i ~ rane TE ri fae ab aiatraraniN-To4 ees Nine 4 ike o : es oe efes ee ohare oral itrteni ters “ se annette Trees enacergrosie pits) ja eryiatae Oe! wie ‘ ” ¥ Se ahaeh SD Roftdoseab hare @aed debs ie eae ANNALS OF THE ei ~ CARNEGIE MUSEUM eel VOLUME. X: 1916 Wile HOLLANDS Aare, PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE JANUARY AND JULY, 1916 PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA abe Ob CONEENTS. Tit!e-page and Table of Contents List of Plates List of Figures in Text Errata et Corrigenda . Editorial Notes he Tt III. . A New Species of eee ren ae By W. J. Holland . The Birds of the Isle of Pines. By W. E. Clyde Todd . The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Isle of Pines. By Description of a Mee Saece of Tomoise aoe the Jurassic of Utah. By Charles W. Gilmore : : ; The Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana. By W. P. Haynes Description of a New eae ie ae de Seen By Carl H. Eigenmann . Some Marine Fishes from Ghoanes Wee Bodadon By Charles Wilson . . On Apareiodon, a New eae ai Ghartid ene By Carl H. Eigenmann . . New and Rare Fishes Hon ooh erica Rivers. By Carl H. Eigenmann . . Description of Three New ereries af Chiacd Fishes. By Carl H. Eigenmann and Arthur W. Henn . On the Species of Salminus. By Carl H. Eigenmann . . On Various South American Peeciliid Fishes. By Arthur W. Henn Thomas Barbour . A List of the Land and Fick water Shells of ov Isle of Pines. By John B. Henderson /. The Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation. By Percy E. Raymond . . South American Crickets, Grligeaiodes: and Abtetnides: By Lawrence Bruner I. A Preliminary Catalog of the North Ampican ehenciicle. By Victor Sterki, M.D. . Some Directions and Suggestions for Collecting tae eine. riide and Aquatic Gastropods. By Victor Sterki, M.D. ili PAGES. i-iv v-V1 Vil Viil owe Kew 5 309-314 7-12 93-142 - 143-145 . 146-296 . 297-308 478-486 1\ CONTENTS. XVILM. The Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines, being a List of the Species Collected on the Island by Mr. J. L. Graf and Mr. G. A. I.ink, Sr., in t910 and 1912-1913. By W. J. Holland ~. 5 : : : : ; pees : . 487-518 XIX. A List of the Odonata Collected on the Isle of Pines by Mr. J. L. Graf in 1910, and by Mr. G. A. Link in 1912-19132, now Contained in the Carnegie Museum. By Hugo Kahl. 519-526 XX. A Trip to Islands in Lake Erie. By Calvin Goodrich. . 527-531 XXI. Notes on the Land-shells of the Islands at the Western End of Lake Erie and Description of New Varieties. By George H. Clapp : ; ’ é : : f XXII. A List of the Orthoptera Collected in the Isle of Pines by J. L. Graf, t910, and G. A. Link, 1912-1913. By W. J. Holland and Hugo Kahl . : : ; ; : : . 542-546 Index . : é 5 : : ; : : ‘ : . 547-576 532-541 ie ks JUN IV. VoVECL IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XXI. XXII. XXII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI XXVII. SE On SPiN LES, Carapace and Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore, Type. Carapace and Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore, Paratype. Geologic Map of Region about Three Forks, Montana. Columnar sections of the Three Forks formation. Brachiopods from Green Shales, Montana. Sphagebranchus conklini Eigenmann, Type. Umbrina tumacoénsis Wilson, Type. A pareiodon affinis (Steindachner), Type of Parodon paraguayensis Eigenmann; A pareiodon itapicuruénsis Eigenmann, Type. A pareiodon hasemani Eigenmann, Type. Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann, Type. Corydoras mete Eigenmann, Type; Ofocinclus spectabilis Eigen- mann, Type, inferior and superior views. Gnathocharax steindachnert Fowler. Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann, Type. Hemiodus parnague Eigenmann & Henn, Type. Rivulus compressus Wenn, Type; Phalloceras caudomaculatus (Hensel). . Diphyacantha chocoénsis Henn, Type and Paratype; Limza holland Henn, Type; Neoheterandria elegans Henn, Type and Paratype. . Heterandria hasemani Henn, Type; Phalloptychus eigenmanni Henn, Type and Paratype. Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, Type and Paratype. Casas Mountains near Nueva Gerona; Jungle on upper slopes of Caballos Mountains, Isle of Pines. Palmetto-pine Scrub; Grove of Royal Palms; Bottle Palms, Isle of Pines. Grove of Caribbean Pines near McKinley, Isle of Pines; Mangroves and grass along river-bank, Isle of Pines. Characteristic view in the Cienaga; Sea-cliffs at Punta del Este, Isle of Pines. Cuban Nighthawk, Chordeiles virginianus minor (Cabanis) on nest, Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines. Map of the Isle of Pines, West Indies. v List OF EVATES. . Lateral view of anterior portion and dorsal view of top of head of Leimadophis nebulatus sp. nov. Lateral view of anterior portion and dorsal view of top of head of L. andree. . Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation. . Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation. . Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines. . Shells from the Western Islands of Lake Erie. . Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Pyramidula strontiana and P. roseo-apicata Clapp. 7, Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Pyramidula alternata ertensis Clapp. . Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Polvgyra profunda strontiana Clapp. . Diagram of diameters and heights of Polygyra albolabris goodrichi Clapp. Mr. Bryant Walker collecting Polygyra goodrichi on Middle Sister Island. Mr. George H. Clapp collecting shells on Middle Sister Island. | Mist Or. FIGURES. PAGES Glyptops utahensis. Carapace of type 9 Glyptops utahensis. Plastron of type 10 Mouth of A goniates anchovia Eigenmann ; 78 Predorsal spine of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann 81 Scale of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann 81 Diagrammatic sketch of Pecilia vivipara, &, showing modification of last two precaudal vertebre to form a support for intromittent organ : : Diphyacantha, See Henry deel ot of intromittent organ Priapichthys nigroventralis (Eigenmann & Henn), distal end of intro- mittent organ : 3 : Z : ; Heterandria formosa Agassiz, cipal end of intromittent organ Neoheterandria elegans Henn, distal end of intromittent organ Pseudopecilia fria (Eigenmann & Henn), distal end of intromittent organ Pecilopsis amates (Miller), distal end of intromittent organ Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, side view and anal fin of male Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, inferior view of premaxillaries with teeth Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, view from above of terminal portion of anal; view from below of-same object Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, section through center Ai eae al 6 anal; section through posterior portion of terminal part or scoop of the anal. : ; Pecilia melanzona Giese alist neal as anal of male Mollienisia latipinna Le Seur, distal end of anal of male . Mollienisia caucana (Steindachner), distal end of anal of male . Limia hollandi Henn, distal end of anal of male : : Method of making a cheap ring for a net for collecting small ane Vil ERRATA £2 -CORRIGE NDE. P. 25, 5th line from top, for ‘“/ena”’ read leana. ne, — Y a Mea eke MODEL SAS CLS . 39, 3rd line from bottom, and 40, 14th line from bottom, for “‘kellogi”’ read kelloggi. 53; . 544, . 71, 10th line from bottom, for “hkasemanni”’ read hasemant. 22nd line from bottom, for ‘‘ Pharacrocorax”’ read Phalacrocorax. 17th line from bottom, for ‘‘auricola”’ read auricoma. 7th line from top, for “‘oxydactyla”’ read oxydactylus. 19th line from bottom, for “ Anurogyllus”’ read Anurogryllus. ‘ 23rd line from bottom, for ‘“‘immaculata”’ read tmmaculatus. Ist, ond, and 5th lines from top, for ‘‘augusticollis” read angusticollis. 15th line from bottom, for “ Hapithes’’ read Hapithus. 16th line from top, for “‘ (Draper) ’’ read (Drapernaud). 22nd line from top, for “ Giddings ’’ read Gould. ard line from bottom, for “ Mousensis’’ read mynesites. for “‘ AZpIpopIDa’’ read CEDIPODID®. Vill ANNALS \ fan NIE GLE MUSEUM VoL. x, Nos: § AND. 2. EDITORIAL NOTES. THE month of May and the first two weeks in June were spent by the Director on the Pacific coast, whither he had gone at the invitation of the authorities of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, to act as a member of the International Jury in the Department of Education. The work of the Jury was more or less exacting, so that little time could be devoted to anything else. Nevertheless a visit to the University of California on Commencement Day, and a visit to Leland Stanford University on Baccalaureate Sunday, permitted the Director to renew his acquaintance with Professor J. C. Merriam at Berkeley and to inspect the wonderful paleontological collections which he has acquired, and to enjoy the hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. D. Starr Jordan at Palo Alto, and to glance at the ichthyological treasures in the Museum of the University. After his work as a member of the Jury had been completed, the Director was able to find time to view the Yosemite, where he spent a couple of days, and then to repair to Los Angeles and San Diego Near Los Angeles the remarkable deposit at Rancho la Brea was inspected. The kindness of Dr. Frank S. Daggett, the Director of the beautiful Museum of History, Science, and Art of Los Angeles County, on the occasion of a visit paid to the institution, will never be forgotten. The action of the authorities of Los Angeles County in appropriating a sum of money for the thorough scientific exploitation of the fossil Beds at Rancho la Brea is most gratifying as an illustration of in- il 2 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. telligent interest in scientific matters. The wonderful results in the recovery of vast numbers of splendid specimens representing the Pleistocene fauna of California, is most remarkable. The researches of Professor Merriam, now being followed up by the work of Dr. Daggett and his associates, will reveal the life which existed in Pleistocene times upon the Pacific coast in a manner unparalleled by any similar work. The number of species of mammals and birds preserved in these asphalt beds is astonishingly large, and we impatiently wait for the publications, which are in course of preparation, and which will give in detail an account of the discoveries made. From Los Angeles the Director proceeded to Utah, where he viewed the Carnegie Quarry near Jensen, spending some time with Mr. Douglass going over the work which has been accomplished during the past year or more. The result in many respects has been very gratifying, resulting in the recovery of specimens representing many species which lived in Jurassic time, and which in perfection are not surpassed, and in fact are not equaled by those obtained by any other institution in existence. The old sand-bars here uncovered are almost as rich in animal remains as are the pitch-beds at Rancho la Brea. The creatures are of course wholly different, representing the Age of Reptiles rather than the Age of Mammals and Birds. IT is with sorrow that we record the death, on April 24, of Mr. William H. Reed, the Curator of the Museum of the University of Wyoming. Mr. Reed was born on June 9, 1848, near Hartford, Connecticut. In his early boyhood the family removed to Michigan, and later to Nebraska. In his early manhood, he resided for a time in Ohio, and in the year 1880 married Miss Anna Clark of Milford Center in that state. Later he returned to Wyoming, and becoming acquainted with Professor Othniel C. Marsh, of Yale University, who was engaged in investigating the Jurassic deposits near Como Bluff on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, was taken into the employment of Professor Marsh, and continued to serve him for several years. He became deeply interested, and secured for Professor Marsh a great deal of valuable material. He was very successful as a prospector and col- lector in the field. Subsequently he became associated with the late Professor Wilbur C. Knight of the University of Wyoming, under whom he worked as a preparator in paleontology. EDITORIAL. 3 In the spring of the year 1899 he entered into the employment of the Carnegie Museum as a field assistant under the Director. He was a member of the party led by Dr. Jacob L. Wortman which discovered the specimen of Diplodocus carnegiet near Sheep Creek in Albany County, Wyoming. In fact, that discovery was due to Mr. Reed. The Fourth of July was being celebrated in camp as a holiday, and Mr. Reed, shouldering his rifle, went out to hunt, and on his rambles discovered the deposit which yielded up the skeleton of that now famous specimen. The winter of 1899 was spent by him at the Carnegie Museum in the paleontological laboratory. In the spring he resumed work in the field under the late Professor J. B. Hatcher. In the summer of 1900 he voluntarily left the employment of the Carnegie Museum and engaged in copper mining. Later he resumed his con- nection with the University of Wyoming as Curator of the Museum of the University and as preparator of fossils. Mr. Reed, although he had enjoyed but few advantages in early life, by reading and contact with men had acquired considerable familiarity with the subject of paleontology, and as a collector proved himself efficient. It was often said of him that he “ had a nose for and found them where others passed them by unobserved. ’ fossils,’ The news of his death awakens a flood of memories in the minds of his friends at the Carnegie Institute, who trekked with him over the mesas and explored the canyons of eastern and south central Wyoming in the years 1899 and 1900. His good humor, his inexhaustible fund of amusing anecdotes and stories of life on the plains in the days of the early settlement, told in his own inimitable way, remain firmly fixed in the memories of those who enjoyed his companionship. To his widow and children the Director on behalf of his former associates desires in these lines to express heartfelt sympathy in view of their sad bereavement. OnE of the very interesting discoveries made by Mr. Douglass in the Carnegie quarry in Utah is that of a perfect skull of a Diplodocus directly articulated with the atlas, which is followed by the remaining vertebre of the neck. This beautiful specimen settles for all time the question as to the type of skull