO-T1.)

Cf. Leiorhynchus utahensis KINDLE, Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 27, Pl. 3, figs. I-Ie. Cf. Leiorhynchus greeneanum (ULRICH), Cont. Am. Pal., I, 1886, p. 26, Pl. 13, fig. I. Shell large, ventricose on brachial side, and flattened on side of pedicle. Ratio of width to height 1:.94. Thickness usually some- what less than height. The type specimen has a width of 37 mm.,

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 41

height 35 mm., and convexity 28 mm. The largest specimen obtained has a height of 47 mm., a width of 42 mm., and a convexity of 47 mm. This specimen has a ratio of width to height of .89 : 1, and a convexity equal to the height. The cardinal view of all of the specimens is sub-semicircular in outline.

Valve of pedicle gibbous at the umbo, flattened toward the sides, and deeply sinuate toward the front. Beak small, acute, and closely incurved over the umbo and brachial valve. Two low, rounded pli- cations and three broad furrows are present in the sinus, which is scarcely defined at the umbo, but becomes broad and fairly deep at the anterior margin.

Brachial valve ventricose, with a well-defined low fold, consisting of three rather broadly rounded plications, the one in the middle somewhat narrower than the other two.

Surface of both valves marked by fine concentric lines, with more prominent uneven growth-wrinkles at increasingly frequent intervals toward the margin of the valves. The sides of the shell show distinct radiating striations, about four to one millimeter, and there are faint indications of them on the sinus and on a part of the fold.

This form is considered to be a variety of Lezorhynchus utahense Kindle, of the Jefferson limestone of Utah, from which it differs in its sub-semicircular and not sub-trigonal outline, and in its larger size, and lesser number of plications in the sinus and fold. The type is in the Carnegie Museum.

It differs from Leiorhynchus greeneanum (Ulrich) in its greater height in relation to its width; in having a sub-hemispherical rather than a sub-trigonal cardinal view, and in having the fold clearly marked to the anterior extremity of the valve, and containing three distinct plications, instead of two or three irregular, faint plications.

Leiorhynchus greeneanum is a younger form, and occurs in the Keokuk limestone of Indiana.

Locality.—Specimens of this new variety were collected from the base of limestone number 4, and the top of green shale number 5, chiefly from Three Forks and Logan. Dr. Raymond collected three specimens in 1905 and the writer collected six in 1912 and ten in 1913.

13. Leiorhynchus jeffersonense sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 9.)

Shell large, sub-ovate and moderately convex on the brachial side; flattened on the pedicle side. Width of an average specimen 44 mm.;

42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

height 28 mm.; ratio I : .635. Width of a smaller individual 38 mm.; height 23 mm.; ratio I : .6.

Valve of pedicle flattened toward the sides, with a moderately deep sinus, which starts from the beak. Sinus flat, and bordered by a single, usually prominent, rounded plication on each side. Four or five distinct, evenly spaced, rounded plications in the sinus, and on a few specimens one or two faint plications on the sides of the valve.

Brachial valve convex, with a prominent flat-topped fold, which starts from the beak, and is composed of five or six rounded plications. One or two very low plications are visible on the sides of the valve in a few specimens.

This species differs from Leiorhynchus utahense var. ventricosum, with which it is associated in the field, in its greater width in relation to its height; in the lesser convexity of the valves, and in the possession of a greater number of plications in the fold and sinus.

One specimen referred to this species was collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905, and eight specimens were collected by the writer in 1912 from the base of the gray limestone, number 4, and the upper limestone in green shale number 5, in the east and west valleys north of Three Forks. In 1913 two well-preserved specimens were obtained from this same horizon near Sappington, and a few were obtained from Logan, and Lombard. The type is in the Museum of Comparative Zooblogy.

14. Leiorhynchus mesacostale Hall.

Leiorhynchus mesacostalis HALL, 1867, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 362, Pl. 67, figs.

I8—25.

Leiorhynchus mesacostale RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, No. 2, 3,

1909.

Fossils referred to this species are fairly common in the limestone and green shale of member number 5, at all of the localities. These are all rather small flattened forms, with the plications limited to the fold and sinus. There are usually three plications in the sinus and four in the fold, but the number is rather variable. They are all evenly spaced, and in that respect differ from L. mesacostale as figured by Hall. In general appearance they resemble Camarophoria subreni- formis which is described by Tschernyschew from the Ural Mountains, but without material for comparison it is not possible to tell how closely these forms compare.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 43

15. Leiorhynchus cf. laura (Billings).

Cf. Leiorhynchus multicosta HALL, Pal. N. Y., IV, 1867, p. 358, Pl. 56, figs. 26-40. Cf. Leiorhynchus clarkei PROSSER, Ohio Geol. Surv., 4th Ser. Bull. 15, 1913.

Several specimens from the green shale and limestone member, number 5, from Three Forks and Logan, are referred with some doubt to this species. They are small flattened shells with three or four low, rounded plications on each side of the sinus and fold, as well as in the sinus and fold. They compare closely with L. multicosta as figured by Hall, but that is a Hamilton form, and these Montana specimens are in a higher horizon. The Montana specimens are also similar to L. clarkei Prosser, but are much smaller in size.

Genus CAMAROTGECHIA Hall & Clarke.

16. Camaroteechia contracta Hall.

Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta HALL, 1867, Pal. N. Y., IV., p. 351, Pl. 55,

figs. 26-39. Camarotechia contracta? KINDLE, U.S. G. S. Bull. 391, p. 22, Pl. VI, figs. 1-24. Camarotechia contracta RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1909, p. I41.

Specimens apparently identical with those from Colorado and New Mexico, which are identified as C. contracta, occur as one of the most abundant forms in the green shale and limestone member number 5, and also in smaller numbers in the overlying gray limestone, at all of the localities where fossils were collected from the formation by the writer. The specimens vary greatly in the number of plications in the sinus and fold. The average number is three in the sinus and four in the fold, but a considerable number of specimens have more or less. The extreme numbers in the sinus are from two to five, and in the fold from three to six.

Family ATHYRIDZ Phillips. Genus CLEIOTHYRIDINA Buckman.

17. Cleiothyridina devonica Raymond. Cleiothyridina devonica RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. V, 1909, p. 143. A very large number of specimens of this species were collected by the writer in 1912 and 1913 from the gray limestone number 4, and from the green shale and limestone member number 5, at all of the localities. This species is described in detail by Dr. Raymond from its occurrence at Three Forks and Logan.

44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Genus MERISTELLA Hall.

18. Meristella barrisi Hall. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) Meristella barrisi HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, 1867, p. 304, Pl. 49. Meristella barrisi KINDLE, Bull. 391, U. S. G. S., p. 30, Pl. 9, figs. 7-9.

Four specimens identified by the writer as of this species, were collected from the limestone layers in the middle part of the green shale, number 5, from the west valley, north of Three Forks. They closely. resemble the forms figured by Dr. Kindle from New Mexico, and also those figured by Hall from the state of New York.

Order PROTREMATA. Superfamily STROP HOME NACEA Schuchert. Family ORTHID Dalman. Genus SCHIZOPHORIA King.

19. Schizophoria striatula var. australis Kindle. (Plate VIII, figs. 3-5.) Schizophoria striatula var. australis KINDLE, U. S. G. S., Bull., 391, p. 21, Pl. 2,

figs. I and 2.

About thirty specimens identified as this variety, were collected by the writer from the middle and upper part of member number 5 at Three Forks and Logan. The specimens are not as well preserved as those from New Mexico figured by Dr. Kindle, but they resemble them sufficiently closely to make the identification fairly certain.

Genus RHIPIDOMELLA Oehlert.

20. Rhipidomella vanuxemi(?) Hall. (Plate VIII, figs. 3-5.)

Orthis vanuxemi Hall, 1858, Geol. Surv. Iowa, I, pt. 2, p. 487, pl. 2, figs. 2 and 3.

A large, number of specimens, identified as this species, were col- lected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from the top of the gray lime- stone, number 4, and the base of the yellow shale, number 2, chiefly at Logan. A few specimens were obtained from near Sappington and Rekap, and in the east and west valley at Three Forks. The specimens are all nearly circular in outline, and are very flat, with no sinus or fold, and the plications have numerous pores as in R. vanu- xemt. This horizon is higher than that in which R. vanuxemi occurs in New York, but, because of the very close correspondence in shape and details, these forms from Montana are identified with some doubt as belonging to this species.

HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 45

Family STROPHOMENID<: King. Genus SCHUCHERTELLA.

21. Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (Hall). (Plate VII, fig. 6.)

Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. arctostriata HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, Pl. 9, fig. 1. Hemipronites chemungensis var. arctostriata MEEK, 40th Parl. Surv., Pl. 3, fig. 2, Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (KINDLE), Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 26.

Ply

About ten specimens, identified as this variety, were collected from the limestone bands in the green shale, number 5, in the valleys near Three Forks, and eight specimens were collected from the same horizon at Logan by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and by the writer in 1912 and 1913. One very well preserved specimen was obtained by the writer in 1913 from the gray limestone member near Sappington. These specimens show a considerable range in size, but they all seem to belong to the same species and variety. The dimensions of an average specimen are: width on hinge 25 mm., height 18 mm. A rather small specimen has a width of 9 mm. and a height of 7.5 mm. All of the specimens . show the characters of the variety as noted by Hall. The surface is covered with close, crenulated, radiating strie, increasing mainly by interstitial addition. The specimens appear to be identical with those figured by Dr. Kindle from the Jefferson limestone of Princeton and Livingston, Montana.

Family PRODUCTID Gray. Genus PRODUCTELLA Hall.

22. Productella spinigera Kindle. (Plate VIII, fig. 3.) Productella spinigera KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 19, Pl. V, figs. 1-4. About twenty-five specimens, identified as this species, were collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from members numbers 4 and 5 at the various localities. These specimens show very little variation and correspond very well with the description and figures of the Ouray species of Dr. Kindle.

23. Productella coloradensis Kindle. (Plate VII, figs. 5 and 7-8.)

Productella coloradensis KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 17, Pl. IV, figs. 2-8. About thirty specimens collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from members 4 and 5 were identified by the writer as this species.

46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

24. Productella coloradensis var. plicata Kindle. Productella coloradensis var. plicatus KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 18, Pl. IV, figs. 9-12. The writer obtained two well-preserved specimens from the upper portion of member number 5, north of Three Forks, which show the detailed characters of this variety.

25. Productella laminata Kindle. (Plate VIII, fig. 6.)

Productella laminatus KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 18, Pl. IV, figs. 13-14. About ten specimens from the upper portion of member number 5 in the collections of Dr. Raymond and the writer were identified as of this species.

26. Productella cf. depressa Kindle. Productella depressa KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 20, Pl. V, fig. 5, 5a.

Five specimens collected by Dr. Raymond from member number 5 are referred by the writer, with some doubt, to this species.

27. Productella cf. arctirostrata Hall. Productella arctirostrata HALL. Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, 1867, p. 182, pl. 26, figs. 16-23.

About thirty poorly preserved specimens from limestone member number 4, and the overlying yellow shale of number 2 are referred to this species with some doubt. Most of the specimens have continuous plications, rather than a row of elongate spine-bases as shown in most of the figures of this species.

The following rather unsatisfactory determinations of poorly pre- served Productellas are merely listed here without comment. They are all from the upper part of member number 5 or from number 4.

Productella cf. hirsuta Hall, a rather common form.

Productella cf. hirsutiformis Walcott, a very rare form in the col-

lections.

Productella cf. subaculeata Walcott, a rare form.

Productella cf. subalata Hall, a fairly abundant form.

This completes the description of the Brachiopoda from members numbers 4 and 5 of the Three Forks formation. A description of the Pelecypoda of the formation is in preparation for a later paper in this series.

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48

FIG.

FIG. FIc.

Fic.

FIc. FIG.

Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic.

FIG. FIG.

FIG.

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Spirifer raymondi Haynes, sp. nov. (Top view showing shape of area.) X 2. Spirifer raymondi Haynes, sp. nov. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. gallatinensis Haynes, var. nov. (Showing parallel-sided area.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. gallitinensis Haynes, var. nov. (Ventral valve of specimen shown in Fig. 3.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola Haynes, var. nov. (Showing spiniform cardinal angle.) XX 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 1760. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 1726. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. 4. No. 172¢. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 172d. (Figs. 7 to 10 inclusive show details of surface markings.) Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Side view.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Ventral valve of specimen in Fig. 11.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Top view showing high area of same specimen.) X 2.