which beionged to Diplodocus. It is profoundly to be wished that as definite information could be secured as to the heads of some of the other genera of sauropod dino- 4 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. saurs. As the Director pointed out in his paper read before the Paleontological Society on December 31, 1914, there is no positive certainty as to the head which belonged to A patosaurus. No speci- men has as yet been found with the skull so situated in relation to the cervical vertebre as to remove the question from the field of con- troversy. The association made by Professor Marsh, which has generally been accepted by those who have not had opportunities to closely study the subject, appears to have been in the nature of a guess. There is a good deal of reason to think that Professor Marsh may have been in error. Mr. AND Mrs. Otto E. JENNINGS have returned from the State of. Washington where they spent the summer making botanical collections for the Museum. They were highly successful and the result has been the acquisition by the herbarium of many thousands of specimens representing in the neighborhood of fifteen hundred species of the flowering plants of that State. Collections were made by Mr. Jen- nings on the high mountains, in the arid interior, and along the coast. Incidentally Mrs. Jennings succeeded in collecting quite a number of insects, some of which are entirely new to our collections. Dr. ARNOLD E. ORTMANN has twice visited the drainage basin of the Tennessee, and has made very large collections both in its upper affluents and in the broader reaches of the river below Knoxville. He reports that this Museum now possesses as the result of his re- searches the largest and most perfect collection of the mollusca and crustacea of eastern Tennessee in existence in any museum. His studies, based upon these extensive collections, will enable him to clear up a number of disputed questions as to synonymy and will pave the way for the preparation of a monograph similar to that upon the molluscan fauna of the Ohio River which is in course of preparation. WE have acquired by purchase from Mr. Samuel M. Klages a very large collection of the birds of Venezuela, which adds a multitude of species of South American forms to our collection. From the same source we have also secured a considerable collection of the lepidoptera of the same country. EDITORIAL. 5 WE have purchased a collection of the lepidoptera of Arizona made by Mr. O. C. Poling during the past summer, which will add a number of species to the collection which heretofore have not been represented. WE are indebted to Mr. Herbert DuPuy for the gift to the Museum of a model of a Pullman parlor car. It is one of two models, in the fabri- cation of which it is stated that two thousand dollars’ worth of gold and silver was employed. The model is about three feet long. It will be provided with small electric lights which will enable the inte- rior as well as the exterior, to be thoroughly inspected. Every minute detail is reproduced in miniature, even to the cuspidors on the floor. Dr. L. E. GRIFFIN has been working diligently during the summer of I9I5 in arranging the collections of recent reptiles in the Museum, and reports that he is now in a position to begin the preparation of a catalog, which will include, when published, descriptions of a number of species new to science. Mucu industry has been displayed by Dr. Eigenmann, the Curator of Ichthyology, during the past summer. He has partly re-arranged the collections and has studied and described a number of species new to science. He was assisted by Mr. Arthur W. Henn, who has now left us in order to take up a course of postgraduate study at Columbia University, where he is reading for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. One of the results of Mr. Henn’s work during the summer has been the preparation of a highly interesting and important paper upon the Peeciliide, which the Director takes pleasure in issuing in the present number of the ANNALS. A large and important paper by Dr. Eigenmann upon the Cheirodontine will shortly appear as Part 1 of Vol. VII of the Memoirs. It is in the hands of the printer. ARRANGEMENTS have been concluded for the purchase from Mr. Alan W. Owston of Yokohama of his entire collection of the fishes of Japan, 6 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. known to be the largest and most complete collection of fishes from Japanese waters in private hands. The acquisition of this assemblage of specimens taken in conjunction with collections previously obtained from Japan, Korea, and Formosa, places the Carnegie Museum in the position of having probably the most complete collection of the fishes of those regions in America. i ta, “eee I. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORTOISE FROM THEAsURASSIC OF UTAH. By CHARLES W. GILMORE. (PLATES I-II.) By the kindness of Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, I am permitted to study and describe the large series of fossil chelonian remains, which that museum has accumulated during the years since 1906, before which time the collections in Pittsburgh were subjected to study by Dr. O. P. Hay. It is proposed to treat these collections in a series of articles, each to be devoted to the turtles of a particular formation. The turtles from the Morrison beds are the basis of the present communication. Being the most ancient of any found in North America, they are of peculiar interest. There are three specimens in the collection, all from the extensive quarry near Jensen, Uinta County, Utah, from which the Carnegie Museum has obtained a wonderful collection of the remains of sauropodous dinosaurs. One of these specimens, Cat. No. 3411, pertains to the well-known genus and species Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), and is only of interest as greatly extending the known geo- graphical range of this species. The remaining specimens I regard as representing a new species of Glyptops to be described in the follow- ing pages. The better preserved specimen, Cat. No. 3380, although differing in several features from the type, is for the present at least referred to the same species. Glyptops utahensis sp. nov. Type: Cat. No. 3412, complete carapace and plastron; Paratype: Cat. No. 3380; both specimens collected by Earl Douglass, 1913, at Carnegie Dinosaur Quarry, near Jensen, Uinta County, Utah. Horizon: Morrison, Upper Jurassic. The carapace of the type, when compared with Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), is relatively long and narrow, with a depressed shell, having its greatest depth of 63 mm. at the center. Transversely the carapace is evenly convex, but antero-posteriorly the front portion is but little below the level of the back, whereas the posterior portion descends land { 8 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from the center to the posterior border on a long gradual slope. The outline of the anterior border of the left side is somewhat distorted from the healing of an old wound. (See PI. I, fig. 1.) Most of the sutures can be clearly traced, but the sulci marking the limits of the epidermal scutes, except on the ventral areas, cannot be determined in either specimen, and as to the extent of the dorsal scutes we must await the discovery of additional material. The carapace is 252 mm. long on the midline, and 178 mm. wide. Compared with a specimen of Glyptops plicatulus in the U. S. National Museum (Cat. No. 5458) the shell is more depressed and more elongate- oval in its general contour. Anteriorly the border is excavated on the midline and posteriorly it is evenly rounded with a narrow but well-defined median notch. As in Glyptops plicatulus, there are eleven peripherals, which extend outward nearly horizontally. Relatively they are thin throughout the series, high on front and back, but narrow above the bridges. The first and second have a height of 25 mm., the fifth of 16 mm.; the ninth of 29 mm.; the eleventh of 26 mm. Their borders are thin and acute in front and behind, but thicken and become somewhat obtuse toward and above the bridges. Along the sides and toward the front on the upper surfaces the peripherals curve upward, thus forming a well defined gutter (best shown in speci- men No. 3380, Pl. II, Fig. 1), which becomes wider and shallower especially toward the posterior ends. The deepest part of this gutter is in the center of the peripherals, whereas in G. plicatulus it is confined to the outer half of their superior surfaces. The surface of the carapace is covered with small, rather obscure, but irregularly placed tubercles and ridges, the latter on the median part of the back having a tendency to run in a fore-and-aft direction, but not forming a regular pattern. The sculpture of the carapace would at once distinguish the species from G. plicatulus which as Hay! says, ‘‘is finely sculptured with tubercles and winding ridges, there being about thirteen ridges in a line 10 mm. long.’”’ The surface of the plastron and the lower surfaces of the peripherals and bridges in the type of G. utahensis are smooth and without sculpture, which would serve to further distinguish it from G. plicatulus, which is sculptured beneath. In the second specimen, Cat. No. 3380, there is a decided longitudinal depression or sulcus along the carapace where the second, 1 Fossil Turtles of North America, Pub. Carnegie Inst., Washington, 1908, p. 49. GILMORE: A NEw SPECIES OF TORTOISE. 9 third, fourth, and fifth costals join the peripherals, the inner edges of the latter being raised and rounded over. This feature is not apparent on the undamaged side of the type, where the surface of the costals continue smoothly into those of the peripherals. oa aut tas eee us Fic. 1. Glyptops utahensis. Carapace of type, No. 3412. One-third natural size. The nuchal bone is quadrilateral, with the widest side posterior. This side measures 48 mm. in length. The neurals are hexagonal, with the widest end anterior, just as in G. plicatulus, except the eighth neural, which is much longer than in any known specimen of that species. The accompanying table presents the dimensions of the neurals as compared with those of G. plicatulus, as given by Hay in the publication cited above. DIMENSIONS OF NEURALS. G. utahensis. | G. plicatulus. No. a ov Se Sse Length. Width. Length. Width. I 30 17 38 23 2 18e | 16e 30 26 3 25¢e 2I | 32 24 4 25e 24 | 26 23 5 19 | 20 | 27 23 6 19 19 19 19 7 15 16 | 18 20 8 22 16 18 21 e = estimated. 10 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The pygal measures 40 mm. transversely and 16 mm. antero- posteriorly; at the median notch it is only 10 mm. fore-and-aft. As in G. plicatulus there are two suprapygals.! The form of these bones is well shown in Fig. 1. The greatest width of each is 53 mm.; the antero-posterior diameter of the posterior element at the midline is 18 mm.; the same measurement of the anterior element is 14 mm. The costal plates narrow in succession from before backward, the eighth being relatively wider than in G. plicatulus. The plastron is comparatively narrow. It is thin and flat, except on the hinder two-thirds of the posterior lobe, which is shallowly concave transversely. It has a length of 224 mm., and extends slightly in advance of the border of the carapace. The anterior lobe is 68 mm. long, its width at the base being 87 mm. The borders are relatively thin and rounded. The entoplastron measures 55 mm. in length, and 55 mm. in width. It is more pointed behind than in G. plicatulus, resembling in this respect the entoplastron of G. depressus Hay. Fic. 2. Glyptops utahensis. Plastron of type, No. 3412. One-third natural size. The mesoplastra differ in width at the midline, the right being 20 mm.; the left 23 mm. The hypoplastrals meet on the midline for about 46 mm. ‘The xiphiplastral bones have their greatest length, 45 mm., at their median junction. 1 Hay, O. P., Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 35, 1908, p. 162, Fig. I. GILMORE: A NEw SPECIES OF TORTOISE. 11 The posterior lobe diminishes rapidly in width, backward from the hypo-xiphiplastral suture, much as in Probaéna sculpta Hay. Its posterior extremity is truncated, ending 38 mm. anterior to the hinder margin of the carapace. The free borders of the hinder lobe are acutely edged, the bones being but little thickened back from the margin. The bridge is 87 mm. wide. The sulci of the plastron can only be made out in part as shown in Fig. 2. The gular scutes are broad, the sulci bounding them (See Fig. 2) curving outward and slightly backward, much as in G. plicatulus, but not approaching the epi-hyoplastral sutures so closely as in the latter species. The inter- gulars cannot be differentiated. The gular-humeral sulcus cuts across the antero-median part of the entoplastron. The humero-pectoral sulcus passes almost straight across and behind the entoplastron. Inframarginal scutes are present on the bridge, but their full outlines, or exact number, cannot be determined from the present specimens. They appear to lie almost entirely on the plastral bones. The present species is distinguished from Glyptops plicatulus (Cope), described from the same geological horizon, by the following differ- ences: (1) Elongated-oval contour of the carapace and its relatively narrow transverse diameter. (2) Difference in the pattern of the ornamentation of the carapace and sculptureless plastron. (3) Posterior lobe of plastron relatively narrow. (4) The greater width of the gutter on the peripherals. (5) Deeper median anterior emargination, with a narrow notch on the median posterior border of the carapace. (6) The greater length of the eighth neural. From Glyptops celatus Hay the present species is distinguished at once by the coarser and more regular ornamentation of the carapace in the former. From G. pervicax, the relatively longer and narrower anterior lobe of the present species is a distinguishing character. From G. depressus Hay the species is differentiated by the narrower nuchal and neural bones, by the regular decrease in width of the costals from front to back, and the relatively narrower mesoplastrals. Specimen No. 3380 from the same geological level and from the same locality, although showing some differences, such as a longitudinal sulcus, or groove, at the junction of the second, third, fourth, and fifth costals with the peripherals, different contour of the entoplastron, and i, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. a slight transverse convexity of the bridges (in the type they are some- what concave) on account of its close resemblance in form and other features is referred to the present species. Its close resemblance to the type is clearly shown by a comparison of Plates I and It. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis. Type, No. 3412, Carnegie Museum Cat. Foss. Vert. XX ate 100 Fic. 2. Plastronofthesame. xX = EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis. Paratype, No. 3380, Carnegie Mu- oO seum Cat. Foss. Vert. ago 100 fo) Fic. 2. Plastronofthe same. X = ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate I. Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. Type. No. 3412, Cat. Vert. Foss. C. M. Fic. 2. Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. No. 3412,C.M. Both figures about 75 nat. size. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate II. Fic. 1. Carapace of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. Paratype, No. 3380, Cat. Vert. Foss., Carnegie Museum. Fic. 2. Plastron of Glyptops utahensis Gilmore. No. 3380, C. M. Both figures about 74 nat. size. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate III. ure Voy LEGEND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS QUATLANARY 2 3 Fa § 5 ee) ay CARBONITE ROU CAINE RIAL Rens e) Nab Tare Geology south plat h bey AC Peale Tue ' Rewssed by WV PHayne Geolowy north of Lats tse Ww PE fangren Saree gee o® Geologic Map of Region about Three Forks, Montana. Il. THE FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. Part 2. THE STRATIGRAPHY AND THE BRACHIOPODA. By W. P. HAYNES. (PLATES III-VIII.) A number of years ago Dr. P. E. Raymond undertook the description of the fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana, basing his work upon collections made by Mr. Earl Douglass and himself for the Carnegie Museum. The first part, containing a description of the Cephalopoda and a few other fossils from the ‘‘ Red shales,’”’ appeared in 1909 in these ANNALS. In this, the second contribution to the subject, the writer describes the Brachiopoda, based on the material in the Carnegie Museum, supplemented by collections, which he has himself made for the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy, and describes the stratigraphy of the formation. The writer is indebted to Dr. Raymond for many suggestions in the preparation of this work for publication. STRATIGRAPHY. The writer has made a study of the Three Forks Formation at its type-locality at Three Forks, Montana, and also throughout the Three Forks quadrangle and the neighboring region along the Missouri river in the Fort Logan quadrangle (See Plate III). In this report the distribution and stratigraphy of the formation will first be con- sidered, and then the fauna will be discussed, with a detailed de- scription of the brachiopods of the limestone and green shale members of the formation. Three Forks Formation. General Description.—Lying in apparent conformity upon the Jef- ferson limestone is a series of shales and limestones, which have been named by the late Dr. A. C. Peale the Three Forks Shales... He described the formation in some detail, which may be briefly summar- ized by the following columnar section. 1 Peale, A. C., Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 110, pp. 29-30, 1893. 13 14 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Yellow laminated. sandstones... 0.5. <2... .- 0.0. lee .. 25 - feet. Upper Shales Greenish gray nodular limestones, Dark colored argillaceous limestones, Soft shaly black and purplish calcareous limestones.. 45 feet. Fine green argillaceous shale........... Ay ae Se exo) > Intermediate Compact grayish brown limestone, weathers into Limestone orange debris and obscures lower shales....... 15-20 feet. Lower Shales Reddish and brownish yellow argillaceous shales .... 50 “ 145 + feet. Dr. Peale noted the absence of fossils in the Lower Shales and the over- lying limestone, and the great abundance of fossils of Devonian age in the Upper Shales, particularly in the calcareous portions. He also noted the presence of a band of black slate or shale in the section at the base of the Yellow Sandstone member at two localities, one near the Horseshoe Bend of the Missouri River near Rekap, and the other south of the Jefferson River near Antelope Creek. The writer has visited both of these localities and has included sections measured at both places among the lists of sections given in the following pages. Dr. Peale in summarizing his description of the Three Forks Shales noted the fact that they become more arenaceous to the east of Three Forks, as they pass into the Bridger Range, while they become more calcareous to the west on the north side of the Jefferson River. This description given by Dr. Peale applies to the Three Forks Formation as seen in the northern part of the Three Forks quadrangle, but in the southern part the formation has changed and becomes more dominantly a limestone with argillaceous and arenaceous phases. Owing to the fact that the strata called the Three Forks Shales by Dr. Peale are a composite series and include limestones and shales and some sandstones, the writer feels that it is advisable to use the name which is applicable to the southern occur- ” “Three Forks Formation rences as well as to those about Three Forks. The writer has found it possible to divide the Three Forks Formation into seven members, which are easily recognized by their lithologic characters and are present in all of the sections studied in the northern part of the quadrangle and the adjacent region to the north. This sevenfold division will be noted in the case of each section, so that a ‘UONVULIO} SYIOY OIIYL IY} JO SUOTJOVS TEUWINTO) 130 Samavia d ~\ spel, i % L Ears | muajcaua, Polen FF be. | | It eee = we be ho | ae)npou = EY Fa | re foes. a | poy fede aia | PP BE an oh ues |: % | | t ja4opsaus| paansdsqg | Pela hea at Sais = Pla Rie ys ajdand ayey_ jk me auopsauas | Fleys mojyeh pig ba 3yeys ayes) Uaessy aR El payout) hear == a}eys eu = | yey Reavis bina {=a ad ed Oe Se aujsoua | pep bl. Sp ke =i/ | 3 | snoaseuaae PEE | | moj (eh: oat suo} seuss] snoa>eusie k= auc, Sow | snoaseuase f= WAI) AdOINY waa INVS es mo [Ph Sy) 3H] “NOILVWHO 4 SHHO4 aeVtellniype alte 40 SNOILOIC YVNWIMN100) INE ‘XY ‘1A ‘ANSSNW JIDINYVO STVNNV HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 1h comparison of the thickness of any of the members in different parts of the region can easily be made by referring to the numbers. It is noticeable that in all of these sections the thickness of the formation is considerably greater than in the section given by Dr. Peale, which has been generally taken as the standard for the Three Forks Formation. For purposes of general comparative study the five columnar sec- tions on Plate IV have been drawn. ‘These sections are arranged in order from left to right, from the northeastern part of the region to the southwestern. Throughout all of the region where the Three Forks Formation has been recognized it is almost invariably exposed ina small valley. This is due to the fact that it is prevailingly a shaly formation occurring between two massively bedded limestone formations, and differential erosion has produced the characteristic valley between the Jefferson and Madison limestone ridges. Because the formation generally occurs in a valley the exposures are obscured and the contacts masked by talus and vegetation. Often the valleys were traversed by the writer for several miles without finding any place where a satisfactory section could be measured. In consequence of this many of the sec- tions are incomplete, especially in the lower part, but since no fossils have been found in the two lower members it is not so important that they should be included in the sections. The figures which are given were obtained by measurements with a steel-wire tape and the thick- nesses were either measured directly or computed from the horizontal distance and the angle of dip. The details of the various sections of the Three Forks Formation studied by the writer will now be considered in order from north ta south. Section A.—The most northerly occurrence of the formation was observed about four miles east of Lombard and one and one-half miles northeast of Crane, a flag station on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and Puget Sound Railway. Here there is a good exposure in a saddle, back of a cliff of the massive brown Jefferson limestone. The strata have a strike of about N. 70° E. and dip 15° north. The Lower shale member is almost entirely obscured by vegetation and only a small amount of reddish yellow angular shaly fragments in some gullies, indicates its presence. The intermediate limestone member is of a rather bright yellow color and contains some white calcite veins. Above the limestone, which is about fifteen feet thick, there isa good 16 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. exposure of the very fissile green shale member. The green shale is from sixty to seventy feet thick and contains numerous bands of greenish and grayish limestone concretions, which are usually very fossiliferous. From many horizons in the lower forty feet of the green shale, pyritized fossils, chiefly cephalopods, often beautifully preserved, weather out on the surface and furnish excellent collecting. Above the green shale at this locality is about ten feet of very fossiliferous gray limestone which weathers reddish on the surface. Overlying this limestone are thirty or forty feet of yellowish shales, grading upward into calcareous sandstones. Above the yellow sandstones is the gray Madison limestone with fossils of Mississippian age. ‘This section northeast of Crane was not measured carefully with a tape, because many of the contacts were obscured by talus or vegetation. However, enough of the section was exposed to show that it closely resembles the sections to the south at Rekap and Logan. Section B.—The section next south of Lombard is near Rekap Station on the Northern Pacific Railway. The strata here strike N. 30°-35° E. and dip 30° W. The section was measured from the base of the gray Madison to the top of the brown Jefferson limestone and includes the following seven members: Tand.2. Yellow: sandy limestone and shalesas4-4-e1 ce eee 74 feet. 3. Black ‘coaly shale% aise hts otk ee es bam ee et en ee ous A. Nodularerayalimestonewnn.<.8 5 Oe. Ree eee 7 Reh 5. Fissile green shale F250 0 it A ne Ml SMe yi aoe wir, Aaa Ryaiea aS rhasecn T20) om 6. Gray and orange limestone. J 7. Pebbly yellow and reddish limestones and shales.......... BOTs MNO tall ad cick oobi ere me potar LAS eae Ee elg ae ae 287 feet. The Three Forks formation was measured at two localities near Logan, Montana. One section was near the Gallatin River and the other was about two miles inland. The strata here strike about N. 50° E. and dip 40°-50° W. Section C, measured near the Gallatin River, is as follows: Base of gray Madison limestone. TeV ellowsarenaceous limestones acme ier. oleae erste ere oie eteelich aie 30 feet. 2. Pale yellow arenaceous shale: ai face ciaes a tlete Oke eieeee 30 oe Ze sPurpletissileGhalle srs t8 cx Scares a edeass psa ene ete eee RCN Sa Ae Blush cray nodulardinmestoneme ers ee teen eee OS an 5. Missile’ green Shalev. Sas danweeut akc plevlins ove b it) a5 6 Sr eeceeene 47 oS 6. Yellow crystalline limestone with calcite veins........... I5 sf Massive grayish brown limestone. ....-.......saeeees I2 a 7 Vellow and orange blocky shalesi™ .).. 1. sian oe ceeneneeets _78 S TOtalie.aaa 2e cise ete aint doe ie ee 222 feet. HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 17 Section D, measured two miles farther north is as follows: Base of gray Madison limestone. mmMellow: sandstone with some shale... ....:.052........... 44 feet. peeMellowasShalyalimestOne’s ... 2.6 22 os fs le ee ede soe meee s I5 - PomVellowrarolllaceOus SHAG. acs sce vis cence se los se Sa) PemtiEplsheced)stalemmrryas accrris str els «ene he aieis ss LOTT Glawiindlem sega. cere ear code Se PESUMU SCH MICATI GLC myers ere ice eae ian esos ree = GROG PRESSOMIGING] Claes cata BA oincn cin ee ee | PIC AAUT SULA REL Al lhe, RR EN Se Ma, CEM ne cartes MCL MALTS OV INIS CANV AlCOLEs . ancien ee net oe oo a2) > MG ESUUAGCUICOLOINVAICOLE iain ameeieincinies eee > MSUDGIGLC PEL AM wapeaoe reams (1S Pees EN ede os ode. v8 | . o Qas o oOo © Now Ac wg is) is} htt ty tyes ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. FAUNAL LIST OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION.—Continued. MOLLUSCA. Pelecypoda. iEyyiopecten\ fasciatus tally meres terete) arte eer Toa melone eb, onan seoampdaporcododsoumodsogene Dn (apy el MUL ATS IRIN. pape bdo ms op Oooo ROD oes woe Geglaber ally assesses hs otc het eee et Aviculopecten fasciculatus Hall.........:.......-.. yea (ad Sols ULE Sin ig ota O er Bmebiaale nb Dib anioge ie cle 2 Nowak. ANAC A RS We sso chaobéucudceobumeouoL ae Alviculopecten Spsteri a miei eae eee ae et tera hea Ptevinopecten 1mbecils Wallis. te ie JETT TOD lala 604 ab domoouoams ono dog Om Manos Mah NADIAD SOE 6 6 co as SAR GSO won dno bapeobonosccn. ANGE MO PLE CON Ca aed alll meme rere pevet el ie ton el t-te aout -e A. emiliana? = Avicula emiliana Frech........... VA Clin O PLETEOISD ate eee ee ieee eek eee al Loxopteria holzapfeli Raymond...........-.------- Loxopteria clarket Raymond..........:......------ ie prodesmmassocralevattally sy nye erey tale eieha steer TLE PLOGESING: SP tenets te eta ee ee et ayo Gly plodesma’ cf erectum Haller si. je aeneta aie ele sie Mytilarca chemungensis? Conrad............++++-: WO PO ARIE Soon 5 pan eeganne de bbooon sob eo adoe ac IMGT ORion ah bese ois oe am ream Capea te He dhs ad O10 BoC Grammysta;swbarcuagta lalla ey eee) env e (CT MOINS Dea a ook Seaeauedoesaomepe soot onconot Goniaphora cf. hamiltonensis Hall.................- Gu Gh subrectavelall rer oer teenie naCaert aie eeet IQA RAE OLB > 6 ba boama ped acbooccomopoasascus Macrodon chemungensis Hall...............+-..4-- IBY Here) (ajo CMpatei see IBIS 3 son ato bod pcan oogeuo= Gis Paleonerlovbrevrs Elaine racer) tele Spathellatch. ty prea ball eee came eeen en yee een keer PAY GCY CLASRS:D3?. a -ote ae Oe I ee ere Gy pricardella.sp:) se. see ee eee ee Oc er Gastropoda. JY PaO LES Sida ene Oo aon Pod ap asc OdoOnouuE Conularida. SOMULATLGISD SP ie i she siecle ie, eee ctaeMohone Re: ope omer Nautiloidea. Orthoceras montanense Raymond.............