Plate V.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X.

(See opposite page.)

s from Green Shales.

Brachiopod

50

FIG. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic.

FIG. Fic. FIG. FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

TIAN BPWNH

T2.

riey,

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X11. No. 174a. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 17406. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X31. No. 174¢. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X11. No. 174d. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 174e. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 174f. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. 1. No. 174g.

(Figs. I to 7 show variations from a long, narrow form to ashort wide form, and also in height of area and length of hinge-line.)

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 8.) X 2.

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa. X 2.

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 10.) X 2.

Spirifer raymondi Haynes. Three Forks, Montana. (Ventral valve of extreme mucronate type.) X 2.

Spirifer raymondi Haynes. Three Forks, Montana. (Exfoliated ventral valve, showing slight fold in sinus.) X 2.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate VI,

aie i

Brachiopceds from Green Shales. (See opposite page.)

52

FIG. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. Fic.

FIG. Fic.

FIG. FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

FIG.

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Lingula hubbardi Haynes, sp. nov. X 2.

Meristella barrist Hall. X 2.

Productella spinigera Kindle. X 2.

Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem). X 2.

Productella coloradensis Kindle. X 2.

Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (Hall). X 2.

Productella coloradensis Kindle. X 2.

Productella coloradensis Kindle. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 73) eee

Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (?). XX 2.

Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (Enlarged figure showing detail of surface of specimen given in Fig. 9.)

Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. X 2.

Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. (Dorsal valve of speci- men in Fig. 11.) X 2.

Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. (Ventral valve of smooth-sided form.) X 2.

Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum Haynes, var. nov. x 3.

Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum. (Dorsal valve of specimen shown in Fig. 14.) xX #. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum, (Side view of

same showing plications on side of shell.) 3.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Pith

Ait

AIT

My : Opp in

x

ANS

Ai in mA NNN S

Brachiopods from Green Shales. (See opposite page.)

eh

Te ue e Tt? iP —

54

ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Schizophoria stviatula, var. australis Kindle. X 3. Schizophoria striatula, var. australis. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 1.) X 3. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (A small specimen showing area about umbo.) X 2. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. Logan, Montana. X 2. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. Logan, Montana. (Same specimen as shown in Fig. 4.) X 2. Productella laminata Kindle. Three Forks, Montana. Coli. Haynes. X25 Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby = S. verneuili Murchison. Boulonnais Duval Coll. (To be compared with S. whitneyi Hall.) X 2. Leiorhynchus dunbarense Haynes, sp. nov. Holotype, Carn. Museum, Three Forks, Montana. Coll. P.E. Raymond. X 3. Leiorhynchus jeffersonense Haynes, sp. nov. X I. Leiorhynchus utahense Kindle, var. ventsicosum Haynes, var.nov. X 2. Leiorhynchus utahense Kindle, var. ventricosum Haynes. (Side views inverted.) XX 2. Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby. Try prés Walfourt. (To be compared with S. whitneyi var. gallatinensis Haynes.) X 2.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate VIII,

Brachiopods from Green Shales. (See opposite page.)

III. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPHAGEBRANCHUS FROM THE BAHAMAS.

(PLATE IX.) By C. H. EIGENMANN.

The genus Sphagebranchus is characterized by the absence of all fins and the small inferior gill-slits. Snout very sharply pointed, mouth large, horizontal, inferior, the lower jaw sharply pointed; gular region somewhat expanded, and with longitudinal grooves; gills large, gill-slits small, converging forward along the inner edge of a pair of comma-shaped depressions, the bottom of the depressions with a thin membrane; nostril inferior, not completely divided into anterior and posterior; lateral-line pores prominent. About twenty-three recurved teeth in the lower jaw, about twenty-seven similar teeth in a compact row along each side of the upper jaw, those in front smallest, four similar, but much larger, teeth on the snout in front of the regular series; about ten recurved teeth on a median line in the roof of the mouth. No tongue.

Sphagebranchus conklini sp. nov.

6710,C. M. Type, 235 mm. From coarse sand in ten feet of water, just inside the bar at entrance to harbor, New Providence, Bahamas, April 27, 1907. Collector, E. G. Conklin.

Tip of snout to anus 88 mm., to gill-opening 18; tail 147 mm.; gape of mouth 4 mm.; snout to eye 3.3 mm.; eye .66 mm.; width of body 4 mm. Over IIo pores in the lateral line; eye covered, but visible, the pupil a horizontal slit.

This species is evidently related to S. anguiformis Peters, the type of which was taken in the open Atlantic 15° 40’ 1” north, 23° 5/ 8” west. The location of Nassau is 25° 5’ 6” north and 77° 21’ 2” The differences may be tabulated as follows:

55

west.

56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

S. conklint. S. angutformts. Head and trunk 1.67 in length Head and trunk less than 1.5 of tail. in length of tail. Head to gill-openings 4 in the Head 6 in the trunk, 17 in the trunk, 13 in the total length. total length. Eye 5 in the snout. ! Flesh color with minute dark Flesh color. spots.

After being caught this specimen was observed to rapidly make its way through the sand, which had been brought up by the dredge. It was presented to the Carnegie Museum by Professor E. G. Conklin of Princeton University.

‘loqivpy nesseN ‘odAy UURUIUOSIY 227YU0I snyounagasnyds

AR DW AC Aq of] Wor UMLIG

*X1 Fld ‘YX “JOA ‘WNASNW JIDINYVO STVNNY

ih i

IV. SOME MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR.*

By CHARLES WILSON.

The specimens enumerated in the present paper were collected (a) by C. H. Eigenmann in January of 1912 in the bay and on the shores of the Caribbean Sea at Cartagena, and in March, 1912, at Buena- ventura on the Pacific shores of Colombia; (b) by Arthur Henn and Charles Wilson in January, 1913, at Tumaco and in the Rio Rosario, both near the southwestern corner of Colombia; and (c) by Arthur Henn in May, 1913, at Guayaquil, Ecuador.

The primary object of the expeditions to Colombia and Ecuador was to collect freshwater fishes. No attempt was made to make complete collections of marine fishes at any of the localities which were visited.

The work of Professor Eigenmann was under the auspices of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum. The types and first series collected by him are in the Carnegie Museum. The work of Mr. Henn and myself in Colombia was under the auspices of the [ndiana University and was equipped and financed by Mr. H. McK. Landon and Mr. Carl G, Fisher, both of Indianapolis. The types and first series collected by us are in the collections of the Carnegie Museum, which has engaged to publish the results of these expeditions. The second series obtained by the above expeditions are in the Museum of Indiana University.

The work of Mr. Arthur Henn in Ecuador and in the lower San Juan was under the auspices of Indiana University and was financed by Mr. Hugh McK. Landon of Indianapolis. The types and first series collected by him are, for the most part, in the collections of the Indiana University, the second series is in the Carnegie Museum.

A few of the marine fishes collected by Mr. Max Ellis during the Gimbel expedition to Guiana and by Mr. John Haseman for the Carnegie Museum are also listed.

In the following list of species and specimens the numbers refer

* Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 149.

itl

58 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

to the Catalog of Fishes of the Carnegie Museum (C. M.) and to that of Indiana University Museum (I. U. M.).

Family GALEID.

1. Charcharhinus cerdale (Gilbert). 5670 a, C. M.; 13508 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Arthur Henn. 5671 a, C. M.; 13509 a, I. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigen- mann. Family SPHYRNID-. 2. Sphyrna tiburo (Linnzus). 5675 a, C. M.; 13514 a, I. U. M. Market in Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Henn.

Family PRISTID.

3. Pristis pectinatus Latham. 13512a,1.U.M. Georgetown Harbor, British Guiana. Max M. Ellis.

4. Pristis perrotteti Valenciennes. 13513 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Arthur Henn. Family RHINOBATID.

5. Rhinobatus leucorhynchus Giinther. 5674 a; C. M.; 13511 a, 1. U: M. Tumacoe; Colombia, Jan: 2,419"4. Henn & Wilson. Family SILURID-.

6. Galeichthys simonsi Starks. 5586 a-f, C. M.; 13218 a—b, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann. 6721 a—b, C. M., 220-265 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann. 5663 a—b, C. M.; 13223 a—b, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia, Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson. 5664 a, C. M.; 13224 a, I. U. M. Rio Rosario, Colombia. Henn. 5665 a, C. M.; 13225, 1. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigen-

mann.

1 A species of Pristis is abundant both in the Atrato and in the San Juan Rivers.

WILSON: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 59

Genus FELICHTHYS Swainson.

This marine genus is composed of four species, two of which occur in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic. We have the two Pacific species, F. panamensis and F. pinnimaculatus from Buenaventura, and F. pinnimaculatus, from Guayaquil.

a. Dorsal spine not produced in a long filament, occipital process large and shaped like a clover-leaf, anal with dark margin. Head 3.66—4.25; depth 4.66—-5.5; 1D) Sere ACe 2 Sut Ons Obraloiey achactsta. «fe reicy~ sheer smre ds, tee access. Soils: » panamensis Gill.

aa. Dorsal spine produced in a long filament, occipital process normal; anal with

a large dark blotch on the anterior lobe. Head 4-4.75; depth 4-4.8; D. Te Ae 2 Or COrs Osis es. ciie) ays elwreils ots sisi aia sane pinnimaculatus Steindachner.

7. Felichthys pinnimaculatus (Steindachner).

Ailurichthys pinnimaculatus STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, Ichthyol. Beitr., IV, 1875, p. 15, pl. VIII, figs. 1-3 (Panama); JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1882, p. 34 (Panama); Proc. U. S..Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 662 (Panama); EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser, Vol. I, 1888, p. 148 (Panama); South American Nematognaths, 1890, p. 35 (Panama).

Felichthys pinnimaculatus GILBERT & STARKS, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1904. p. 20 (Panama); JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, Vol. 1, 1896, p. I17.

6680 a, C. M., 453 mm. Guayaquil. Henn. 13553, I.-U. M., 245 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann.

8. Felichthys panamensis (Gill).

6679 a, C. M., 305 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann.

g. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill). 6723 a-e, C. M., 210-240 mm.; 13554, I. U. M., 195-260. Tumaco.

Henn. 10. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner).

6722 a, C. M., 245 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann.

Family SYNODONTID-. 11. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert.

5669 a-c, C. M.; 13506 a—c, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia, Jan. 2, 1913, Henn & Wilson; 13507 a, I. U. M., Guayaquil market, Henn. The specimens from Tumaco and Guayaquil market agree with

S. jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman, which Gilbert and Starks (California.

60 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Academy of Sciences, Vol. IV, p. 50) consider synonymous with S. scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert.

Family HEMIRAMPHID-.

12. Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 13503 a, 1. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. May, 1913. Henn.

Family SYNGNATHID.

13. Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot. 5653 a, C. M.; 13430a,1. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

14. Siphostoma rousseau (Kaup).

5673 a, C. M.; 13510, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

15. Siphostoma eigenmanni Wilson, sp. nov.

5672 a,C. M. Type 121 mm. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24, 1907.

J. D. Haseman.

Body-rings eighteen, caudal rings twenty-eight, dorsal rays forty- five, commencing before the vent and extending on one-and-a-half plus seven rings. Snout slender and compressed; its length is contained one and five-eighths times in total length of head. Diameter of eye contained five and one-half times in length of snout and eight and one- fifth times in total length of head. Space from the anterior border of the orbit of eye to the posterior border of the opercle is contained one and five-eighth times in the length of snout. Head is contained in total length, including caudal, five and three-fourths times. Depth of body before dorsal is contained two times in the space between the posterior border of the opercle and the anterior border of the orbit of the eye. Distance from vent to tip of caudal is contained in the dis- tance from vent to tip of snout one and seven-hundredths times. Keels sharp and high; each body-ring bearing two ventral, two lateral, and two dorsal keels. Lateral line interrupted above the vent. Five radiating ridges pass from the anterior border of the opercle backward and downward. The uppermost dorsal ridge passes ventral to the blotches. The three central ridges are visible without lens. The upper two-thirds of the opercle covered with brown blotches. A brown line commences on the anterior ventral border of the snout and passes backward and laterally through the eye and along the dorsal border

WILSON: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 61

of the opercle and is continued as a broken line to its termination above the vent. Center of caudal rays dark. <A brown line on ventral surface extends from vent to head. Color in alcohol pale, with brown blotches on the sides of each ring.

Family MUGILID/.

16. Mugil cephalus Linnzus.

5244 a-e, C. M., 13204 a-e, I. U. M. Eighteen duplicates. Tumaco, Colombia. Henn & Wilson. 5644, C. M. Barrade Penedo. Mouth of Rio San Francisco. J. D.

Haseman. 17. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.

5245 a-b, C. M., 13205,1. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

18. Mugil curema Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Bos2a, ©. M., Cachoeira. April17, 1908. J. D: Haseman. 5642 a, C. M.; 13429 a—b, I. U. M. Chone, Province Manabi,

Ecuador. Henn.

The specimens from Ecuador examined agree with the description of M. gaimardianus Desmarest, but Regan in the Biologia Centrali- Americana, Pisces, p. 72, considers the difference between M. curema and M. gaimardianus to be due merely to individual variation.

Family POLYNEMID&. 19. Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett). 5576 a, C. M.; 13207 a, I. U. M. Buenaventura. Eigenmann.

20. Polydactylus virginicus (Linnzus). 5583 a-h, C. M.; 13208 a-d, I. U. M. Cartagena. Eigenmann. 5263 a, C. M. Cachoeira. April 17, 1908. J. D. Haseman. 5264a,C.M. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24,1907. J.D. Haseman.

Family HOLOCENTRID~. 21. Holocentrus ascensionis (Osbeck). 5575 a—b, C. M.; 13212 a, I. U. M. Cartagena. Eigenmann. Family MULLID.

22. Upeneus grandisquamis Gill. 5581 a—b, C. M.; 13206 a, I. U. M. Tumaco. Henn & Wilson.

62 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Family CARANGID-.

23. Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks.

5652 a, C. M.; 13436 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Henn. 24. Oligoplites mundus Jordan & Starks.

5655 a-c, C. M.; 13439 a-c, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann.

5656 a—d, C. M.; 13440 a—-d, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn.

5659 a-b, C. M.; 13443 a, I. U. M. West Bank, Georgetown Harbor, British Guiana. Max M. Ellis.

25. Oligoplites altus (Giinther).

5657 a—b, C. M.; 13441 a-b, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn. 13445 a, 1. U. M. Rio Rosario, Colombia. Henn & Wilson.

26. Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider). 5658 a-e, C. M.; 13442 a-e, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. E/jigen-

mann. 27. Caranx hippos (Linneus).

5650 a, C. M.; 13434 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn. 5660 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

28. Caranx caballus (Giinther).

13435 a, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia. Henn & Wilson.

29. Trachinotus fasciatus Gill.

13209 a, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia. Henn & Wilson.

30. Trachinotus culveri Jordan & Starks. 5661 a-f, C. M.; 13444 a-e, I]. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen-

mann. 31. Trachinotus glaucus (Bloch).

5662 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

32. Selene vomer (Linnzus).

13239 a, 1..U..M. “Tumaco,, Colombia. Jan...2) 1913. t Mentiace Wilson.

WILSON: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 63

33. Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill).

5265 a, C. M.; 13240 a, I. U. M.’ Tumaco, Colombia. Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson.

Family CENTROPOMID-. 34. Centropomus pectinatus Poey.

5256 a—c, C. M.; 13232 a-d, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann.

5258 a, C. M.; 13233 a-b, I. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigen- mann.

E2520 7c. M. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24, 1907: J. D. Haseman.

35. Centropomus grandoculatus Jenkins & Evermann.

Wen gd es M3234 a—b. lo U. M.- Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura. Eigenmann.

D. vii, i. 10, A. iti, 7. Scales 8-54 to 56-13, before first dorsal 25.

Specimens 4022 and 7743; 1..U:M., have D. vii, i. to. A. iii, 7. Scales 8-54-13, number scales before first dorsal (4022, I. U. M.) 24 and (7743, 1. U. M.) 26.

Gilbert & Starks (California Academy. of Sciences, Vol. IV, p. 90), say: “‘ C. grandoculatus is certainly not separable from C. medius Giinther, or from C. pedimacula Poey. The describers of grandocu- latus seem to have neglected the first spine, which is very short and often concealed by scales. The first dorsal contains eight spines as in all other species of the genus.”’

Regan (Biologia Centrali-Americana, p. 47) considers C. grandocu- latus and C. medius Giinther as the same species.

Giinther (Fishes of Central America, Trans. Zoél. Soc. Lond. Vol. VI, 1868, p. 406), describes C. medius as having: ‘“‘D. 8 = JN 3; 1 las 2570.

Jordan & Evermann (Bulletin U. S. National Mus., No. 47, Part f, p. 1120) described C. grandoculatus as having D. vii-i, 10; A. iii, 7; scales 8-52 to 54-13, 23 to 26 before dorsal.

I consider C. grandoculatus Jenkins & Evermann to be a distinct species. Specimens 4022 and 7743 have only seven spines in the first dorsal. The specimens collected at Buenaventura, Colombia, have only seven spines in the first dorsal. The specimens examined by

64 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Gilbert & Starks were evidently C. medius Giinther, and not C. grandoculatus Jenkins & Evermann.

36. Centropomus parallelus Poey. 5251 a, C. M. Barbados, B. W. I. Eigenmann.

37. Centropomus undecimalis Bloch.

5255 a-b, C. M.; 13231 a—b, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann. 38. Centropomus viridis Lockington.

5254 a—-b, C. M.; 13230 a, 1]. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn. 39. Centropomus nigrescens Giinther.

5250 a, C. M.; 13229 a—b, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil. Henn.

40. Centropomus ensiferus Poey.

5253 a, C. M. Cachoeira, Brazil.. April 17, 1908. J. D. Haseman.

41. Centropomus armatus Gill. 5243 a-b, C. M.; 13226 a—-c, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann. 5248 a, C. M.; 13227 a-b, I. U. M. Puerto Negria, Colombia. Eigenmann. 5249 a, C. M.; 13228 a—b, I. U. M. Rio Rosario, Colombia. Henn & Wilson. Family SERRANID. 42. Epinephelus maculosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

5641 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

Family LUTIANID.

43. Neomenis griseus (Linneus).

5259 a—-c, C. M.; 13235 a-g, I. U. M. Nine duplicates. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

44. Neomenis apodus (Walbaum). 5574 a-e, C. M.; 13216 a-b, I. U. M. Three duplicates. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann. 13215 a, 1. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia. Henn & Wilson.

Wixson: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 65

45. Neomenis argentiventris (Peters). 5579 a, C. M.; 13213 a, I. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. FEigen- mann. 46. Neomenis analis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 5582 a-j, C. M., 13214 a-e, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann.

47. Neomenis mahogoni (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

5573 a—-d, C. M.; 13217 a-c, 1. U. M. Cartegena, Colombia. Eigen- mann. 48. Neomenis aratus (Giinther). 5260 a—b, C. M.; 13236 a—c, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia. Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson. In young specimens I find the scales in the lateral line to be from forty-five to fifty; soft rays in dorsal twelve to fourteen; soft rays in anal seven to nine; interorbital area broad, width four to five times in

head. 49. Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch).

5261 a—-b, C. M.; 13237 a—-b, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. FEigen-

mann. Family HA MULID-. 50. Hemulon plumieri (Lacépéde).

5578 a—-d, C. M.; 13219 a-c, I. U. M. Cartagena. Eigenmann. 77 a, C. M.; 13220 4,1. U. M. Soplaviento. Eigenmann.

51. Hemulon macrostomum Giinther.

5585, eight specimens, C. M.; 13222 a-c,I. U. M. Cartagena, Colom- bia. Eigenmann.

52. Hemulon scudderi Gill.

5262 a, C. M.; 13238 a, I. U. M. Guayaquil Market. Henn.

53. Hemulon parra (Desmarest).

5267 a-c, C. M., 13243 a—b, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. E/igen-

mann. 54. Hemulon sciurus (Shaw).

13221 a, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

66 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Family POMADASID&. 55. Pomadasis macracanthus (Giinther).

5651 a, C. M.; 13243 4,1. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigenmann.

56. Pomadasis branicki (Steindachner).

5266 a—b, C. M.; 13241 a, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann.

Family SPARID/E.

57. Archosargus unimaculatus (Bloch).

5648 a-h, C. M.; 13433 a-d, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann.

58. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington). 5649 a, C. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigenmann.

Family GERRID&.

59. Gerres simillimus Regan.

5268 a, C. M.; 13437 a—-b, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn. 60. Gerres cinereus (Walbaum).

5269 a-o, C. M.; 13244 a-f, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann.

61. Gerres rhombeus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

5270 a, C. M. Cachoeira, April 17, 1908. Haseman.

62. Gerres lineatus (Humboldt). 5274 a-f, C. M.; 13248 a-f, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann. 5273,0,,C. M..13247:0—b,1.U. M.. Tumaco; Colombia. “Jan. 2,169: Henn & Wilson.

63. Gerres aureolus Jordan & Gilbert. 13249 a,1. U. M._ Rio Rosario, Colombia. Henn & Wilson.

5375 a-f, C. M., 13250 a-f, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura. Colombia, Eigenmann.

‘OeUIN, “WU QT IO ‘DB VSOS ‘adAT “WOSTIAA S2sugQo9DULN} DULAqUL/)

xecteld 'X ‘10A SANASSNW JISANYVD STVNNY

WILson: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 67

64. Gerres olisthostomus Goode & Bean. 5276 a-b, C. M.; 13426 a—b, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen- mann. 65. Gerres patao Poey.

5272 a, C. M.; 13246a,1.U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

66. Eucinostomus pseudogula Poey.

5241, C. M.; 13201 a-d, I. U. M, fifteen duplicates. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

5584, thirty-two specimens, C. M., 13203 a—-h, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia, Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson.

67. Eucinostomus gula (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

5242 a-e, C. M.; 13202 a-e, I. U. M. Forty-seven duplicates. Car- tagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

68. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill).

5271 a-c, C. M.; 13245 a-f, I. U. M. Guayaquil Market. Henn.

Family SCIZA NIDA.

69. Umbrina tumacoénsis Wilson, sp. nov. (Plate X.)

5654 a, C. M. Type, 163 mm. Paratypes 90-121 mm. 5654 b-c, C. M.; 13438 a—b, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia. Henn & Wilson. D. x, i, 24; A. ii, 6; scales in lateral line 50-52. Length of head

three and one-half times in total length, including caudal. The height of the body is contained three and one-half times in the total length without caudal. Snout produced beyond the mouth. Diameter of eye is contained four times in head, and one and one-half times in snout.

Symphyseal barbel short, scarcely longer than posterior nostril. Preoperculum distinctly serrated; the serre slightly enlarged at the angle. The second and third spines of first dorsal fin subequal, contained one and one-half times in the length of head. Color dark above, silvery below; a dark blotch on the opercle; dark olive stripes follow the centers of the scale-rows upward and backward on the sides and back; spinous dorsal and anal dusky; ventrals with punctulations; gill-membrane and peritoneum pale. Maxillary extending to center of pupil.

68 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Family LABRIDA. 70. Iridio bivittatus (Bloch).

5278 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

71. Iridio bimaculata sp. nov.

5280 a, C. M. Type, 170 mm. Paratype, 5280 6,C. M. 112 mm. 13428 a, Paratype 164 mm., I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua,

Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigenmann.

D. IX, 11; A. III, 12. Scales 3-27-10. Length of head contained three times in total length, not including the caudal. Width contained three and one-half times in total length, not including the caudal. Diameter of eye contained in length of head six and one-half times. Anterior canines in lower jaw subequal. Dorsal spines slender. First anal spine much reduced. Caudal rounded. Ventrals not reaching vent, but extending beyond the vertical from hind margins of pectorals. Lateral line continuous; the posterior portion running on the third series below the anterior portion. A spot on soft dorsal extending from behind the second ray to the fourth ray. <A spot at the base of caudal equal to two-thirds the diameter of eye. Above grayish olive; below pale.

Family SCARIDA. 72. Scarus croicensis (Bloch).

5279 a-f, C. M.; 13427 a-d, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigen-

mann.

Family BALISTIDA. 73. Balistes polylepis Steindachner. 5646 a, C. M.: 13431 a, 1-7 U. M2” Dumaco; Colombia, Jan. 2.19ne: Henn & Wilson. 74. Balistes naufragium Jordan & Starks.