+.+++- Geisonoceras normale Raymond.................++5 G. accelerans Raymond.......- +--+ esses eee ets ; 5 L. |IM G R R C Y R R R R R R R R R R R GAVWMG R|\R R bf if c Coline Cem: Cc GCalmG Te R R R Cc R R R Lp R | Yr | | (hl fe c\c tn ye a Sy ae ce) HayNEs: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. Pat FAUNAL LIST OF THE THREE FORKS FORMATION.—Concluded. 5 eer |) % i ; Ammonoidea. Platyclymenia americana Raymond..............-. CG ke Platyclymenia polypleura Raymond .............-. CarGe| Py Olovrtes: StHUp lex: TRAY IMONG oie: oy ccs ee Pace woo ie) Se ss (ENE | Tornoceras crebriseptum Raymond................-. (CNG | 10S CY IOSSo Rew aetels 5545454005 5ns an seed ous eo de ia We | | GringidmstemnsS eee Ore eee weal eos GNCehkea TN. | IBGV.OZOANCEREGEOtLY, Da ySDiy i sien eee ee (|G lection made for the Museum of Comparative Zoology. In the faunal list compiled by the writer, which immediately follows, only the species identified by him are included, and their comparative abundance and horizon are indicated by the letters R = very rare, r = rare, ¢ = common, and C = very common, in the column with the number of the member in which they occur. The localities are not indicated on the faunal list because no difference was found in the fauna of the - formation at the different localities. Most of the collecting was done at Logan and in the east and west valleys north of Three Forks, but enough specimens were collected from the other localities to show that the same species occur at the same horizons throughout this region. This list of fossils identified by the writer from the Three Forks formation shows among other things (1) that the ammonoids are almost entirely limited to the lower and middle part of member 5, and (2) that members 1 and 2 contain a fauna which is different in most of its forms from that of the lower members, and is more like that of the Madison limestone which overlies member 1. The fauna of the yellow sandstone and shale is considered by Dr. Raymond! to be transitional between the Lower Mississippian fauna of the Madison limestone and the Upper Devonian fauna of members 4 and 5 of the Three Forks Formation. Dr. Schuchert!® has examined Dr. Raymond’s specimens and notes the presence of Syringothyris cartert and Spirifer cf. striatus, and con- siders that this faunule is like that of the lower Louisiana limestone of Pike County, Missouri. He therefore concludes that there was a “ break in deposition, clearly distinguishing the Devonic, both physic- ally and faunally, from the Mississippic.”’ 16 Raymond, Am. Jour. of Sci., Ser. IV, Vol. XXIII, 1907, p. 119. @ 16 Schuchert, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. XX, 1910, p. 546. 28 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The writer has made a careful study of these horizons in the field, and was unable to find any indication of unconformity in the section in this part, and concluded, that, although Spirifer whitney: and other typical Upper Devonian forms present in 4 and 5 were not found in members 1 and 2, as noted by Dr. Raymond, certain forms, such as Rhipidomella vanuxemi(?) and Productella cf. arctostriatus were sufh- ciently abundant in both the gray limestone, number 4, and the yellow shale, number 2, which almost immediately overlies number 4 at Logan, where this careful study was made, to indicate that there is no sharp break in the record here. Syringothyris cartert was found in the yellow shale within six feet of the top of number 4, and in the same layers with R. vanuxemi(?). In the overlying yellow calcareous sand- stone S. carteri is common, and is associated with Schuchertella inflata and Productella cf. arctirostrata, and certain doubtfully identified Spirifers. This faunule, although containing many lower Mississip- pian forms, is considered by the writer to be sufficiently different from the fauna in the overlying Madison limestone, which is regarded as Kinderhook, or basal Mississippian, to be considered transitional, as - Dr. Raymond has suggested. Syringothyris carteri is generally regarded as an index of Mississip- pian age, but this seems to be a case where it extends down as far as uppermost Devonian strata. Other species of Syringothyris have been reported from Middle or Upper Devonian strata in various parts of the Mississippi valley, and this genus is now regarded by Dr. Schuchert!? as having originated in the Cordilleran sea during later Devonian time. The typical faunule of the Three Forks Formation, collected from members 4 and 5, is similar in certain of its forms to that of the lower Ouray limestone of Colorado and also to some of the Upper Devonian forms of the eastern United States. It compares closely with certain European faunules, especially those from near the Ural Mountains. Dr. Th. Tschernyschew! in 1887 made the following correlation of the Upper and Middle Devonian Formations of the Urals, Germany, and eastern North America: , 17 Schuchert, Am. Jour. Sci., Ser. IV, Vol. XXX, I910, p. 223. 18 Tschernyschew, Mem. Com. Geol., St. P., Vol. III, pp. 172-185, 1887. HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 29 Ural. Rhein. North America. D.2/3 Clymenia Kalk. Clymenia zone. Chemung. Upper Devonian. D.1/3 Goniatites and Goniatites zone. Portage. Cuboides zone. Naples. Cuboides zone. Genesee. Middle D.2/2 Sp. annossofi and Devonian. Stringoce phalus. Stringocephalus zone. Hamilton group. The Upper Devonian of the western border of the Ural Mountains is divided by Dr. Tschernyschew into two horizons. The upper horizon is correlated with the Clymenia horizon of Enkeberg, Fichtel- gebirge, Saxony, Thiiringerwald, and Cornwall, and is characterized by Clymenia annulata, Clymenia flexuosa, Tornoceras simplex, Spirifer archiacit, Spirifer disjunctus, Rhynchonella acuminata, Camar- ophoria (Leiorhynchus) subreniformis, Orthis (Schizophoria) striatula, etc. The lower zone is correlated with the Goniatites and Cuboides horizons of the Eifel and with the Naples fauna of eastern North America, and contains Goniatites (Manticoceras) intumescens, Tor- noceras simplex, Atrypa aspera, A. reticularis, Spirifer disjunctus, S. conoideus, Rhynchonella ( Hypothyris) cuboides, etc. Dr. R. Wedekind!’ has recently made a special study of the Upper Devonian stratigraphy of Germany, and has found that it can be subdivided by characteristic cephalopod faunas into six zones. These zones are named as follows, beginning with the uppermost: VI. Gonioclymenia, V. Levigéta, IV. Postprolobites, III. Prolobites, II. Cheiloceras, I. Manticoceras. Dr. Wedekind has noted the wide distribution of the Prolobites zone IIIb, which he considers is represented by the Three Forks For- mation of Montana. Although he does not include any of his other zones in his correlation with the Three Forks Formation, it seems likely that the Postprolobites zone is also represented, because Clymenia annulata of his zone IVb is closely related to Platyclymenia americana of the Three Forks Formation. Dr. E. Perna”® has recently correlated the Upper Devonian strata of the eastern Ural Mountains, with those of Westphalia (Enkeberg and Balve) and Silesia, and has shown that the upper horizon of Tschernyschew’s classification can be divided into four zones, which 19 Wedekind, K. Gesell. d. Wissen. zu Gottingen, Mathematik-phys. Klasse, 1913. 20 Perna, ibid. 30 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. are equivalent to the five upper zones of Dr. Wedekind’s classification, and two lower zones, which are equivalent to the Manticoceras zone. This sixfold division is not widely applicable and therefore is of little assistance in correlation with the American Upper Devonian formations, where the brachiopod fauna is much more abundant than the cephalopod fauna. Apparently the cephalopods are the only abundant fossils in the German Upper Devonian, and for that reason the brachiopods are not mentioned. It is therefore possible to make a much closer cor- relation between the Upper Devonian of the Ural Mountains and North America, than between that of Germany and North America. From an examination of the brief lists of fossils, noted in connection with Tschernyschew’s two zones of the Upper Devonian, it is evident that the upper zone, D’, is approximately equivalent to the Three Forks Formation, exclusive of members I and 2, and contains many similar fossils, although only a few of the species are the same. This corre- lation and also the other European correlations place the Three Forks fauna above the Manticoceras fauna, and make it the latest Devonian fauna of which we have any record in North America, which is the conclusion at which Dr. Raymond”! arrived some years ago, before these recent European correlations were made. DESCRIPTION OF THE BRACHIOPODA. Class BRACHIOPODA. Order ATREMATA Beechen Superfamily LI NGULACEA Waagon. Family LINGULID& Gray. Genus LINGULA Bruguiere. 1. Lingula hubbardi sp. nov. (PI. VII, fig. 1.) Description.—Shell elliptical, width about three-quarters the length; base regularly rounded; sides gently curving; apex obtuse, with an angle of about 115°. The shell has a narrow flattened border about one millimeter wide. The surface is marked by fine concentric striae, also by fine radiating strie on the middle portion. These striew are somewhat wavy about two-thirds of the way from the apex to the margin. The substance of the shell is thin, glistening, brownish black, “1 Raymond, Proc. 7th Internat. Zodl. Cong., Camb., Mass., 1910. HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 31 brittle material. The type specimen has a height of 18.5 mm. and a width of 14.5 mm., with the ratio of I : .79. Locality.—A single very perfect valve was collected from the lime- ‘ stone in the green shale member (number 5) in the ‘‘ east”’ valley, north of Three Forks. A somewhat smaller and less perfect specimen was collected by Dr. Raymond in 1903, from near this same locality. This type appears to be different from any figured species and so the writer has placed it in a new species which is named in honor of Mr. G. E. Hubbard, who found the specimen while aiding the writer in his geological work near Three Forks. Order NEOTREMATA Beecher. Family DISCINIDZ Gray. 2. Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem). (Plate VII, fig. 4.) Orbiculoidea lodiensis VANUXEM, Geol. N. Y., Rept. 3d Dist., 1842, Pl. 163, fig. 1; HALL, Ibidem, Rept. 4th Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. I. Discina lodiensis Watcott, Mono. VIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 112-113, Pl. 2, ater, bs, Yaa, A few specimens from the middle of member number 5, collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer, were identified as Orbiculoidea sp. and one or two of the best preserved specimens were identified as Orbicu- loidea lodiensis Vanuxem, on their general agreement with the de- scription and figures of the Nevadan form from the White Pine Shale as noted by Dr. Walcott. Order TELOTREMATA Beecher. Family SPIRIFERIDZ& King. Genus SPIRIFER Sowerby. 3. Spirifer raymondi sp. nov. (PI. V, figs. 1-2; Pl. VI, figs, 12-13.) Cf. Spirifer pinonensis, MEEK, King, 4oth Parl. Surv., p. 45, Pl. 1, figs. 9a, 6. Cf. Spirifer pinonensis RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1909, p. 143. Cf. Spirifer argentarius KINDLE, Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, 1908, p. 32, Pl. 2, fig. 4. This form is apparently identical with the specimen figured by Dr. Raymond from the red shale as Spirifer pinonensis. About sixty specimens from the green shale and associated limestone were carefully studied by the writer, and they show marked differences from S. pino- nensis as figured and described by Mr. Meek. These differences are as follows: oe ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The shape of the shell is not semicircular in outline, but is triangular, and much like that of S. mucronatus Conrad. The cardinal margin terminates in acute and not rectangular or obtuse extremities. The proportions of height to width are different. Spirifer pinonensis has a ratio of .76: 1 and a height of .g2 in. and a width of 1.20 in. Six specimens of Spinifer raymondi were measured and gave the following dimensions: I. Height 12 mm.; width 25 mm.;ratio.48:1. II. Height 15 mm.; width 30 mm.; ratio .5:1. III. Height 11.5 mm.; width 21 mm. ratio, 54:1. IV. Height 13 mm.; width 23 mm.; ratio .56: I. V. Height 14 mm.; width 24 mm.; ratio .58:1. VI. Height 20 mm.; width 30 mm.; ratio .66 : I. Specimens of S. pinonensis have from eleven to fourteen rounded plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, and these plications are covered with radiating strie. Spirifer raymondi has from nine to twelve rounded radiating plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus, and in no specimen were more than twelve plications observed. No minute striations were seen on the plications of any of the specimens. All of the well-preserved specimens of S. raymondi show a slight fold in the middle of the sinus, and the surfaces of both valves are marked with rather fine undulating lines of growth. Specimens from the Jefferson limestone near Princeton, Montana, have been by Dr. Kindle, referred for comparison to Spirifer argen- tarius Meek, which Dr. Schuchert believes to be the same as S. pinon- ensis Meek. The specimen figured by him is apparently identical with the average specimen of Spirifer raymondt. Four specimens of the European species Spirifer elegans Stein, in the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy (Schultze’s Collection) show a very marked resemblance to the specimens of Spirifer raymondi. The points of difference are that the specimens of S. elegans are one-third to one-half larger than S. raymondi, and the delthyrium in S. elegans is an equilateral triangle, while in S. raymondz its height is to its width as 1:.6. The sinus in S. elegans is also somewhat broader and perfectly smooth. On account of all of these differences from any described forms, it seems advisable to place these specimens from the Three Forks Formation under the new specificname Spirifer raymondi. This new species is named in honor of Dr. Raymond who collected the first specimens from Three Forks. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. Locality.