5647a,C. M.; 13432¢,1.U.M. Marketof Guayaquil, Ecuador. Henn.

Family MONACANTHID. 75. Monacanthus oppositus Poey.

5277 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

WILson: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 69

Family TETRAODONTID#. 76. Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns).

5246 a—b, duplicates C. M.; 13210 a—b, I. U. M. Tumaco, Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson. 5247 a, C. M. Rio Rosario. Henn & Wilson.

77. Spheroides testudineus (Linnzus).

5580, C. M., 13211 a—-e, I. U. M. Thirty six specimens. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann. 5666 a, C. M. Barra de Penedo. April 8, 1908. J. D. Haseman.

Family GOBIID/. 78. Philypnus maculatus (Giinther).

5680 a—c, C. M.; 13518 a—c, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. May, 1913. Henn. 13519a,1.U.M. RioSan Juan at Mouth of Rio Cucurrupi, Colombia. Henn. 79. Philypnus dormitor (Lacépéde).

5687a,C.M. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24,1907. J.D. Haseman.

80. Eleotris picta Kner and Steindachner. 5681 a—b, C. M.; 13520 a—b, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. May, 1913. Henn. 5682 a, C. M.; 13521 a—b, I. U. M. Chone, Province of Manabi, Ecuador. Henn.

81. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch).

5679 a, C. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann.

82. Dormitator latifrons Richards.

5676 a—d, C. M.; 13515 a—d, I. U. M. Fifteen duplicates. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. May, 1913. Henn.

5677 a-d, C. M.; 13516 a-d, I. U. M. Eight duplicates. Chone, Province of Manabi, Ecuador. Henn.

5678 a—b, C. M.; 13517 a—b, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena-

ventura, Colombia, Eigenmann.

70 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

83. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valenciennes.

5683 a, C. M.; 13522 a, 1. U..M..Tumaco, Colombia. .Jan. 2, 1913: Henn & Wilson.

5684 a—b, C. M.; 13523 a-b, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia, Eigen- mann.

5686 a—d, C. M.; 13524 a—-d, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador.

May, 1913. Henn. 5685 a-d,C.M. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24, 1907, J. D. Haseman.

Family PLEURONECTIDZA. 84. Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Evermann. 5667 a-f, C. M.; 13504 a-f,1.U.M. Market of Quayaquil, Ecuador. . May, 1913. Henn. 5068 a, C: M.: 135054—-), 1. U: Mo @umaco, Colombiay sjanwe; 1913. Henn & Wilson.

V.. ON APAREIODON, A NEW GENUS OF CHARACID FISHES.*

By Cart H. EIGENMANN.

(PLATES XI-XII.)

Apareiodon' is in all respects like Paradon except that there are no teeth in the side of the lower jaw. The ampulla on the upturned edge of the lower jaw, with which the teeth are associated in Paradon, is less well-developed in this genus.

Distribution.—Western Panama and Ecuador, Rio San Francisco, La Plata.

Type: Parodon piracicabe Eigenmann.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF APAREIODON.

a. Mouth distinctly inferior. b. A dark streak along the lateral line and a second one above the first or second row of scales above it. c. Head 5; lateral line 41 or 42; interorbital 3, or less than 3, in the

lene throtthenheadsert reciente 1. piracicabe (Eigenmann). cc. Head 4.5; lateral line 35 or 36; interorbital 3 in the length of the RE AGING tarcenrs cheverlesciae a etece™s lee 2. itapicuruensis Eigenmann & Henn.

bb. A dark streak along the lateral line and dark shades across the back, at least in the adult. d. Lateral band continuous.

e. Two teeth in the maxillary; lateral line 40-44; predorsal scales

12-14; eye 4 in the head, interorbital less than 3. 3. afinis (Steindachner). ee. One tooth in the maxillary; lateral line usually 37 (41 in one

specimen); predorsal scales 10-12, usually 11. 4. hasemanni Eigenmann. dd. Three broken stripes; dorsal and caudal lobes with cross-bands.

5. dariensis Meek & Hildebrand. ddd. Lateral band moniliform; one maxillary tooth; lateral line 37; pre- dorsal scales 11-12......... 6. ecuadoriensis (Eigenmann & Henn). aa. Mouth terminal; a simple lateral band...7. terminalis (Eigenmann & Henn).

1. Apareiodon piracicabe (Eigenmann).

Parodon affinis EIGENMANN & NorRRIS (non STEINDACHNER), Revista Museu Paulista, Vol. IV, 1900, p. 356.

* Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 143. lq@ privative, mapea =the cheek. oddwv, = tooth; Apareiodon = without teeth in the cheeks, or side of the mouth.

(a

WZ ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Parodon piracicabe EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX XIII, 1907, p. 6, (Piracicaba, Province Sao Paulo, Brazil); Reports Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata- gonia, Vol. III, 1910, p. 423.

Habitat—Basin of the Tieté.

9292 a-c, I. U. M. 112-127 mm. Piracicaba, von Ihering. Types. 6588 a, C. M. 150mm. Piracicaba, July 23, 1908. Haseman. 5705 a-e, C. M. 61-125 mm. Salto Avanhandava, above the falls.

Sept. 14, 1908. Haseman.

12660 a, I. U. M. 93 mm. Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana. Bertoni.

Head 5 (4.5 in the smallest); depth 4.33-4.75; D. 10-12; A. 8.1; P. 14; scales 4-40 to 43-3; eye 3.6-4 in the head, snout about 3, equal to iriterorbital; depth of caudal peduncle equals one-half the depth at the dorsal.

Dorsal and ventral profiles about equally arched. Four premaxil- lary and two maxillary teeth; origin of dorsal about equidistant from snout and middle of adipose or some point behind the adipose in the young, highest dorsal ray about equal to head less half the opercle, its margin obliquely truncate, the longest ray scarcely projecting beyond tip of last ray; end of anal about on vertical from origin of adipose in adult; height of anal a little greater or a little less than length of head.

A dark stripe from tip of snout along lateral line to end of middle caudal rays, obscure on head, well marked on sides; a second band, narrower and less intense between first and second scale below dorsal from occiput to adipose dorsal; a silvery band below the lateral band; one to three dusky spots along the middle of the back in front of the dorsal, usually obscure or absent in the adult; dark shades across the back just in front of the adipose, between dorsal and adipose, at the dorsal, and at the nape, a partial band confined to the sides between the bands at the dorsal and at the nape. These cross-shades are well marked in some of the young, very obscure or absent in the adult.

2. Apareiodon itapicuruensis Eigenmann & Henn. (Plate XI, fig. 2.)

5804 a, C. M. Type. 78 mm. Rio Paiaia, tributary of Rio Ita- picuri. Nov. 8, 1907. Haseman.

5805 a-c, C. M. Paratypes, 62-72 mm. Same place and date.

5806 a-e, C. M.; 13542 a-c, 1. U. M. Paratypes, 46-66 mm. Que- imadas, Rio ftapicuri, March 2, 1908. Haseman.

EIGENMANN: ON APAREIODON. le

5807 a—-m, C. M. (Young) 24-43 mm. Same lot as 5806, C. M.

Haseman.

5808 a, C. M. 26 mm. Timbo, Rio Itapicuri, March 5, 1908.

Haseman.

5809 a, C. M. 48mm. Rio Aqua Branca, Nov. 6, 1907. Haseman.

Closely related to A. piracicabe (Eigenmann), differing in the slightly larger scales, longer head, and in coloration.

Head 4-4.5; depth 4—4.5; D. 11, rarely 12; A. 8, the first ray, a mere rudiment; scales 4-35 or 36-3. Eye 1.25 in snout, 3.5 in head; snout equal to interorbital, which is 3 in the head. Occipital process bluntly rounded, bordered by two or three scales; no fontanels. A regular median predorsal series of ten or eleven scales.

Dorsal profile gently curved, ventral profile flattened, horizontal or curved. Depth of caudal peduncle about half the depth at dorsal. Snout conical; mouth inferior; four slender multicuspid premaxillary teeth, two minute maxillary teeth, no mandibular teeth.

Origin of the dorsal equidistant from the tip of the snout and a point four or five scales behind the adipose, its height equal to the head less half the opercle. End of anal on, or slightly in advance of, the vertical from the adipose, its height equal to the snout and eye. Ventrals overlap the anus, their origin equidistant from the tip of the snout and the tips of the middle rays of the caudal. Caudal forked, the lobes rounded, their length somewhat less than the head.

Upper border of snout margined with brownish; a broad band of the same color extends from the upper angle of the opercles along the lateral line to the tips of the middle rays of the caudal. A narrower band extends above and parallel to this through the center of the third row of scales from above the eye to the base of the caudal. The space between these two bands and the ventral surface is whitish or silvery. Extending from the upper band across the dorsal ridge to the corresponding band of the other side is a series of broad vertical bands forming blotches; the first, midway between occiput and dorsal, another through the center of dorsal, and the last over the adipose. These often show through the clear space between the two lateral bands; others, midway between these, extend only over the dorsal ridge. All fins hyaline or colorless, except for faint markings at the base of both lobes of the caudal.

Young specimens (5807) have all the markings less distinct; the upper lateral stripe is especially late in making its appearance.

74 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

3. Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner). (Plate XI, fig. 1.)

Parodon afinis STEINDACHNER, Neue & Seltene Fisch-Arten, 1879, p. 20, pl. III, fig. 3 (La Plata); EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1891, p. 49; BERG, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Vol. V, 1897, p. 279 (Rio de La Plata; Paraguay); BOULENGER, Trans. Zoédl. Soc. London, Vol. XIV, 1896, p. 34 (North Paraguay); Bull. Mus. Torino, Vol. XII, 1897 (Caiza; Mission de San Francisco). EEIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exp. Pata- gonia, Vol. III, I910, p. 423; EIGENMANN & KENNEDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 512.

Parodon paraguayensis EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXIII, 1907, p. 6 (Asuncién); Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. IV, 1907, p. 124, pl. XX XIX, fig. 1, 1907 (Asunci6n); Reports Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Vol. III, 1910, p. 423.

Habitat——La Plata Basin.

6589 a-d, C. M. 128-138 mm. Sado Joao del Rei, Rio das Mortes, emptying into Rio Grande, this into Parana. May 17, 1908. Haseman.

25706 a-c, C. M. 21-31 mm. Rio Paranahyba bridge, Aug. 15, 1908. Haseman.

6591 a-f, C. M. 92-101 mm. Cacequy, Rio Ibicuhy, emptying into Rio Uruguay. Feb. 1 and 2, 1909. Haseman.

6590 a-i, C. M. 28-120 mm. Uruguayana, February 5, 1909. Hasemann.

6592 a—-b,C. M. 91-106mm. Asuncién, March 29, 1909. Haseman.

10237 a-n, I. U. M. 45-80 mm. Asuncién. Anisits.

6594 a, C. M. Corumba. April 27, 1909. Haseman.

6593 a—k, C. M. 87-112 mm. Villa Hayes. April 13, 1909. Hase- man.

9953 a-o, I. U. M. 52-80 mm. Asuncién, Paraguay. Anisits.

9952 a—j, I. U. M. 76-96 mm. Asuncién, Paraguay. Anisits.

9975 a-c, I. U. M. Between 40 and 50 mm. Asuncién, Paraguay. Anisits.

Head 3.5—4.5: depth 4.33-5.5; Ds itor 1234.77, ore8 ye ke tae 40 41 42 43 44 : : scales 4-5 a 3! ir awe 12 to 14 predorsal scales; eye 3.5—4 in the

head, snout 3, about equal to interorbital; width of mandible 5—-5.5

in the head.

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose or

a little farther back; height of dorsal equal to the portion of the

head in front of upper angle of gill-opening; margin of dorsal obliquely

truncate, the highest ray extending beyond tip of last; adipose fin over the anal.

EIGENMANN: ON APAREIODON. 75

A dark band from tip of snout along lateral line to tip of middle caudal rays, a silvery band below it; back with faint dark cross- shades, narrower and usually more numerous than in piracicabe, one below tip of adipose, one in front of the adipose, two or three between adipose and dorsal, one or two below dorsal, one just in front of dorsal, one or two between dorsal and nape, and one at nape. Sometimes only one between dorsal and the one just in front of adipose, and but one between that under the dorsal and that at the nape. Some of the smaller specimens with only three cross-shades; at the adipose, under the dorsal, and at the nape. Sometimes the cross-shades in front of the dorsal are broken.

Parodon affinis was described by Steindachner as having two teeth on the side of each mandible. I have examined the types in the Vienna Museum, and was not able to detect any teeth. I had, however, described a new species, Parodon paraguayensis, largely because it differed from affinis in having no teeth on the sides of the lower jaw. The two species seem therefore to be synonymous. None of the many specimens examined have teeth in the mandibles. The figure (Pl. XI, fig. I) is from the type of P. paraguayensis.

4. Apareiodon hasemani, sp. nov. (Plate XII.)

6587 a, C. M. Type, 75 mm. Pirapora, Dec. 15, 1907. Haseman,

6585 a-l, C. M. Paratypes, 61-75 mm.; same place and date. Hase- man.

6584 a-f, C. M. Paratypes, 35-63 mm. Cidade do Barra, Dec. 6,

1907. Haseman.

6583 a-f, C. M. Paratypes, 44-68 mm. Januaria, Dec. 12, 1907.

Haseman.

6586 a, C. M. Paratype, 53 mm. Lagoa Pereira, Dec. 23, 1907.

Haseman.

6582 a—j, C. M. Paratypes, 72-85 mm. Penedo, March 20, 1908.

Haseman.

Head 4.5-5; depth 4.5; dorsal 11 or 12. Anal 7 or 8; interorbital equal to snout, 3 in head in the smaller specimens; 2.66 in 6582 a, in which the interorbital is a trifle greater than the snout. Lateral line 30 om 38 2 4° Predorsal scales =o a, ze. depth of caudal Ae One StL 2° 21 3 peduncle half, or more than half the greatest depth.

In general shape like the other species of the genus; dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved from the snout; mouth inferior, below the middle

2 Number of individuals having the given character.

76 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

point between snout and eye; four premaxillary teeth, only one maxil- lary tooth; no mandibular teeth.

Base of the dorsal a little nearer the snout than to the end of the lateral line; second, third, and fourth rays projecting slightly, equal to head less half the opercle; origin of ventrals about equidistant from snout, and middle of dorsal; ventrals reaching anus, or a little shorter.

Straw-colored, probably translucent in life; sides of head metallic silvery; a silvery lateral band with a sharp ventral margin; chromato- phores on the upper half of the scales of the lateral line in front, on the entire scale of the lateral line on the caudal peduncle, continued as a dark streak on the middle rays of the caudal; upper part of snout in front of nares dark, upper half of opercle with numerous chromato- phores; very faint dark shades across the back. The color is poten- tially like that of affinis of the same size. The chromatophores are similarly distributed, but less intensely pigmented.

6582 a—j, 590-85 mm. Penedo, March 20, 1908. Haseman.

The specimens from Penedo are larger than any of the others; the dark shades across the back are more evident, the stripe along the lateral line less evident. The scales are more numerous, the lateral

3 5 3 O 4I : ; 5 line being = = = The latter character evidently varies with the

37 38

locality; in the Pirapora specimens it is ee in the Januaria speci- 6 8 6

mens eS 37 ou in those from Cidade do Barra. ou 38 De cle > BuO ha 2

5. Apareiodon dariensis (Meek & Hildebrand).

Parodon dariensis Meek & Hildebrand, Field Museum Publications, No. 166, Zool. Ser., Vol. X, 1913, p- 83.

Habitat—Western slopes of Southern Panama.

6. Apareiodon ecuadoriensis (Eigenmann & Henn).

Parodon ecuadoriensis EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana University Studies, No. 19. 1914, p. 12 (Vinces River, and forest pools).

Habitat.—Western slopes of Ecuador.

7. Apareiodon terminalis (Eigenmann & Henn).

Parodon terminalis EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana University Studies, No. 19, 1914, p. 12 (Vinces River, and forest pools).

Habitat.—Western slopes of Ecuador.

‘od AT, “UURUIUOSIGT S7suananaid Dy! uopolaang py *% “OIA

‘erereg Ory ‘wut gd ‘soysty “2D “IW “O ‘yogS ‘ON ‘(qauUYOepuUleys) s1uyfDp uoporadpg WY “1 “OI

‘uu o£ “WW ‘A ‘I ‘S66 “ON ‘uUeUIUasIA Sisuatpnspapg wopo¢D JO sdAL

TT PL i ARRESTS Mek t Wy tyee hy US yee pe PAROS

al geetell ‘Y JOA ‘NMASNW JIDINYVO SIVNNY

ras a" ol en ; : ss aay, * 2 Cent oie aS) Tien. “a os <- %

a - ae, Pye a “< : io 7 ~ : = Aa : 7 odes a> &- (6 ee ee - ; : ; Je.

ae a - & : - == Sa ay yy = - ee Lf oy ee ae eee ey, Se oe : ,

iJ

=

4 :

es - = 7 ~ = . -_ Ah Lt Ae 7 : ‘a bs — : = © = - 7 a : a = a 7 ef a i—, a : : >) 7 . — 7 oe - *» “> : p 7 i se a -, a a - = = - a, : = i) Pewee ecs Died at Ste — Jay i 7 7 = ’ — Jy) Ri yl eos ~~ ; =e 7 + . - = bs * a 7. = . * 4° 4 7 + s 7 eo - «> ‘ a a = a ay ca o ae - _ ; a

Plate XII.

ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X.

Pirapora.

mm.

» 75

No. 6587, C. M

yipes

A pareiodon hasemani Eigenmann.

VI. NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICAN RIVERS.*

By CARL H. EIGENMANN.

(PLATES XIII-XVI.)

Several species of fishes have recently been described by myself, without figures (Indiana University Studies, Nos. 20 and 23) and by Fowler! (Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia). Fowler’s species were for the most part based on small speci- mens. The notes and figures here given are intended to supplement these descriptions. This paper also includes the description of a new species of Characin, Stethaprion crenatus, and of seven new species of Nematognaths. The latter will be figured and more fully described in a forthcoming report upon the fishes collected in Colombia.

1. Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann. (Plate XIII.)

The description in the Indiana University Studies, No. 20, 1914, p- 46,is herewith given and supplemented by a figure of the type, No. 5216 C. M., from Villa Bella on the Amazon (Plate XIII) and by the accompanying figure which shows the dentition of both the upper and lower jaws, greatly enlarged. The original description is as follows:

5216, C. M., Type 127 mm., 5217 C. M. Paratypes, nine, 87-108

mm. Villa Bella. Haseman.

Head 5; depth 4.75—5; D. 11; A. 31-34; scales 5-45 to 48-4; eye 1.25 in snout, 4.2 in head, 0.8 in interorbital.

Long and slender; head compressed, anchovy-like; preventral area keeled, prepectoral ridge being very sharp; predorsal area rounded, without a complete median series of scales; dorsal profile nearly straight from tip of snout to dorsal; ventral profile regularly arched from the chin to the ventrals; occipital process about 13 in the distance from

* Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 144.

1 Gymnocorymbus nemopterus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1914, p. 247. is a synonym of Ephippocharax orbicularis (Valenciennes). Astyanax rupununt Fowler is a synonym of A. bimaculatus.

a7

78 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

its base to the dorsal; skull slightly rounded, narrowed forward; frontal fontanel extending to above the anterior margin of the pupil, narrower —— than the parietal, but of about equal length; mouth very oblique, narrow, a distinct angle be- tween the premaxillary and the maxillary, the upper anterior margin of which is rounded; lower jaw with about ten conical teeth, the first small, the next two larger and equal, the third very long, the middle one of the remainder largest; a pair of small conical teeth behind the first pair of the front series; premaxillary with three con- ical teeth in an outer series and four long conical teeth graduated from the large first one, a min- ute notch on one or both sides of these teeth near their tip; maxillary with about twenty con- ical teeth, smallest and close-set near the pre- maxillary ; second suborbital leaving a wide

naked margin; gill-rakers 7-+13, the lower limb Fic. t. Mouth of A.

ancient ee of the arch long; adipose lid leaving only the

enlarged). pupil free.

Lateral line complete, sharply decurved on its first four scales and then running straight to the middle of the lower caudal lobe; fins naked; axillary scales large; a large flap just above the pectoral more than half the length of the head.

Dorsal very small, its origin equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and head or nearer the former; adipose fin small; anal low, its origin under the origin of the dorsal; ventrals very small, almost half as long as the head; pectorals large, longer than head.

A dusky stripe from upper angle of opercle to the middle of the

caudal.

2. Corydoras mete Eigenmann. (Plate XIV, Fig. 1.) Only the type of this species is known. The description in the Indiana University Studies, No. 23, 1914, p. 230, is supplemented by the figure cited above.

3. Otocinclus spectabilis Eigenmann. (Plate XIV, Figs. 2 and 3.)

Ten specimens of this species were collected by Gonzales at Villa- vicencio. The description in Indiana University Studies, No. 23,

EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SouTH AMERICA. 79

1914, p. 229, is supplemented by the figures of the type, No. 13451,

U2. M: GNATHOCHARAX Fowler.

Gnathocharax FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 560, fig. 10.

Type, Gnathocharax steindachnert Fowler.

Closely allied to Gilbertolus of transandean Colombia, with which it agrees in the broad but trenchant breast, the large pectorals which reach the anal, in the length of the anal, the position of the dorsal over the anal, the shape and size of the mouth, etc. It resembles in the general form the species of the genus Charax. It differs from Gil- bertolus in having four canines of about equal size in the portion of each mandible opposed to the premaxillary; two small conical teeth between the first and second canines, and about fourteen sharp, pointed teeth along the portion of the mandible opposed to the maxillary; premaxillary with a series of about fourteen conical teeth, those op- posed to the canines of the lower jaw smaller than the others; maxillary with a series of over twenty conical teeth along its entire length; maxillary slipping under the pre-orbital for most of its length, its posterior edge thickened; lateral line short.

This is the Gnathocharax of Fowler. Fowler says his specimens have no maxillary teeth, three pairs’ of canines in the lower jaw, and no axillary scale. He places it with the Chalcinine, to which it is but very remotely related. His specimens are very small and the size and difficulty of making out the characters account for the ap- parent differences.

4. Gnathocharax steindachneri Fowler. (Plate XV.)

Gnathocharax steindachneri FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 561, fig. 19 (Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira; Madeira river; tribu- tary of Madeira near Porto Velho).

6608 a, C. M. 56 mm., Manaos, Nov. 30, 1909. Haseman.

Head 4+; depth 3.33; D. 9; A. 31; scales 36, eleven between dorsal and anal; eye 2.4 in the length of the head; interorbital equals snout, 4 + in the length of the head.

Compressed; ventral profile from chin to ventrals a segment of a circle, anal base straight; profile from snout to occiput slightly concave, from occiput to dorsal slightly curved, from origin of dorsal to caudal similar to the corresponding ventral profile; breast broader than any other portion of the body, with a median ridge; back narrow, about

80 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

eighteen predorsal scales, not forming a distinct median series; occipital process short, extending about one-eighth the distance to the dorsal; fontanels large, the anterior very sharp-pointed in front, as long as the parietal.

Mouth very large and very oblique, the preorbital very narrow; maxillary-premaxillary border equal to the length of the head without the opercle; maxillary very slender, reaching to below the middle of the eye, nearly to the angle of the mandible; suborbitals covering the entire cheek, preopercle very narrow, gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus. Gill-rakers about 2+ 7; origin of dorsal equidistant from eye and end of the lateral line; dorsal pointed, about equal to the head; adipose well-developed; caudal forked, the lobes a little shorter than the head; origin of anal about equidistant from tip of snout and end of lateral line; height of anal lobe about equal to head without opercle; ventrals small, reaching anal; pectorals very large, reaching the anal, with seventeen rays.

Caudal naked, a few scales in a single row along the bases of the anterior anal rays; a small axillary scale. Scales thin, without radial strie, everywhere regularly imbricate; lateral line indicated on about five scales. .