—Specimens of Spirifer raymondi are numerous in the HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. ao green shale and limestone bands of No. 5 at all of the localities where - specimens were collected. 4. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. (Pl. V, fig. 5; Pl. VI, figs. 8-11. Cf. PI. VILE aig. 7:) Spirifer whitneyi HALL, Geol. Surv. Iowa, pt. 2, 1858, p. 502, Pl. 4, fig. 2. Spirifer whitneyi KINDLE, Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 391, 1909, p. 24. A large number of specimens of spirifers with plicated fold and sinus were collected from the gray limestone, number 4, and the green shale, number 5, by Dr. Raymond, for the Carnegie Museum in 1905, and by the writer in 1912 and 1913 for the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, These specimens have been carefully studied by the writer and compared with New York and European forms of Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby =S. verneuili Murchison, and also with specimens of Spirifer whitneyi from Lime Creek, Iowa. The results of this comparative study are as follows: The specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from the Chemung formation of New York are similar to those of the de Koninck Collection from Sougniez Province, Liége, and from Colonster and Traipont. In general they are mucronate and rather large forms, with simple rounded plications. They are all very different from the specimens from Montana. Certain of the European forms identified as Spirifer disjunctus, from Boulonnais (Duval and de Koninck collections), are of the same shape and size as specimens of Spirifer whitney: from Lime Creek, Iowa. The European specimens, however, all lack the fine striations on each plication which are characteristic of Spirifer whitney. Some of the specimens from Montana have the same measurements and appearance as Spirifer whitney: from Lime Creek, and in a few cases the surface is well enough preserved to show traces of fine striations on the plications. They have therefore been identified as Spirifer whitneyi Hall. A comparison of the measurements of the Boulonnais, Lime Creek, and Montana specimens is as follows: Spirifer disjunctus Sow. from Boulonnais. Ratio (1), width on hinge line to height of brachial valve measured over the surface, from I :..53 to I:.71 majority of specimens 1:.66. Ratio (2), width on hinge line to height of area: range I : .143 to I :.27, majority I:.21. Ratio (3), height to width of delthyrium; range I: .6 to i245, miajority 1:1. 34 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa. Ratio (1), range 1 : 6 tor :.77. Ratio (2); range 1: 223 tows come Ration(2), range T : 86 tol 31% Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Three Forks, Montana. Ratio (i), range 1:.47 to 1 =.69: “Ratio..@)) sange 1 17. 16 I:.27. Ratio (3), range 1:.5 to1:.8. An average specimen from Three Forks has a width of 32 mm. a height of 21 mm., height of area of 7 mm., and width of delthyrium of 5.7 mm. The number of plications on each side of the brachial valve and the number on the fold is as follows: Sprrifer disjunctus from Boulonnais, 18 to 31 on a side, majority 21; 9 to 13 bifurcating plications on the fold, majority of specimens have 7s Spirifer whitneyt from Lime Creek, 16 to 26 on a side, and 7 to 12 on the fold. Spirifer whitneyi from Three Forks, 16 to 26 on a side; majority 21; and 8 to 15 on the fold. 5. Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Girty). (Plate V, figs. 11-13.) Spirifer disjunctus var. animasensis GIRTY, Twentieth Ann. Rept. U.S. G.S., pt. 2, 1900, p. 48, Pl. 4, figs. I-10. Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Kindle), U. S. G. S. Bull. 391, p. 25, Pl. 9, figs. 16 About twenty of the spirifers from the Three Forks Formation have been identified by the writer as Spirifer whitneyi var. animasensis (Girty). These specimens are somewhat smaller than Spirifer whitneyi and they all show a relatively high area with frequently a slightly twisted ventral beak, and they compare well with the specimens - figured by Drs. Girty and Kindle. The ratio of the width to the height of the brachial valve in the Montana specimens range from I: .5 to 1:.76 and the ratios of width to height of area from 1 : .28 to I :.33. The ratios of the height to the width of the delthyrium range from 1: .46 to1:1. The ratios of the specimens of Spirifer disjunctus var. animasensis Girty are, width to height of area I : .23 to 1 : .36; height to width of delthyrium 1: .75 to I: 1. The specimens from the Three Forks Formation have from thirteen to twenty-one simple radiating plications on each side of the fold, and from nine to fourteen bifurcating plications on the fold. The presence of traces of striz on some of the plications shows that this form is more HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 35 closely related to S. whitneyi than to S. disjunctus, as was pointed out by Dr. Kindle. The size of an average specimen from Montana is: width 30 mm.; height 19 mm.; height of area 9 mm.; width of del- thyrium 5.5 mm. 6. Spirifer whitneyi var. gallatinensis, var. nov. (PI. V, figs. 3-4; CPE VITI; figs). About twenty-five specimens of the same general form as those just described, show a very different type of area and on this account have been described as a new variety, gallatinensis. These specimens have a rather narrow area, which is usually flat, or only slightly curved, although the beak of the pedicle may be strongly incurved. The area is of equal width throughout its whole extent, and usually extends at right angles to the hinge-line. The area generally shows distinct fine vertical striz. The ratios of width to height of brachial valves range from I : .52 to 1:.78. The ratios of width to height of area range from I : .125 to 1:.2. The ratios of width to height of delthyrium range from I1:.8to.g9:1. Thesize of an average individual is, width 29 mm.; height 19 mm.; height of area 4 mm.; width of delthyrium 4 mm. There are from sixteen to twenty-six plications on each side of the shell, and from nine to fifteen bifurcating plications on the fold. Some of the specimens show striations on the plications, and this and the general shape of the shell indicates a close relationship with Spirifer whitneyi. The type is in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. Some of the specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from Europe (locality Try prés Walfourt) show a type of area with parallel sides similar to Spirifer whitneyt var. gallatinensis. (Cf. Pl. VIII, fig. 12.) Ratios from the European specimens show a range in width to height of brachial valve from I: .4 to 1: .56, and a range in width to height of area from 1: .1 to 1: .2, and a range in height to width of del- thyrium from I :.62 to 1:1. None of these specimens show traces of striations on the plications. This close resemblance between certain specimens of Spirifer dis- junctus from Boulonnais, and Spirifer whitneyi, and certain specimens of Spirifer disjunctus from Try prés Walfourt and Spirifer whitneyt var. gallatinensis shows that we have here a good example of parallel development in two very similar species of spirifers. Each species has developed similar variations in regard to the shape of the shell 36 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and the area. In cases where the striations are preserved on the specimens from western America it is easy to refer them to the species whitneyi, but the majority of the specimens are exfoliated, and they therefore come within the limits of the species disjunctus. This is undoubtedly the reason why so many of the western American species of this general type have been identified as Spirifer disjunctus. The wide variations in the European specimens of Spirifer disjunctus= Spirifer verneuili show that varietal differences have been overlooked in the identification of the specimens. 7. Spirifer whitneyi var. monticola, var. nov. (PI. V, figs. 6-10; Pl. V1; figs. 1-7): Cf. Spirifer whitneyi KINDLE, Bull. No. 391, U. S. G.S., p. 24, Pl. 8, figs. 2-5. By far the commonest of the specimens of Spirzfer from Montana is a robust form with a relatively short hinge-line. Several hundred specimens of this variety were collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from all of the localities where the Three Forks Formation is well exposed. These specimens are apparently identical with those from the Ouray limestone of Colorado and New Mexico, which are figured by Dr. Kindle and identified as Spirifer whitneyi. Dr. Kindle notes the fact that the forms from Colorado and New Mexico are more robust and have flatter and broader plications than the Iowa specimens. He considers it undesirable to make a new species based on these differences, because Spirifer disjunctus is such a variable type. A study of the large collection of specimens from the Three Forks formation has convinced the writer that these specimens show certain characters which are sufficiently distinct from Spzirifer whitney to be the basis for a new variety, monticola. A series of seven specimens (See Pl. VI) was selected to show varia- tion in shape in the new variety. The ratios between the width and height of the brachial valves are as follows: (a) .84:1; (b) .88: £Xe)) 03-215 (a) © 2 1: (zg) T2207; (6) 1 = 0813) 178. Bhematros of the width to the height of the area are as follows: (a) I : .152; (0b) i, 7.297- (6) 1s 2326 ((d) 1 @ 13% (€) at .25: (fri =34 502) 1 Scone is interesting to note that with the exception of specimen, g, the increase in the height of the area and its flattening-out follows directly the increase in length of the hinge-line. A comparison of these ratios with those of Spirifer whitneyi from Lime Creek show that all of the western specimens have a shorter HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. oh hinge-line and relatively higher brachial valve than the specimens from Iowa. Furthermore all the western specimens are more robust, and have a ratio between the length of hinge and the maximum thickness of the specimen which ranges from I : .86 to I: .54, while the same ratios for specimens of Spirifer whitneyi from Iowa range from 1 : .5 EOsT 1.46: A large percentage of the well-preserved specimens of Spirifer whitney var. monticola, show fine striz on the rather broad, flattened, radiating plications. The plications vary in number from thirteen to twenty-nine on a side, and from nine to nineteen on the fold. The size of a moderately small individual is: width 22 mm., height 25 mm., height of area 5 mm., width of delthyrium .45 mm., thickness 19 mm. The measurements of a rather large individual are: width 37 mm., height 30 mm., height of area 12 mm., width of delthyrium 9.5 mm., thickness 26 mm. Specimens from the fissile green shales of number 5 are much better preserved than those from the limestone layers. Almost all of the specimens from the shale show the characteristic striations on the plications, and some show a tendency to develop. alate, almost spiniform, hinge extremities.22 Such delicate spinose: points are preserved in only a few of the specimens from the shale, so. that it seems likely that this is an abornmal feature and not a general! character. About fifteen of the specimens, including Nos. 174 a, b, and c, of the- series just mentioned, and specimens numbered 172c and d,. and 176 a and b, show under the hand-lens, or microscope, a spinose- surface covering the plications. The character of this surface varies: from numerous irregularly scattered small rounded spines,” as seen on specimens 172d or 174a to elongate spine bases arranged in radiating rows (See PI. V, figs. 7, 8, 9,), which under slight magnification appear continuous, and therefore like the normal stria. Upon a closer examination they appear to be an intermediate stage between the normally striated specimens and the irregularly spinose individuals. Since there is this gradation in surface character on specimens, which in other respects are identical, it seems best to note it merely as a variable detail in Spirifer whitneyi var. monticola. Specimens from the green shale almost always have the details of the surface well- preserved and it is from a study of these that the intermediate stages 22 See Plate V, fig. 6. 2s Seeumlate: Ve fig. 10: 38 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. between the normally striate and the irregularly spinose types were made out. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. Locality.—Specimens of Spirifer whitneyi and its varieties were obtained from the gray limestone, number 4, and the green shale num- ber 5, at all of the localities studied in detail by the writer, where the Three Forks Formation is exposed in the region about Three Forks and to the north. Genus AMBOCGLIA Hall. 8. Amboccelia gregaria Hall. Ambocelia gregaria HALL, 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Nist., p. 81. Ambocelia gregaria RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1900, p. 143. Specimens referred to this species are very common in certain of the limestone bands in the green shale, number 5, particularly at Three Forks and Logan. The brachial valves show the well-marked sinus, which characterizes this species. Locality —Green shale, member number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and localities to the north. Family RHYNCHONELLIDZ& Gray. Genus LEIORHYNCHUS Hall. 9. Leiorhynchus dunbarense sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 8.) Cf. Leiorhynchus astabulense PROSSER, Ohio Geol. Surv., 4th ser., Bull. 15, 1913. Shell very gibbous and wide in comparison with its height. The ventral valve is slightly convex and the beak rather prominent. The mesial sinus becomes very deep toward the margin and contains two rather low, rounded plications. The sinus is bordered by two large rounded plications, with usually two less elevated, rounded plications on either side, the outermost usually faintly defined. The dorsal valve is very convex and strongly incurved at the umbo, and rises some- what above the ventral valve. The surface is marked by a high fold with three rather angular plications. The sides have one strongly marked plication next to the fold, and usually two less distinct, low, rounded plications nearer the lateral margins. The surface of the well-preserved specimens is covered with strong, concentric, imbricated growth-lines. The dimensions of the type specimen are: width 27 mm., height 16 mm. Another specimen has a width of 22 mm., and a height of 14 mm. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. This species resembles Leiorhynchus astabulense Prosser in many HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 39 respects, but the ratio of width to height in Leiorhynchus dunbarense is I : .6 instead of 1: .g asin L. astabulense, and the sides have fewer plications. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. Locality—Five specimens of this species were collected from the limestone layers at the top of member number 5, near Dunbar’s mine, north of Three Forks. Three of them were collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and two of them by the writer in 1912. One very well preserved specimen was obtained by the writer in 1913 from the base of gray limestone number 4, from east of Lombard, Montana. 10. Leiorhynchus madisonense sp. nov. (Plate VII, figs. 11-13.) Outline of shell oval; width always greater than height; the ratio varies from I : .64 to 1:.76. An average specimen has a width of 19 mm. and a height of 14 mm., with a ratio of I : .73. The pedicle valve curves to the sides and has a well marked, rather broad sinus, developed slightly above the middle of the shell. Beak small and closely incurved over the umbo of the opposite valve. The brachial valve is much more convex than the pedicle, and rounds to the sides. Mesial fold well-developed in most cases, and greatly elevated at the outer border. Surface marked by fine im- bricating concentric striz, also by fine radiating striz, which are well- developed on the sides of the shell. The sinus is generally character- ized by two rounded plications, rarely one or three. The fold is usually marked by three, sometimes two, or four, plications. Sides of the shell usually marked by one or two faint, low, rounded plications. These plications all extend to the apex of the shell. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. This species differs from Leitorhynchus mesacostale in the smaller number of plications in the fold and sinus, and in the greater width of the shell in relation to its height. Locality—Specimens are numerous in the green shale and asso- ciated limestone layers of member number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and most of the other localities in the region near Three Forks. 11. Leiorhynchus madisonense var. gibbosum var. nov. (Plate VII, figs. 14-16.) Cf. Leiorhynchus kellogi HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 361, Pl. 56. Shell more gibbous and usually larger than Leiorhynchus madisonense. An average specimen has a width of 23 mm. and a height of 20 mm., 40 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. with a ratio of width to height of 1: .87. A smaller specimen has a width of 19 mm. and a height of 15 mm., and a ratio of 1:.79. The range in the ratio of width to height is from 1 : .77 to.1 : .89. The valve of the pedicle is gibbous a little below the umbo, and curves evenly to the sides. It becomes flattened in the middle and is deeply sinuate toward the front of the shell. The beak is closely incurved over the umbo of the brachial valve. The brachial valve is more convex than the pedicle and curves to the sides, with a broad, flattened mesial fold, well-developed from the upper third of the shell. The surface is marked by fine concentric striz and also by fine radiating strie, which are usually most prominent on the sides of the shell. From three to seven low, rounded plications occur in the sinus, and from four to eight in the fold. The specimens usually have from one to three low, rounded plications on the sides of the valves, which diminish in relief toward the lateral margins. All of the plications radiate from the beaks and they are almost invariably clearly defined from the beaks to the margin of the shell. This new variety differs from Leiorhynchus madisonense in the greater convexity of the valves; the normally greater number of plications in the fold and sinus, and in the height and width being more nearly equal. This new variety differs from Leiorhynchus kellogi in the lesser number of plications on each side of the fold and sinus, and in having the plications extending all the way from the margin to the apex, instead of half-way or less, asin L. kellogi. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. Locality—Specimens are numerous in the gray limestone, number 4, and also in the green shales, number 5, at Three Forks, Logan, and the other localities in that region. ‘Twenty-four specimens were collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and seventeen by the writer in 1912, and about ten in 1913. 12. Leiorhynchus utahense var. ventricosum var. nov. (Plate VIII, figs. IO-T1.) Cf. Leiorhynchus utahensis KINDLE, Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 27, Pl. 3, figs. I-Ie. Cf. Leiorhynchus greeneanum (ULRICH), Cont. Am. Pal., I, 1886, p. 26, Pl. 13, fig. I. Shell large, ventricose on brachial side, and flattened on side of pedicle. Ratio of width to height 1:.94. Thickness usually some- what less than height. The type specimen has a width of 37 mm., HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 41 height 35 mm., and convexity 28 mm. The largest specimen obtained has a height of 47 mm., a width of 42 mm., and a convexity of 47 mm. This specimen has a ratio of width to height of .89 : 1, and a convexity equal to the height. The cardinal view of all of the specimens is sub-semicircular in outline. Valve of pedicle gibbous at the umbo, flattened toward the sides, and deeply sinuate toward the front. Beak small, acute, and closely incurved over the umbo and brachial valve. Two low, rounded pli- cations and three broad furrows are present in the sinus, which is scarcely defined at the umbo, but becomes broad and fairly deep at the anterior margin. Brachial valve ventricose, with a well-defined low fold, consisting of three rather broadly rounded plications, the one in the middle somewhat narrower than the other two. Surface of both valves marked by fine concentric lines, with more prominent uneven growth-wrinkles at increasingly frequent intervals toward the margin of the valves. The sides of the shell show distinct radiating striations, about four to one millimeter, and there are faint indications of them on the sinus and on a part of the fold. This form is considered to be a variety of Lezorhynchus utahense Kindle, of the Jefferson limestone of Utah, from which it differs in its sub-semicircular and not sub-trigonal outline, and in its larger size, and lesser number of plications in the sinus and fold. The type is in the Carnegie Museum. It differs from Leiorhynchus greeneanum (Ulrich) in its greater height in relation to its width; in having a sub-hemispherical rather than a sub-trigonal cardinal view, and in having the fold clearly marked to the anterior extremity of the valve, and containing three distinct plications, instead of two or three irregular, faint plications. Leiorhynchus greeneanum is a younger form, and occurs in the Keokuk limestone of Indiana. Locality.—Specimens of this new variety were collected from the base of limestone number 4, and the top of green shale number 5, chiefly from Three Forks and Logan. Dr. Raymond collected three specimens in 1905 and the writer collected six in 1912 and ten in 1913. 13. Leiorhynchus jeffersonense sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 9.) Shell large, sub-ovate and moderately convex on the brachial side; flattened on the pedicle side. Width of an average specimen 44 mm.; 42 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. height 28 mm.; ratio I : .635. Width of a smaller individual 38 mm.; height 23 mm.; ratio I : .6. Valve of pedicle flattened toward the sides, with a moderately deep sinus, which starts from the beak. Sinus flat, and bordered by a single, usually prominent, rounded plication on each side. Four or five distinct, evenly spaced, rounded plications in the sinus, and on a few specimens one or two faint plications on the sides of the valve. Brachial valve convex, with a prominent flat-topped fold, which starts from the beak, and is composed of five or six rounded plications. One or two very low plications are visible on the sides of the valve in a few specimens. This species differs from Leiorhynchus utahense var. ventricosum, with which it is associated in the field, in its greater width in relation to its height; in the lesser convexity of the valves, and in the possession of a greater number of plications in the fold and sinus. One specimen referred to this species was collected by Dr. Raymond in 1905, and eight specimens were collected by the writer in 1912 from the base of the gray limestone, number 4, and the upper limestone in green shale number 5, in the east and west valleys north of Three Forks. In 1913 two well-preserved specimens were obtained from this same horizon near Sappington, and a few were obtained from Logan, and Lombard. The type is in the Museum of Comparative Zooblogy. 14. Leiorhynchus mesacostale Hall. Leiorhynchus mesacostalis HALL, 1867, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, p. 362, Pl. 67, figs. I8—25. Leiorhynchus mesacostale RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, No. 2, 3, 1909. Fossils referred to this species are fairly common in the limestone and green shale of member number 5, at all of the localities. These are all rather small flattened forms, with the plications limited to the fold and sinus. There are usually three plications in the sinus and four in the fold, but the number is rather variable. They are all evenly spaced, and in that respect differ from L. mesacostale as figured by Hall. In general appearance they resemble Camarophoria subreni- formis which is described by Tschernyschew from the Ural Mountains, but without material for comparison it is not possible to tell how closely these forms compare. HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 43 15. Leiorhynchus cf. laura (Billings). Cf. Leiorhynchus multicosta HALL, Pal. N. Y., IV, 1867, p. 358, Pl. 56, figs. 26-40. Cf. Leiorhynchus clarkei PROSSER, Ohio Geol. Surv., 4th Ser. Bull. 15, 1913. Several specimens from the green shale and limestone member, number 5, from Three Forks and Logan, are referred with some doubt to this species. They are small flattened shells with three or four low, rounded plications on each side of the sinus and fold, as well as in the sinus and fold. They compare closely with L. multicosta as figured by Hall, but that is a Hamilton form, and these Montana specimens are in a higher horizon. The Montana specimens are also similar to L. clarkei Prosser, but are much smaller in size. Genus CAMAROTGECHIA Hall & Clarke. 16. Camaroteechia contracta Hall. Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta HALL, 1867, Pal. N. Y., IV., p. 351, Pl. 55, figs. 26-39. Camarotechia contracta? KINDLE, U.S. G. S. Bull. 391, p. 22, Pl. VI, figs. 1-24. Camarotechia contracta RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1909, p. I41. Specimens apparently identical with those from Colorado and New Mexico, which are identified as C. contracta, occur as one of the most abundant forms in the green shale and limestone member number 5, and also in smaller numbers in the overlying gray limestone, at all of the localities where fossils were collected from the formation by the writer. The specimens vary greatly in the number of plications in the sinus and fold. The average number is three in the sinus and four in the fold, but a considerable number of specimens have more or less. The extreme numbers in the sinus are from two to five, and in the fold from three to six. Family ATHYRIDZ Phillips. Genus CLEIOTHYRIDINA Buckman. 17. Cleiothyridina devonica Raymond. Cleiothyridina devonica RAYMOND, Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. V, 1909, p. 143. A very large number of specimens of this species were collected by the writer in 1912 and 1913 from the gray limestone number 4, and from the green shale and limestone member number 5, at all of the localities. This species is described in detail by Dr. Raymond from its occurrence at Three Forks and Logan. 44 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus MERISTELLA Hall. 18. Meristella barrisi Hall. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) Meristella barrisi HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, 1867, p. 304, Pl. 49. Meristella barrisi KINDLE, Bull. 391, U. S. G. S., p. 30, Pl. 9, figs. 7-9. Four specimens identified by the writer as of this species, were collected from the limestone layers in the middle part of the green shale, number 5, from the west valley, north of Three Forks. They closely. resemble the forms figured by Dr. Kindle from New Mexico, and also those figured by Hall from the state of New York. Order PROTREMATA. Superfamily STROP HOME NACEA Schuchert. Family ORTHID Dalman. Genus SCHIZOPHORIA King. 19. Schizophoria striatula var. australis Kindle. (Plate VIII, figs. 3-5.) Schizophoria striatula var. australis KINDLE, U. S. G. S., Bull., 391, p. 21, Pl. 2, figs. I and 2. About thirty specimens identified as this variety, were collected by the writer from the middle and upper part of member number 5 at Three Forks and Logan. The specimens are not as well preserved as those from New Mexico figured by Dr. Kindle, but they resemble them sufficiently closely to make the identification fairly certain. Genus RHIPIDOMELLA Oehlert. 20. Rhipidomella vanuxemi(?) Hall. (Plate VIII, figs. 3-5.) Orthis vanuxemi Hall, 1858, Geol. Surv. Iowa, I, pt. 2, p. 487, pl. 2, figs. 2 and 3. A large, number of specimens, identified as this species, were col- lected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from the top of the gray lime- stone, number 4, and the base of the yellow shale, number 2, chiefly at Logan. A few specimens were obtained from near Sappington and Rekap, and in the east and west valley at Three Forks. The specimens are all nearly circular in outline, and are very flat, with no sinus or fold, and the plications have numerous pores as in R. vanu- xemt. This horizon is higher than that in which R. vanuxemi occurs in New York, but, because of the very close correspondence in shape and details, these forms from Montana are identified with some doubt as belonging to this species. HAYNES: FAUNA OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN IN MONTANA. 