5. Stethaprion crenatus sp. nov. (Plate XVI.)

5228 a-c, C. M. Type (a) 95 mm., paratypes 53 and 85 mm. San Joaquin, Bolivia, September 4, 1909. Haseman. -5756a,C.M. Paratype 96 mm., Cachoele de Riberao de Rio Madeira, October 17, 1909. Haseman. Head 4; depth 1.5 in largest, 1.75 in smallest; D. 12; A. 3 + 42 or 43; scales 21 to 23-66 or 67—16 or 17; eye 3 in head, interorbital 2—2.33. Much compressed; dorsal profile steep to the dorsal, depressed over the eyes; ventral profile a nearly perfect segment of a circle from the gill-opening to the end of the anal; predorsal line scaled, but without a regular median series of scales; about five series of narrow scales ending in spines along the ventral edge, the scales on either side of these not quite symmetric; occipital process extending one-third of the distance to the dorsal; frontal fontanel oval, considerably shorter than the parietal, its anterior margin over front of pupil; a naked area about a fourth as wide as the second suborbital at its widest point, extending around its entire free margin; maxillary-premaxillary border longer than eye; premaxillary with four teeth in the outer series, five

EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 81

five-pointed teeth in the inner series; mandible with four five-pointed teeth and about eight abruptly smaller, mostly conical teeth on the sides; maxillary with one or two teeth. Gill-rakers about 11 + 16. Origin of dorsal little nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, its highest ray 3.4—-4 in the length; adipose scaled on its basal half, pre- ceded by a short dermal ridge; caudal lobes about as long as the head; origin of anal equidistant with origin of dorsal from the end of the

Fic. 2. Predorsal spine of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann. (Greatly enlarged.)

lateral line; margin of anal slightly rounded, without a lobe; ventrals about equal to the postorbital part of the head, their origin equidistant between tip of snout and origin of the dorsal; pectorals almost as long as head, reaching beyond the line joining origins of dorsal and ventral.

Fic. 3. Scale of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann. (Greatly enlarged.)

Scales covering all but a narrow fringe of the caudal and anal; concentric free edges of the scales crenate; the scales symmetrically arranged except over anal musculature. No distinct markings.

82 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

6. Trachycorystes fisheri’, sp. nov.

6667 a, C. M., type, 217 mm., male, Rio Sucio, Eigenmann. 6668 a-e, C. M.; 13495 I. U. M., paratypes, 151-226 mm. Rio Sucio.

Eigenmann.

6669 a, C. M.;. 13496 I. U. M., paratypes, 75-103 mm. Quibdo.

Wilson.

6670 a-f, C. M., 13497 I. U. M., paratypes, 46-89 mm. Rio Truando.

Wilson.

D. I, 6; A. 21-25 (Type 24); head 4—4.5; width of head 4—4.5; depth 3.3-4; snout 2.7—3 in head; eye 1.5—2 in snout.

Head flat, granular, as broad as long. Profile of head slightly convex to above the eye, thence strongly concave to the articulation of the dorsal spine. Maxillary bone extending beyond gill-opening in adult male; to anterior border of eye in adult female. Adipose short, 3 in head. Dorsal spine equal to length of head, which is equal to length of pectoral spiné, curved forward in male, with entire anterior surface covered with short, heavy, irregularly placed spines; in the female straight and almost smooth. Humeral process short and pointing slightly upward, reaching only one-third of the distance to. the end of the pectoral spine. Pectoral spine strong with strongly recurved teeth on its inner margin; its outer margin almost smooth. Creamy white below, brownish above. Back and sides covered with very black, irregular, longitudinal flecks and streaks, much more abundant dorsally. Middle of caudal with a dark bar in most speci- mens.

7. Imparfinis microps Eigenmann and Fisher, sp. nov.

778, C. M., type, 75 mm. Rio Negro at Villavicencio, Colombia. Gonzales.

Head 5.5; depth 7; D. 7; A. 12; snout 2.6 in the head; interorbital nearly 4; eye 12 in the head, nearly 5 in the snout; adipose fin 4.4 in the length. .

Head depressed; jaws equal; all barbels extending to gill-openings, when laid straight back; origin of dorsal behind vertical from front of ventrals; base of anal slightly less than length of head.

Fins hyaline, body with numerous brown chromatophores, more abundant on back and anteriorly.

2 Named for Carl G. Fisher, of Indianapolis, who helped to make possible a second expedition to the type locality of this species.

EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 8&3

8. Nannorhamdia nemacheir Eigenmann & Fisher, sp. nov.

7125, C. M., type, 105 mm., Girardot, Colombia. Eigenmann.

Head 5; depth 7; D.7; A. 1oor 11; eye 5 in the head; snout 2.4-3; interorbital .8.

First dorsal and pectoral rays prolonged beyond the rest of the fin, the prolongation more pronounced in the female than in the male; maxillary barbel reaching to the end of the ventral.

A narrow, dark, lateral band, indictinct in some specimens. A dark band across the nape, other cross-shades at the origin, at the latter half, and behind the tips, of the short rays of the dorsal. Fins hyaline;

CETOPSORHAMDIA Eigenmann & Fisher, gen. nov.

First dorsal and first pectoral rays not spinous; anal moderate; lower caudal lobe the longer; origin of ventrals under the dorsal; adipose fin three times as long as high; a small frontal fontanel, far removed from the long parietal fontanel; skull covered with skin, not granular; occipital process minute; orbit without a free margin; head subconical, the snout projecting. Vomer and palate without teeth.

g. Cetopsorhamdia nasus Eigenmann & Fisher, sp. nov. 7124, C. M., type, 72 mm. Honda, Colombia. Eigenmann.

Head 4.3; depth 6.25; adipose 6.3; snout 2.5 in head; eye 7.5 in head, 2 in interorbital; D. 7; A. Io.

Maxillary barbel reaching a little beyond the beginning of the pectorals; base of anal shorter than adipose.

Everywhere with small purplish dots, which are most numerous dorsally. A dark band at base of caudal. A light band, about as wide as the eye, across the base of the occipital.

10. Ancistrus melas sp. nov.

7335, C. M., type, male, 106 mm.; 13650, I. U. M., paratypes, two, 62 mm., Condoto. Wilson. 7336a, C. M.; 13651, 1. U. M., paratypes, two, 52and65 mm. _ Raspa- dura. Wilson. These specimens came from contiguous localities on opposite sides of the continental divide. DL 7 ALT 4. Length to end of plates at base of caudal 78 mm.; length of head

84 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

28 mm.; its width 23 mm.; depth of body 13 mm.; eye 4 mm.; interorbital 12.5 mm.; ramus of lower jaw 3.1 mm.; first dorsal ray 25 mm.; last dorsal ray 13 mm.; distance between dorsal and spine of the adipose fin 12 mm.; depth of caudal peduncle 9 mm.; length of caudal peduncle from anal to base of the plates at root of caudal 20 mm.; outer ventral ray 21 mm.; pectoral spine 29 mm.

Snout with a narrow naked margin, with eight small tentacles, only the two median ones bifid; no tentacles on middle line of head; about fourteen interopercular spines. Twenty-four scutes in the median series, six between dorsal and adipose, eleven between anal and caudal; pectoral extending to third fifth of ventrals, ventrals to tip of anal; caudal obliquely truncate, length of upper ray 25 mm., length of lower 30 mm.

Black, tips of the fin-rays very narrowly light.

The larger specimen from Raspadura (13651 I. U. M.) has six tentacles. The two smaller specimens from Condoto and the smaller one from Raspadura have each a small tentacle on the margin of the snout near the angle of the mouth, none elsewhere; but tentacles are indicated also along the anterior part of the margin of the snout in one of the smaller specimens from Condoto.

11. Hemiancistrus landoni sp. nov.

13654, I. U. M., type, 255 mm. over all. Naranjito, Ecuador. Henn.

Head 3.14; depth 5.35; D.I, 7; A.I, 4. Length to plates at root of caudal 198 mm.; length of head 63 mm.; width of head 60 mm.; depth of body 37 mm.; eye 7 mm., interorbital 22 mm., snout 37 mm., ramus of lower jaw II mm. Scales along the side 26 + 1 at root of caudal; 7 between dorsal and adipose, 15 between anal and caudal fulcrum, base of dorsal equal to its distance from the middle of the spine of the adipose; length of caudal peduncle 68 mm. from anal to base of plates at root of caudal.

About ten large interopercular spines and numerous graduated smaller ones, the longest of the larger spines about 2.66 in the head. ventral surface entirely covered with small plates; supra-occipital with a slight median elevation, bordered by a single plate; plates of sides carinate, the ridges on the second row from the top strongest; length of dorsal spine but little less than length of head. Pectoral spine with strong hooks toward the tip, reaching second third of ventrals; ventrals beyond base of anal. Caudal symmetric, very

EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. &)

slightly emarginate, the outer rays a little prolonged. Four dark cross-shades, one behind eyes, one at end of dorsal, one at adipose, and one at base of caudal; a row of large dark spots on each of the dorsal membranes; caudal, anal, ventrals, and pectorals with similar spots on rays and membranes; similar obscure dark spots on the sides, larger ones on the belly; faint light streaks along the carine of the lower rows of plates. Named for Hugh McK. Landon of Indianapolis.

11. Pseudancistrus carnegiei sp. nov.

7346, C. M., type, 110 mm.; 13661 I. U. M., two paratypes, 87 and 1iI0 mm. _ Rio San Gil, Santander, Colombia. Gonzales.

7347a-d, C. M., paratypes, 13662, I. U. M., nine, largest 41 mm. Quebrada de Honda, Santander, Colombia. Gonzales. Most readily distinguished by the number of dorsal rays.

MEASUREMENTS OF TWO MALES, THE TYPE AND LARGEST PARATYPE FROM THE Rio SAN GIL.

Mm Wengthtto: baseloL platesiatiroot of caudally: ce a. aeists bs ces ine - 82 Meno throiphead carters ac eh kelrnedrnee eye teletext Paliake eho acsatene Sada Some trees es 30 Dep thot Do cdiviaree ev nnRcwere Chetev are aPa PAS Re sae 1d, cee Outi cielientinn ets: © ashes sueene 15 WViicithwo teh ea Cities eters ieee ions toroucl.s Fie ae) ade ict teats Aue, oticel ous cs 30 ID Yepoyel ay oye averene bees Meneses eater ocricl eae oR pe EC nen NE A 13 Interonbitalywidth ns perc neen oe cc cre coke cimcnls ele enus Soe ots 7.5 and 8 RAMS OL MOWETaFa Win Sete reine te hegate he mers Rho uenin Win ee ei etenateb avant siewiats 9 Weng thioresno tracy eet oe ee ohio sie) casts rae ocd Gus es et wee oe 18 Wenlethyomeyetces = sort csskoke as este a tact oe ol teeee hemes ae petustatl ee 3 Wengthrof dorsal ispiteters sys eiecs © oe cxeconsieks cose, ke yer as Se 15 and 17 Wengthromlast dorsal rays sepnis sect eda ete. a Be ae ore: Ir and 12 Wengthpotsbase:OmaOrsaleeysadessiey teva ckeee sees Oete ce siee creas sels 20 and 21 Distance of dorsal from spine of the adipose.............. 12.5 and 12 Wensth ofvcaudalspeduneles tee spe eee ee chee) neat 20.5 and 22 Depthiotecaudal pedunclese ccc... eke hse ks eee a eee 8 and 8.5 ikengthyot pectoraltspinGcm ciate oh cu os te osisi sada oo opr ace 6 are Bune e 35 engthvofevertrall apts acncearge a ccna ceyene ee eo Ses ihe aes te. «celicvie og 20 and 21.5 Tet St hyo tea ral ea pee ereeree er ae Re cr AED Se Foe oh oa see vee OE eee ceise: iasbitec ah st 10 Distancestromisnoutsco dorsalis scedwere yas ls ceca scien. se 37 and 38 Distance tOMsSnOletOnvenltralicmer st ati eatin trie erie eee Gin 2 nas 4I

Head 2.66; depth 5.46; D.I, 9 in nine of the specimens, I, 8 in two; A.I, 5; plates 25 or 26, 7 between the dorsals, 10 or 11 between anal and caudal; eye Io in the head; ramus of lower jaw a little greater than interorbital.

86 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head depressed, without ridges; snout broadly reunded, margined with short, thick bristles; interopercle with about eight spines, the Jongest in the smaller specimen, a female from Santander, being about one-third as long as the head. The longer ones are lost from the larger males; last dorsal ray joined at the base only to the scute following it; caudal slightly, but very obliquely, emarginate; pec- toral spine in the male reaching beyond middle of ventrals, shorter in the female. Scutes spinulose, not carinate; lower surfaces of head and body naked. Adult nearly uniformly dark brown, all the fins with obscure spots on the rays; caudal in the young with two or more cross-bars.

Named in honor of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of the Carnegie Museum.

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ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate XIV.

Fic. 1. Corydoras mete Eigenmann. Type. No. 13451, I. U. M.,54 mm. _ Barrigona.

Fic. 2. Otocinclus spectabilis Eigenmann. Type. No. 132534, I. U. M., 38 mm. Villavi- cencio. Gonzales Coll. (Inferior view.)

Fic. 3. Otocinclus spectabilis. (Superior view.)

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ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X.

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Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann.

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VII. DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHARACID FISHES

By Cart H. EIGENMANN AND ARTHUR W. HENN.

(PLATE XVII.) 1. Hemiodus parnague, sp. nov. (Plate XVII.)

5701, C. M., type, 57 mm.;: 5762 a—-b, C. M., 48-62 mm.; 13541, I. U. M., 64 mm., paratypes. Lagoa de Parnagua, Jan. 17, 1908. Haseman.

Related to Hemiodus longiceps Kner and H. microlepis Kner.

Head 3.5-3.6; depth 3.5-4; D. 10-11; A. 11-12; scales 20-80 to 83-12. Eye equal to, or slightly greater than, snout, 3.5 in head, I in interorbital.

Slender, compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched; snout pointed; mouth sub-terminal. A single series of about twenty multicuspid teeth in the upper jaw.

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose, the height of its second ray, which is longest, equal to the head plus one- third of the eye. Anal emarginate, its origin twice as distant from a point between the eye and the edge of the opercle, as from the base of the caudal. Adipose elongate, slightly lessin length than theeye. Caudal deeply forked, lobes longer than head; pectorals lanceolate, not reach- ing ventrals, the latter barely reaching the vent.

Lateral line slightly decurved in front, thence horizontal, very slightly below the mid-line of the body. Scales minute, cycloid, in well defined rows, with few strie; lower abdominal rows but slightly increasing in size. A large axillary scale; fins naked.

A silvery lateral streak; opercle shining silvery; an oval black spot nearly the size of the eye, midway between the end of the dorsal and the origin of the anal. The upper half of the lower caudal lobe is black and the lower half is speckled with scattered chromatophores. Outer half of anal black; other fins colorless.

A single mutilated specimen from the same locality (5703 C. M.) ap- parently this species, has the following characters: length to broken

1 Contributions from the | Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 145.

87

88 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

end of caudal peduncle 113 mm.; head 4.5; depth 3.8; D. 11; scales 20-82-12; teeth 34.

2. Leporinus ecuadorensis sp. nov.

13116 a,I1.U. M. Type, 325 mm. _ Rio Barranca Alta near Naran- jito, Ecuador, Arthur Henn. 5428 a—b, C. M.; 13116, I]. U. M. Six paratypes. Largest 187 mm.

Rio Baranca Alta, Naranjito. Henn.

5426 a-i, C. M.; 13113. I. U, M. Nineteen, 128-264 mm. Vinces.

Henn.

5427 a-b, C. M.; 13114, I. U. M. Several. Guayaquil. Henn. 13115, I. U. M., several. Colimes. Henn.

This species differs from typical specimens of L. friderici from British Guiana, chiefly (1) in having the dorsal set farther back, 7. e., equi- distant from snout and a point midway between the adipose and caudal; (2) the anal set somewhat farther forward and very seldom reaching the caudal; and (3) the presence of three persistent lateral spots. L. muyscorum has the dorsal as in L. friderici, but the sharp caudal and the anal placed as in this species. L. muyscorum and the present form should probably be regarded as subspecies of L. friderici.

Head 3.8-4.2 (35 ey na sek 42) denominator representing

the number of individuals having the given character; depth 3.3-3.8 , Vi ete BUG) Gites Za Al ? x

(33, 3 S20. = 38), D. 12-13 (3 3), A. 10, in twenty six Yl ee gees ee See Spare pi Sa |

Ie 2

Lie20 05

snout, 4.5-5.5 in head, 2-3 in interorbital; four teeth in each side of

specimens; scales 5-39 to 41-4 or 5 ( i: eye I.5-2 in the

each jaw.

Origin of dorsal equidistant from the tip of the snout and a point beyond the adipose or generally midway between the adipose and the base of the upper caudal fulcrum. The height of the third or longest dorsal ray is equal to the head less one-half of the opercle. Caudal sharp, deeply forked, not obliquely truncate or lobate, asin L. friderici, the upper lobe about half an orbital diameter longer than the lower. Anal but slightly emarginate, the distance from its origin to the base of the caudal equal to the head, or the head plus an orbital diameter. The height of the third or longest ray equals the head minus the snout; only very rarely reaching the lower caudal fulcrum as is commonly

EIGENMANN AND HENN: THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHARACID FISHES. 89

the case in L. friderici. Pectorals reaching nearly three-fourths of the distance to the ventrals, the latter more than half way to the anus.

Each scale of the sides and back has a dark area at the base. Dorsal area steel-blue or bluish-green, ventral region and belly yellowish. Young specimens have alternating bluish blotches and transverse pinkish bars on the back. Sides with a series of three heavy black spots or blotches, the first below the dorsal, or midway in the length without caudal, the third at the end of the caudal peduncle, and the center one ending before the vertical from the adipose. These are present in all specimens, and occupy each about four scales in the lateral line and the series beneath it. Dorsal, pectorals, and caudal dusky, without definite bands of color; ventrals and anal blackish, with a broad, white, outer margin.

3. Astyanax magdalene sp. nov.

5822 a, C. M., type, 53 mm. Girardot. Eigenmann. 13611, I. U. M., paratype, 61 mm. Apulo. Gonzales.

Closely related to A. stilbe (Cope) differing in the greater depth, the shorter anal, and the lack of a median series of preventral scales.

Head 3.5-3.8; depth 2.33; D. 11; A. 33-34; scales 8-36 or 37-7 (to ventrals), snout I.3 in eye, 4—4.5 in head; eye 3—3.3 in head and equal to interorbital.

Dorsal and ventral profiles equally and strongly arched; predorsal area without a median series of scales, those of the two sides over- lapping, an occasional median scale near the origin of the dorsal; preventral area keeled, scales of the two sides apposed in the mid-line.

Interorbital convex, smooth; occipital process elongate, sharp, about one-fourth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three large scales. Frontal fontanel bluntly triangular, as wide as the parietal and about two-thirds as long as the parietal without the occipital groove. Second and third suborbitals leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. Maxillary as long as the eye, shorter than the mandible, which is equal to the snout and half the length of the eye.

Premaxillary with four broadly tricuspid teeth in the outer row and five brown-tipped four- to five-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxil- lary with a single minute tooth in the upper angle. Mandible with five sharp three- to four-pointed teeth.

90 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from the snout and the base of the caudal, or slightly nearer the snout, its anterior rays 3.4 in the length; caudal sharp, lobes equal and as long as the head; anal not emarginate, short, its longest ray equalling length of ventrals or the head without snout and half the eye. Origin of anal slightly in ad- vance of vertical from last dorsal ray.

Scales regularly imbricate, below the lateral line from above the ventrals posteriorly they are deflected or decurrent to the anal. Anal sheath, a single row of oblong scales decreasing in size progressively towards the last rays; a short axillary scale. Lateral line gently de- curved throughout its length.

Silvery; a lateral streak of bright silver from operculum to caudal; a single round black humeral spot; a horizontally oval spot at the end of the caudal peduncle.

VIII. ON THE SPECIES OF SALMINUS. By CarL H. EIGENMANN.

The species of the genus Salminus are salmon-like characid fishes found in the Trans-andean region of Colombia and northern Ecuador, in the La Plata basin, and northward into the San Francisco basin, and sparingly in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The species are very similar to each other.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SALMINUS.

a. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 14-16; lat. 1. 92-08; A. 25-20.

I. maxillosus Cuv. & Val. aa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 11; lat. 1. . 77-79; A. 27-30.

2. brevidens Cuvier. aaa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 10; lat. 1. 66-72; A. 24-26. 3. hilarii Cuv. & Val. aaaa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 12; lat.1. 73. 4. affinis Steindachner.

1. Salminus maxillosus Cuvier and Valenciennes.

6565 a-c, C. M. 119-146 mm. Uruguayana, Feb. 7, 1909. Hase- man.

6566 a, C. M. 185 mm. Salto Avanhandava, Sept. 15, 1908. Haseman.

6610 a, C. M. 485 mm. Porto Alegre, Jan. 22, 1909. Haseman. The localities from which this species has been recorded are: Amazon;

La Plata; Missiones; Paraguay; Dock Central; Isla Santiago; Puerto

Viejo; Asuncién.

2. Salminus brevidens Cuvier.

6559 a,C. M. 257mm. Joazeiro, Nov. 28,1907. Haseman.

6560 a, C. M., about 225 mm. Cidade do Barra, Dec. 6, 1907. Haseman.

6561 a-c, C. M. 147-197 mm. Penedo, March 20, 1908. Haseman. The localities from which this species has been recorded are the

Rio San Francisco and the Rio Cipo.

91

92 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

3. Salminus hilarii Cuvier and Valenciennes.

6562 a, C. M. 153 mm. Bom Jardin. Rio Grande above the falls, July 7, 1908. Haseman. 6563 a, C. M. 332 mm. _ Piracicaba, July 23, 1908. Haseman. 6564 a-b, C. M. 143-145 mm. Sapina, July 29, 1908. Haseman. 6567 a,C. M. 169mm. Salto Avanhandava, Sept. 15,1908. Hase- man. The localities from which this species has been recorded are the Rio San Francisco; Amazon; Vermejo; Rio das Velhas; Rio Tieté; Ypiranga; Apuré.

4. Salminus affinis Steindachner.

12816, I. U. M.; 5023 a—b, C. M. 455, 530, and 600 mm. Honda. Eigenmann. This species has been recorded from the Cauca and from the Rio Santiago in western Ecuador.

IX. ON VARIOUS SOUTH AMERICAN PCCILIID FISHES.

By ARTHUR W. HENN.! (PLATES XVIII-XXI.)

INTRODUCTORY.

The present account is largely based upon collections made from 1907 until 1910, by Mr. John D. Haseman in central South America, during the expedition of the Carnegie Museum. An account of this expedition with a list of the localities, where Mr. Haseman made collections, was published in these ANNALS, Volume VII, pp. 288-314. A review of the specimens obtained by Professor C. H. Eigenmann during a reconnaissance of the basins of the Magdalena, Cauca, Dagua, San Juan, and Atrato Rivers of Colombia is included. This expedi- tion was under the auspices of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum.

Besides this material I have examined and included a list of the specimens obtained in 1913, by Mr. Charles E. Wilson when on the Landon-Fisher Expedition of Indiana University to western Colombia, and those secured by the writer in southwestern Colombia and Ecuador in 1913 and 1914 during the Landon Expedition of Indiana University. A review of the last three expeditions appeared in Science for 1914, pp. 602-606.

The numbers, unless otherwise stated, are the catalog numbers of the Carnegie Museum and the Indiana University. A full series of the fishes obtained by the Indiana University Expeditions is included in the collections of the Carnegie Museum. I have had constantly at hand for reference the collections in the Museum of Indiana Uni- versity, where this paper was prepared.

For the species mentioned I have given in most cases the synonymy and bibliography subsequent to the publication of Garman’s mono- graph of this family: ‘‘ The Cyprinodonts,’’ Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1895. In a few cases, where the synonymy in that work was inaccurate or obscure, I have given the complete synonymy since the earliest reference to the species.

1 Contributions from the Zoédlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 125.

93

94 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The genera defined or accepted in this paper are largely based upon the variously arranged hooks and barbs at the tip of the modified anal fin of the male and the arrangement and shape of the teeth. Dr. Eigenmann (1907, p. 425) first used the former characters in defining genera of Peeciliids. He examined microscopically the anals of a number of species, and among others based the genera Phal- loceros and Phalloptychus on these characters. The study of the anal has been greatly extended in a recent paper by Mr. C. T. Regan (c. 1913),2 who revised all of the Peeciliine. The examination of the anal is somewhat tedious. The anal of the male must be mounted in damar, or balsam, and studied with a compound microscope. Un- questionably, however, such procedure demonstrates true relation- ships, and no new species should be described without an examination of the anal. These characters are small since the males of these fishes are among the least of vertebrates. Were these fishes larger in size and easily examined, these characters would long ago have been used in generic descriptions. It will be unfortunate, however, if this system should lead to needless multiplication of genera. Some of the closely related genera already recognized by Regan should prob- ably be united.