45 Family STROPHOMENID<: King. Genus SCHUCHERTELLA. 21. Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (Hall). (Plate VII, fig. 6.) Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. arctostriata HALL, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, Pl. 9, fig. 1. Hemipronites chemungensis var. arctostriata MEEK, 40th Parl. Surv., Pl. 3, fig. 2, Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (KINDLE), Bull. Am. Pal., No. 20, p. 26. Ply About ten specimens, identified as this variety, were collected from the limestone bands in the green shale, number 5, in the valleys near Three Forks, and eight specimens were collected from the same horizon at Logan by Dr. Raymond in 1905 and by the writer in 1912 and 1913. One very well preserved specimen was obtained by the writer in 1913 from the gray limestone member near Sappington. These specimens show a considerable range in size, but they all seem to belong to the same species and variety. The dimensions of an average specimen are: width on hinge 25 mm., height 18 mm. A rather small specimen has a width of 9 mm. and a height of 7.5 mm. All of the specimens . show the characters of the variety as noted by Hall. The surface is covered with close, crenulated, radiating strie, increasing mainly by interstitial addition. The specimens appear to be identical with those figured by Dr. Kindle from the Jefferson limestone of Princeton and Livingston, Montana. Family PRODUCTID Gray. Genus PRODUCTELLA Hall. 22. Productella spinigera Kindle. (Plate VIII, fig. 3.) Productella spinigera KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 19, Pl. V, figs. 1-4. About twenty-five specimens, identified as this species, were collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from members numbers 4 and 5 at the various localities. These specimens show very little variation and correspond very well with the description and figures of the Ouray species of Dr. Kindle. 23. Productella coloradensis Kindle. (Plate VII, figs. 5 and 7-8.) Productella coloradensis KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 17, Pl. IV, figs. 2-8. About thirty specimens collected by Dr. Raymond and the writer from members 4 and 5 were identified by the writer as this species. 46 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 24. Productella coloradensis var. plicata Kindle. Productella coloradensis var. plicatus KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 18, Pl. IV, figs. 9-12. The writer obtained two well-preserved specimens from the upper portion of member number 5, north of Three Forks, which show the detailed characters of this variety. 25. Productella laminata Kindle. (Plate VIII, fig. 6.) Productella laminatus KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 18, Pl. IV, figs. 13-14. About ten specimens from the upper portion of member number 5 in the collections of Dr. Raymond and the writer were identified as of this species. 26. Productella cf. depressa Kindle. Productella depressa KINDLE, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 391, p. 20, Pl. V, fig. 5, 5a. Five specimens collected by Dr. Raymond from member number 5 are referred by the writer, with some doubt, to this species. 27. Productella cf. arctirostrata Hall. Productella arctirostrata HALL. Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV, 1867, p. 182, pl. 26, figs. 16-23. About thirty poorly preserved specimens from limestone member number 4, and the overlying yellow shale of number 2 are referred to this species with some doubt. Most of the specimens have continuous plications, rather than a row of elongate spine-bases as shown in most of the figures of this species. The following rather unsatisfactory determinations of poorly pre- served Productellas are merely listed here without comment. They are all from the upper part of member number 5 or from number 4. Productella cf. hirsuta Hall, a rather common form. Productella cf. hirsutiformis Walcott, a very rare form in the col- lections. Productella cf. subaculeata Walcott, a rare form. Productella cf. subalata Hall, a fairly abundant form. This completes the description of the Brachiopoda from members numbers 4 and 5 of the Three Forks formation. A description of the Pelecypoda of the formation is in preparation for a later paper in this series. a , 7 >" 7 ’ y ; i i ' 7) ; , : - ‘ , ci i a ©, ¢ ‘ r 4 Ri, A . 7 : - i ' « & nt . le Z a —— : 7 rT, , 4 : i) : <= ’ 7 VE ane = ; a= a a Pe OR 20 2 Meee Ste kOe on 7 - i ai a 7 P an e hy - r a ow ‘ rm i ’ ! of i ' i ele ; ee — ‘ é > as 7 — a : in ‘ ® f 4 P » a | Monte , Te fm} = ian {t rt gs ¢ = , . « 3 ih § . ‘ 5! ee f 1 r a] - / sees a 7 « t - i) t 7 A a i rT ace Wie hana a @ . P ? ; i] is ae ; ' gay Pi yt in ‘ ‘ - ‘ie . ee , | bd . « Ls dé. ; J * "OT : ¢ s ya p> 7 i ’ 7 oo ‘ , ’ Fi qe =< ee ds eT eet g we Fee's | we ' ‘ f - je ; 7 ru le A a al, Pp cis ba | : : i & Py = — f = , = 5 an “es » ee. oo eles a ‘t Oe Atte oy ae » + y r 7 ao r ae Maney : . 7 . . ‘i ® 1 17 n i iJ ad é ~ © : ‘ ‘ - a ds ’ s 5 : Fl ; A \ , . ; i \ 7 a } { 5, “| v4 atilin i ba i : t ene el teeny a bey Fuh pay? ip Bs Py 6a ; 7 i\ oe! * : yma F ' 44 : "4a a : ‘ 7 ors 1 i _ 7 \ ty Fe , ‘ oY) an Be > a i ae 7 mr wea ie as ee ae ‘ 3 7 f , a . ; ea : { eh! j - ¢ inv Pie t ¢ ( Y uh 7 j e . , : 5 — g { ‘ i} ‘ : ’ r ‘a 1 wf e wv - i > ¥ ‘ are | Vy, 6 ie Pg a “cea (ae 7 7 - erty, Q , . True Sore 1 or 4 ieee a r ' roa Lae * ; <¥ . bt bs we Ph Pad § 1 oo i " : ae = ’ a | i Ay 1 at > ¢ : / \ - jis, et g's ‘on Y i ie be 4 J 7 ae a, i ., . ; nL 2 * ~~ ae} be koa mye ee : . é e&. j Ss i R = ~ ay ia ° 4 4 yw vy , baa nN 1A, 4 A ie é a7 - fie y RY = Sa ” a > 7 baal Z a - _ ‘ 7 ie ae : » wos \ Pid tS (eri ae i a nd is Na ; fi eo , Gee a Sal! @ 7 a | - tae oe or 48 FIG. FIG. FIc. Fic. FIc. FIG. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIG. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Spirifer raymondi Haynes, sp. nov. (Top view showing shape of area.) X 2. Spirifer raymondi Haynes, sp. nov. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. gallatinensis Haynes, var. nov. (Showing parallel-sided area.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. gallitinensis Haynes, var. nov. (Ventral valve of specimen shown in Fig. 3.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola Haynes, var. nov. (Showing spiniform cardinal angle.) XX 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 1760. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 1726. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. 4. No. 172¢. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X 4. No. 172d. (Figs. 7 to 10 inclusive show details of surface markings.) Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Side view.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Ventral valve of specimen in Fig. 11.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. animasensis (Girty). (Top view showing high area of same specimen.) X 2. Plate V. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. (See opposite page.) s from Green Shales. Brachiopod 50 FIG. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. TIAN BPWNH T2. riey, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X11. No. 174a. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 17406. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X31. No. 174¢. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X11. No. 174d. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 174e. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. X1. No. 174f. Spirifer whitneyi Hall, var. monticola. 1. No. 174g. (Figs. I to 7 show variations from a long, narrow form to ashort wide form, and also in height of area and length of hinge-line.) Spirifer whitneyi Hall. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 8.) X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa. X 2. Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Lime Creek, Iowa. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 10.) X 2. Spirifer raymondi Haynes. Three Forks, Montana. (Ventral valve of extreme mucronate type.) X 2. Spirifer raymondi Haynes. Three Forks, Montana. (Exfoliated ventral valve, showing slight fold in sinus.) X 2. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate VI, aie i Brachiopceds from Green Shales. (See opposite page.) 52 FIG. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Lingula hubbardi Haynes, sp. nov. X 2. Meristella barrist Hall. X 2. Productella spinigera Kindle. X 2. Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem). X 2. Productella coloradensis Kindle. X 2. Schuchertella chemungensis var. arctostriata (Hall). X 2. Productella coloradensis Kindle. X 2. Productella coloradensis Kindle. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 73) eee Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (?). XX 2. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (Enlarged figure showing detail of surface of specimen given in Fig. 9.) Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. X 2. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. (Dorsal valve of speci- men in Fig. 11.) X 2. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, sp. nov. (Ventral valve of smooth-sided form.) X 2. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum Haynes, var. nov. x 3. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum. (Dorsal valve of specimen shown in Fig. 14.) xX #. Leiorhynchus madisonense Haynes, var. gibbosum, (Side view of same showing plications on side of shell.) 3. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Pith Ait AIT My : Opp in x ANS Ai in mA NNN S Brachiopods from Green Shales. (See opposite page.) eh Te ue e Tt? iP — 54 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. Schizophoria stviatula, var. australis Kindle. X 3. Schizophoria striatula, var. australis. (Top view of specimen shown in Fig. 1.) X 3. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. (A small specimen showing area about umbo.) X 2. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. Logan, Montana. X 2. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. Logan, Montana. (Same specimen as shown in Fig. 4.) X 2. Productella laminata Kindle. Three Forks, Montana. Coli. Haynes. X25 Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby = S. verneuili Murchison. Boulonnais Duval Coll. (To be compared with S. whitneyi Hall.) X 2. Leiorhynchus dunbarense Haynes, sp. nov. Holotype, Carn. Museum, Three Forks, Montana. Coll. P.E. Raymond. X 3. Leiorhynchus jeffersonense Haynes, sp. nov. X I. Leiorhynchus utahense Kindle, var. ventsicosum Haynes, var.nov. X 2. Leiorhynchus utahense Kindle, var. ventricosum Haynes. (Side views inverted.) XX 2. Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby. Try prés Walfourt. (To be compared with S. whitneyi var. gallatinensis Haynes.) X 2. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate VIII, Brachiopods from Green Shales. (See opposite page.) III. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPHAGEBRANCHUS FROM THE BAHAMAS. (PLATE IX.) By C. H. EIGENMANN. The genus Sphagebranchus is characterized by the absence of all fins and the small inferior gill-slits. Snout very sharply pointed, mouth large, horizontal, inferior, the lower jaw sharply pointed; gular region somewhat expanded, and with longitudinal grooves; gills large, gill-slits small, converging forward along the inner edge of a pair of comma-shaped depressions, the bottom of the depressions with a thin membrane; nostril inferior, not completely divided into anterior and posterior; lateral-line pores prominent. About twenty-three recurved teeth in the lower jaw, about twenty-seven similar teeth in a compact row along each side of the upper jaw, those in front smallest, four similar, but much larger, teeth on the snout in front of the regular series; about ten recurved teeth on a median line in the roof of the mouth. No tongue. Sphagebranchus conklini sp. nov. 6710,C. M. Type, 235 mm. From coarse sand in ten feet of water, just inside the bar at entrance to harbor, New Providence, Bahamas, April 27, 1907. Collector, E. G. Conklin. Tip of snout to anus 88 mm., to gill-opening 18; tail 147 mm.; gape of mouth 4 mm.; snout to eye 3.3 mm.; eye .66 mm.; width of body 4 mm. Over IIo pores in the lateral line; eye covered, but visible, the pupil a horizontal slit. This species is evidently related to S. anguiformis Peters, the type of which was taken in the open Atlantic 15° 40’ 1” north, 23° 5/ 8” west. The location of Nassau is 25° 5’ 6” north and 77° 21’ 2” The differences may be tabulated as follows: 55 west. 56 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. S. conklint. S. angutformts. Head and trunk 1.67 in length Head and trunk less than 1.5 of tail. in length of tail. Head to gill-openings 4 in the Head 6 in the trunk, 17 in the trunk, 13 in the total length. total length. Eye 5 in the snout. ! Flesh color with minute dark Flesh color. spots. After being caught this specimen was observed to rapidly make its way through the sand, which had been brought up by the dredge. It was presented to the Carnegie Museum by Professor E. G. Conklin of Princeton University. ‘loqivpy nesseN ‘odAy UURUIUOSIY 227YU0I snyounagasnyds AR DW AC Aq of] Wor UMLIG *X1 Fld ‘YX “JOA ‘WNASNW JIDINYVO STVNNY ih i IV. SOME MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR.* By CHARLES WILSON. The specimens enumerated in the present paper were collected (a) by C. H. Eigenmann in January of 1912 in the bay and on the shores of the Caribbean Sea at Cartagena, and in March, 1912, at Buena- ventura on the Pacific shores of Colombia; (b) by Arthur Henn and Charles Wilson in January, 1913, at Tumaco and in the Rio Rosario, both near the southwestern corner of Colombia; and (c) by Arthur Henn in May, 1913, at Guayaquil, Ecuador. The primary object of the expeditions to Colombia and Ecuador was to collect freshwater fishes. No attempt was made to make complete collections of marine fishes at any of the localities which were visited. The work of Professor Eigenmann was under the auspices of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum. The types and first series collected by him are in the Carnegie Museum. The work of Mr. Henn and myself in Colombia was under the auspices of the [ndiana University and was equipped and financed by Mr. H. McK. Landon and Mr. Carl G, Fisher, both of Indianapolis. The types and first series collected by us are in the collections of the Carnegie Museum, which has engaged to publish the results of these expeditions. The second series obtained by the above expeditions are in the Museum of Indiana University. The work of Mr. Arthur Henn in Ecuador and in the lower San Juan was under the auspices of Indiana University and was financed by Mr. Hugh McK. Landon of Indianapolis. The types and first series collected by him are, for the most part, in the collections of the Indiana University, the second series is in the Carnegie Museum. A few of the marine fishes collected by Mr. Max Ellis during the Gimbel expedition to Guiana and by Mr. John Haseman for the Carnegie Museum are also listed. In the following list of species and specimens the numbers refer * Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 149. itl 58 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to the Catalog of Fishes of the Carnegie Museum (C. M.) and to that of Indiana University Museum (I. U. M.). Family GALEID. 