Within recent years these little fishes on account of their bright colors and interesting habits have been extensively introduced as aquarium fishes, especially into Germany. Various popular accounts have appeared in some of the fanciers’ journals, such as the ‘ Wochen- schrift Aquarien-Terrarienkunde”’ and the ‘ Blatter Aquarien-Ter- rarienkunde.’’ These have not been accessible to me. In a contri- bution from the Zodélogical Institute of the University of Berlin, Erich Philippi, (d. 1908) has reviewed the more significant of these notices and has added extensive observations of his own. Of this very thorough paper I have given considerable summaries in English, particularly of the parts dealing with the breeding habits. Philippi reared and observed in the aquarium two species, Phalloceros caudomaculatus and Cnesterodon decem-maculatus. In his account the former is constantly spoken of as Glaridichthys (Phalloptychus) januarius. But he did not have and did not know P. januarius, and his systematic deductions are therefore quite in error.

In a number of instances observations, especially in regard to the development and differentiation with age, number of young, etc., are

2 The reference is to the bibliography of the subject which is given on p. 107.

HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN Pa:cILiD FISHEs. 95

my own. For such studies I have had at command more than two thousand of Lebistes reticulatus and more than eight hundred specimens of Pseudopecilia fria, representing all sizes and conditions, as well as large numbers of other species.

This paper was prepared at Indiana University under the super- vision of Professor C. H. Eigenmann, to whom I am under obligations for having given me the opportunity to make these studies, and who aided me by giving me access to the literature, and making valuable critical suggestions. To Dr. W. J. Holland I am indebted for the editorial revision of the manuscript and the reading of the proofs while going through the press.

NEw GENERA AND SPECIES.

The following new species and genera are described by the author: Rivulus compressus sp. nov., Diphyacantha chocoénsts gen. et sp. nov., Heterandria hasemani sp. nov., Neoheterandria elegans gen. et sp. nov., Phalloptychus eigenmannt sp. nov., Phallotorynus fasciolatus gen. et sp. nov., Limia hollandi sp. nov. The following species, considered to be new, are jointly described by Eigenmann and Henn: Rivulus magdalen@ sp. nov., Gambusia caliensis sp. nov.

THE PECILIID2.

The Peeciliida, or Cyprinodontide,*? were long placed in the hetero- geneous assemblage of the order Haplomi. Regan (a, 1911) has lately investigated their structure and placed them along with the blind fishes (Amblyopside) in a new order, the Microcyprini. This he divides into the suborders Amblyopsoidea and Peecilioidea. The principal differences between the Haplomi and the Microcyprini are given in the following extract: ‘‘ The Haplomi are physostomous, the maxillary enters the gape, the mesethmoid is represented by a pair of dermal bones, and the ribs are borne on autogenous parapophyses. The Microcyprini appear to be physoclistic, the mouth is bordered

3 Gill (1894, p. 115) gives the reasons for preferring the name Peeciliide.

96 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

above by the premaxillaries only, the mesethmoid is unpaired, and all or most of the ribs are inserted on strong transverse processes. Whereas the Haplomi show relationship to the more generalized iso- spondylous fishes, the Microcyprini bear more resemblance to the Sal- moperce and Synentognathi, especially the latter.”’

In the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe occur the fossil remains of Prolebias, a generalized form, related to the recent genus Fundulus. From this central type adaptive radiation has taken place, resulting in considerable modification of the form of the body and structure. Differences in the character of the teeth and the length of the ali- mentary tract have arisen in the same subfamily through adaptation to a carnivorous or a vegetable diet. In some cases evolution in one species has paralleled that in another, unrelated species. For instance, the ventrals have been lost in Orestias and Empetrichthys.

The family consists of oviparous forms, in which the eggs are de- posited in the usual manner, and viviparous forms, in which the ova undergo development within the ovarial sack and the young are born in a more or less advanced stage of development. The oviparous species are contained in three sub-families, the Cyprinodontine, Orestiine, and Funduline, in which the sexes do not greatly differ from each other.

Of viviparous forms there are five subfamilies. In these fertilization of the female is effected, with but one exception, with the aid of the anal fin, which is modified to serve as a so-called intromittent organ. In the Fitsroyiine or Jenynsiine, and the Anablepine, both of which are monogeneric and contain but few species, the anal rays are rolled up into a tube. The Characodontine resemble the oviparous Fundu- line in appearance, but the male has the first five or six rays of the anal short and stiff and separated by a notch from the rest of the fin. This subfamily, with the exception of a few species, is found only in the basin of the Rio Lerma of Mexico. ‘This type of anal structure is much more simple than that in the Peciliine, in which the anterior rays are thickened and lengthened to form a lever.

The viviparous forms were thought to be entirely confined to the western hemisphere. Quite recently Regan (0. 1913) has described Phallostethus dunckeri, a remarkable new Pecciliid and the type of a new subfamily. This fish, which is from Johore on the Malay Penin- sula, is viviparous. While in all the other viviparous forms, which

HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN P@CILIID FISHEs. 97

are limited to the Americas, it is the anal fin which serves as the intro- mittent organ, it seems that in males of this species the ventral fins have become modified into a large muscular appendage, or intromittent organ. This might indicate that viviparity in this subfamily may be of independent origin.

POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBFAMILY PGCILIIN2.

In most of the viviparous forms the sexes at birth are indistinguish- able. The anal fin of the male occupies the same position as that of the female, its shape is the same, and the individual rays are clearly apparent. The location is usually below the posterior part of the dorsal fin. As development proceeds, the third, fourth, and fifth rays become lengthened, although they still remain separate and distinct for some time. Eventually these attain their full length and appear to be fused. While distinct, they are closely apposed and form a stiff- ened rod or lever. Thelength varies with the different genera; usually it is about one-third of the whole length of the fish. The tip of this intromittent organ is provided with hooks and spines, the arrangement of which differs in the various genera.

While these modifications have been taking place, the whole fin has been gradually moving forward, so that, when development is complete, the position of the fin has changed from abdominal to thoracic. The external openings of the genital tract, the ureter and the intestine, which lie just before the anal, have also moved with it. This migration of the vent is evidently similar to that which takes. place in the blind-fish (A mblyopsis speleus), where the opening of the oviduct along with that of the intestine and the ureter move forward,. so that the eggs may pass into the gill-chamber, where they are incu- bated. The ventral fins also travel forward, and the final position of these and of the anal is close up under the pectorals.

A support, which is necessary for the mass of muscles involved in the complicated movements of the anal fin during copulation, is pro- vided in the males through a modification of the posterior precaudal vertebra. A process or stay extends forward from each of the arches uniting the parapophyses of the last few precaudal or rib-bearing vertebre. Inthe vertebre thus modified the ribs are absent, but their places are taken by short processes which project backward in the

-median line. The number of vertebre bearing these stays varies greatly. In Pecilia vivipara (Fig. 1) there are only two; in some forms

98 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

there are as manyas five. In Cnesterodon there are none. In Phal- lotorynus there are three, the first and last are long and needle-like and the central one is expanded or club-shaped at the tip. Just before these there isa single short stay. Garman (), Plate VIII) has figured many of the different species. The muscular mass enveloping the

base of the anal is directly attached by a tough ligament to the vertebral column.

Fic. 1. Diagrammatic sketch of Pecilia vivipara, &, showing modification of last two precaudal vertebre to form a support for the intromittent organ. 7, intestine; J, liver; ¢, testicle; abl, air-bladder; w, ureter; ctr, ends of ribs cut off to show abdominal cavity.

For the modified subvertebral processes Philippi (d. 1908) has pro- posed the term ‘ gonapophysis.’ In Pecilia vivipara (Fig. 1) the first of these processes joins directly with the enlarged first interhemal. The other interhzemals or radialia, with which the rays of the anal fin are articulated, are sharp and slender, and all, including the first en- larged one, are enclosed in the mass of muscles, which controls the movements of the fin.

The forward position of the anal fin in the male causes the crowding of the viscera into the extreme forward end of the body-cavity. In females the development of young within the ovarial sack likewise causes a pushing of the viscera toward the head. In this sex the air bladder is a simple oval sack, but in males the development of the sub- vertebral stays causes a split in the organ, so that posteriorly it is bilobed, with the subvertebral processes occupying a position between the lobes.

BREEDING HABITS.

The act of copulation in the viviparous Peeciliids has not often been seen. Agassiz (1853, p. 135) witnessed it in Mollienisia latipinna, and in this manner learned that the two forms, which had previously

HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PaCcILIID FISHEs. 99

been considered members of different genera, were in reality male and female of the same species. He gave no details of the behavior of the two sexes.

Ryder (1885, p. 155) published a more detailed account of the ac- tions of Gambusia patruelis, based on observations related to him by A. A. Duly, an employee of the National Museum. The head of the male was said to be turned in the direction of the tail of the female during coitus and the prolonged anal fin thrust into the external opening of the ovarian duct. This account, according to the observa- tions of both Philippi and Seal, is entirely wrong.

Philippi had opportunity to see the copulation in both P. caudo- maculatus and C. decem-maculatus. The habits of the two species are essentially alike. The anal fin of the male, which normally lies folded against the abdomen, is in breeding males suddenly thrust for- ward and somewhat sidewise. The male slowly follows the female, but maintains a certain distance, going through exactly the same motions as the female. In general the male swims somewhat under and be- hind the female. It suddenly darts upward toward the female, and with extraordinary speed places the tip of the anal bearing a sperm capsule upon the urogenital papilla of the female. With equal speed its course is continued and the anal is withdrawn into the usual posi- tion.

Seal (1911, p. 92) observed the breeding habits of Gambusia ‘hol- brooki and Heterandria formosa, which he kept in aquaria. The habits are said to be exactly alike. He says: ‘“‘ The male follows in- cessantly and warily after the female, on the left side and to the rear, the female frequently turning and making savage dives at him, causing him to turn and flee, but to return immediately and follow, watching for a moment when her attention will be distracted, when he will make a sudden dash, sometimes succeeding in inserting the intromittent organ into the genital pore, but oftener apparently missing, because of a quick turn of the female from which he flees in apparent terror. The contact is so sudden and brief that it required many observations to verify it. In these movements the male organ is thrust forward and to the right toward the female. In small jars the males are frequently killed, especially when the female is full sized, or if there are two or three females to one male. . . . There is never more than one male following a female. If others approach, the male turns and drives them off.”

100 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

These accounts are in almost entire accord and are the most com- plete yet given. The manner of conducting the spermatozoa from the genital opening to the tip of the anal, however, is yet to be made known. In most of the viviparous forms, except Fitzroyia and Anableps, the genital duct of the male opens immediately in front of the base of the anal fin. In certain genera, such as Pecilia, Molli- entsia, Limia, and Xiphophorus, the ventral fins, which adjoin the anal, are elongated, and, if pressed against it, would form a tube extending nearly to the end of the anal, through which the spermatozoa might pass. In the majority of the viviparous genera, however, such as Heterandria, Phalloceros, and Cnesterodon, the ventral fins are alto- gether too small to be of such service. Further observations on living fishes will be necessary to determine the manner in which the sperm bodies are transferred to the tip of the anal. In Fitzroyia and Ana- bleps the ureter and the sperm-duct continue to the end of the anal, which in this case is an actual tube.

Garman (a, p. 1012) observed that in Anableps the tip of the tubular anal of the male is invariably pointed either to the right or to the left. In females the genital orifice is protected by a large scale, which is fastened either on one side or the other, and permits the entrance of the anal of the male only from the opposite side. This Garman fancifully thought was a unique device to insure cross-fertilization. It is obvious that a male with the tip of the anal directed toward the right can mate only with a female having the Jeft side of the genital orifice free through the fastening of the protective scale upon the right side. Garman thought that in the same brood probably all males and all females were of the same type of structure and that interbreeding would thus be prevented. In Fitzroyia the anal of the male is also tube-like and the direction of its tip is fixed. But since in this genus the genital orifice of the female is unprotected by a scale or otherwise, it seems probable that mating can be accomplished by either type of male with any female. There would thus be no provision to insure cross-fertilization in this genus.

Philippi observed that, although both sides of the anal are alike in P. caudomaculatus and C. decem-maculatus, the anal can in any one individual be used only on one side of the body. In P. caudomaculatus it is prevailingly the left side,