1. Charcharhinus cerdale (Gilbert). 5670 a, C. M.; 13508 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Arthur Henn. 5671 a, C. M.; 13509 a, I. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigen- mann. Family SPHYRNID-. 2. Sphyrna tiburo (Linnzus). 5675 a, C. M.; 13514 a, I. U. M. Market in Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Henn. Family PRISTID. 3. Pristis pectinatus Latham. 13512a,1.U.M. Georgetown Harbor, British Guiana. Max M. Ellis. 4. Pristis perrotteti Valenciennes. 13513 a, I. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador, May, 1913. Arthur Henn. Family RHINOBATID. 5. Rhinobatus leucorhynchus Giinther. 5674 a; C. M.; 13511 a, 1. U: M. Tumacoe; Colombia, Jan: 2,419"4. Henn & Wilson. Family SILURID-. 6. Galeichthys simonsi Starks. 5586 a-f, C. M.; 13218 a—b, I. U. M. Mouth of Rio Dagua, Buena- ventura, Colombia. Eigenmann. 6721 a—b, C. M., 220-265 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann. 5663 a—b, C. M.; 13223 a—b, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia, Jan. 2, 1913. Henn & Wilson. 5664 a, C. M.; 13224 a, I. U. M. Rio Rosario, Colombia. Henn. 5665 a, C. M.; 13225, 1. U. M. Buenaventura, Colombia. Eigen- mann. 1 A species of Pristis is abundant both in the Atrato and in the San Juan Rivers. WILSON: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 59 Genus FELICHTHYS Swainson. This marine genus is composed of four species, two of which occur in the Pacific and two in the Atlantic. We have the two Pacific species, F. panamensis and F. pinnimaculatus from Buenaventura, and F. pinnimaculatus, from Guayaquil. a. Dorsal spine not produced in a long filament, occipital process large and shaped like a clover-leaf, anal with dark margin. Head 3.66—4.25; depth 4.66—-5.5; 1D) Sere ACe 2 Sut Ons Obraloiey achactsta. «fe reicy~ sheer smre ds, tee access. Soils: » panamensis Gill. aa. Dorsal spine produced in a long filament, occipital process normal; anal with a large dark blotch on the anterior lobe. Head 4-4.75; depth 4-4.8; D. Te Ae 2 Or COrs Osis es. ciie) ays elwreils ots sisi aia sane pinnimaculatus Steindachner. 7. Felichthys pinnimaculatus (Steindachner). Ailurichthys pinnimaculatus STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, Ichthyol. Beitr., IV, 1875, p. 15, pl. VIII, figs. 1-3 (Panama); JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1882, p. 34 (Panama); Proc. U. S..Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 662 (Panama); EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser, Vol. I, 1888, p. 148 (Panama); South American Nematognaths, 1890, p. 35 (Panama). Felichthys pinnimaculatus GILBERT & STARKS, Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, 1904. p. 20 (Panama); JORDAN & EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, Vol. 1, 1896, p. I17. 6680 a, C. M., 453 mm. Guayaquil. Henn. 13553, I.-U. M., 245 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann. 8. Felichthys panamensis (Gill). 6679 a, C. M., 305 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann. g. Sciadeichthys troscheli (Gill). 6723 a-e, C. M., 210-240 mm.; 13554, I. U. M., 195-260. Tumaco. Henn. 10. Netuma kessleri (Steindachner). 6722 a, C. M., 245 mm. Buenaventura. Eigenmann. Family SYNODONTID-. 11. Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert. 5669 a-c, C. M.; 13506 a—c, I. U. M. Tumaco, Colombia, Jan. 2, 1913, Henn & Wilson; 13507 a, I. U. M., Guayaquil market, Henn. The specimens from Tumaco and Guayaquil market agree with S. jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman, which Gilbert and Starks (California. 60 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Academy of Sciences, Vol. IV, p. 50) consider synonymous with S. scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert. Family HEMIRAMPHID-. 12. Hyporhamphus roberti (Cuvier & Valenciennes). 13503 a, 1. U. M. Market of Guayaquil, Ecuador. May, 1913. Henn. Family SYNGNATHID. 13. Hippocampus punctulatus Guichenot. 5653 a, C. M.; 13430a,1. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann. 14. Siphostoma rousseau (Kaup). 5673 a, C. M.; 13510, I. U. M. Cartagena, Colombia. Eigenmann. 15. Siphostoma eigenmanni Wilson, sp. nov. 5672 a,C. M. Type 121 mm. Rio Vermelho, Bahia. Oct. 24, 1907. J. D. Haseman. Body-rings eighteen, caudal rings twenty-eight, dorsal rays forty- five, commencing before the vent and extending on one-and-a-half plus seven rings. Snout slender and compressed; its length is contained one and five-eighths times in total length of head. Diameter of eye contained five and one-half times in length of snout and eight and one- fifth times in total length of head. Space from the anterior border of the orbit of eye to the posterior border of the opercle is contained one and five-eighth times in the length of snout. Head is contained in total length, including caudal, five and three-fourths times. Depth of body before dorsal is contained two times in the space between the posterior border of the opercle and the anterior border of the orbit of the eye. Distance from vent to tip of caudal is contained in the dis- tance from vent to tip of snout one and seven-hundredths times. Keels sharp and high; each body-ring bearing two ventral, two lateral, and two dorsal keels. Lateral line interrupted above the vent. Five radiating ridges pass from the anterior border of the opercle backward and downward. The uppermost dorsal ridge passes ventral to the blotches. The three central ridges are visible without lens. The upper two-thirds of the opercle covered with brown blotches. A brown line commences on the anterior ventral border of the snout and passes backward and laterally through the eye and along the dorsal border WILSON: MARINE FISHES FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR. 61 of the opercle and is continued as a broken line to its termination above the vent. Center of caudal rays dark. BuO ha 2 5. Apareiodon dariensis (Meek & Hildebrand). Parodon dariensis Meek & Hildebrand, Field Museum Publications, No. 166, Zool. Ser., Vol. X, 1913, p- 83. Habitat—Western slopes of Southern Panama. 6. Apareiodon ecuadoriensis (Eigenmann & Henn). Parodon ecuadoriensis EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana University Studies, No. 19. 1914, p. 12 (Vinces River, and forest pools). Habitat.—Western slopes of Ecuador. 7. Apareiodon terminalis (Eigenmann & Henn). Parodon terminalis EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana University Studies, No. 19, 1914, p. 12 (Vinces River, and forest pools). Habitat.—Western slopes of Ecuador. ‘od AT, “UURUIUOSIGT S7suananaid Dy! uopolaang py *% “OIA ‘erereg Ory ‘wut gd ‘soysty “2D “IW “O ‘yogS ‘ON ‘(qauUYOepuUleys) s1uyfDp uoporadpg WY “1 “OI ‘uu o£ “WW ‘A ‘I ‘S66 “ON ‘uUeUIUasIA Sisuatpnspapg wopo¢D JO sdAL TT PL i ARRESTS Mek t Wy tyee hy US yee pe PAROS al geetell ‘Y JOA ‘NMASNW JIDINYVO SIVNNY ras a" ol en ; : ss aay, * 2 Cent oie aS) Tien. “a os <- % a - ae, Pye a “< : io 7 ~ : = Aa : 7 odes a> &- (6 ee ee - ; : ; Je. ae a - & : - == Sa ay yy = - ee Lf oy ee ae eee ey, Se oe : , iJ = 4 : es - = 7 ~ = . -_ Ah Lt Ae 7 : ‘a bs — : = © = - 7 a : a = a 7 ef a i—, a : : >) 7 . — 7 oe - *» “> : p 7 i se a -, a a - = = - a, : = i) Pewee ecs Died at Ste — Jay i 7 7 = ’ — Jy) Ri yl eos ~~ ; =e 7 + . - = bs * a 7. = . * 4° 4 7 + s 7 eo - «> ‘ a a = a ay ca o ae - _ ; a Plate XII. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Pirapora. mm. » 75 No. 6587, C. M yipes A pareiodon hasemani Eigenmann. VI. NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICAN RIVERS.* By CARL H. EIGENMANN. (PLATES XIII-XVI.) Several species of fishes have recently been described by myself, without figures (Indiana University Studies, Nos. 20 and 23) and by Fowler! (Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia). Fowler’s species were for the most part based on small speci- mens. The notes and figures here given are intended to supplement these descriptions. This paper also includes the description of a new species of Characin, Stethaprion crenatus, and of seven new species of Nematognaths. The latter will be figured and more fully described in a forthcoming report upon the fishes collected in Colombia. 1. Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann. (Plate XIII.) The description in the Indiana University Studies, No. 20, 1914, p- 46,is herewith given and supplemented by a figure of the type, No. 5216 C. M., from Villa Bella on the Amazon (Plate XIII) and by the accompanying figure which shows the dentition of both the upper and lower jaws, greatly enlarged. The original description is as follows: 5216, C. M., Type 127 mm., 5217 C. M. Paratypes, nine, 87-108 mm. Villa Bella. Haseman. Head 5; depth 4.75—5; D. 11; A. 31-34; scales 5-45 to 48-4; eye 1.25 in snout, 4.2 in head, 0.8 in interorbital. Long and slender; head compressed, anchovy-like; preventral area keeled, prepectoral ridge being very sharp; predorsal area rounded, without a complete median series of scales; dorsal profile nearly straight from tip of snout to dorsal; ventral profile regularly arched from the chin to the ventrals; occipital process about 13 in the distance from * Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 144. 1 Gymnocorymbus nemopterus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1914, p. 247. is a synonym of Ephippocharax orbicularis (Valenciennes). Astyanax rupununt Fowler is a synonym of A. bimaculatus. a7 78 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. its base to the dorsal; skull slightly rounded, narrowed forward; frontal fontanel extending to above the anterior margin of the pupil, narrower —— than the parietal, but of about equal length; mouth very oblique, narrow, a distinct angle be- tween the premaxillary and the maxillary, the upper anterior margin of which is rounded; lower jaw with about ten conical teeth, the first small, the next two larger and equal, the third very long, the middle one of the remainder largest; a pair of small conical teeth behind the first pair of the front series; premaxillary with three con- ical teeth in an outer series and four long conical teeth graduated from the large first one, a min- ute notch on one or both sides of these teeth near their tip; maxillary with about twenty con- ical teeth, smallest and close-set near the pre- maxillary ; second suborbital leaving a wide naked margin; gill-rakers 7-+13, the lower limb Fic. t. Mouth of A. ancient ee of the arch long; adipose lid leaving only the enlarged). pupil free. Lateral line complete, sharply decurved on its first four scales and then running straight to the middle of the lower caudal lobe; fins naked; axillary scales large; a large flap just above the pectoral more than half the length of the head. Dorsal very small, its origin equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and head or nearer the former; adipose fin small; anal low, its origin under the origin of the dorsal; ventrals very small, almost half as long as the head; pectorals large, longer than head. A dusky stripe from upper angle of opercle to the middle of the caudal. 2. Corydoras mete Eigenmann. (Plate XIV, Fig. 1.) Only the type of this species is known. The description in the Indiana University Studies, No. 23, 1914, p. 230, is supplemented by the figure cited above. 3. Otocinclus spectabilis Eigenmann. (Plate XIV, Figs. 2 and 3.) Ten specimens of this species were collected by Gonzales at Villa- vicencio. The description in Indiana University Studies, No. 23, EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SouTH AMERICA. 79 1914, p. 229, is supplemented by the figures of the type, No. 13451, U2. M: GNATHOCHARAX Fowler. Gnathocharax FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 560, fig. 10. Type, Gnathocharax steindachnert Fowler. Closely allied to Gilbertolus of transandean Colombia, with which it agrees in the broad but trenchant breast, the large pectorals which reach the anal, in the length of the anal, the position of the dorsal over the anal, the shape and size of the mouth, etc. It resembles in the general form the species of the genus Charax. It differs from Gil- bertolus in having four canines of about equal size in the portion of each mandible opposed to the premaxillary; two small conical teeth between the first and second canines, and about fourteen sharp, pointed teeth along the portion of the mandible opposed to the maxillary; premaxillary with a series of about fourteen conical teeth, those op- posed to the canines of the lower jaw smaller than the others; maxillary with a series of over twenty conical teeth along its entire length; maxillary slipping under the pre-orbital for most of its length, its posterior edge thickened; lateral line short. This is the Gnathocharax of Fowler. Fowler says his specimens have no maxillary teeth, three pairs’ of canines in the lower jaw, and no axillary scale. He places it with the Chalcinine, to which it is but very remotely related. His specimens are very small and the size and difficulty of making out the characters account for the ap- parent differences. 4. Gnathocharax steindachneri Fowler. (Plate XV.) Gnathocharax steindachneri FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1913, p. 561, fig. 19 (Igarapé de Candelaria, tributary of the Madeira; Madeira river; tribu- tary of Madeira near Porto Velho). 6608 a, C. M. 56 mm., Manaos, Nov. 30, 1909. Haseman. Head 4+; depth 3.33; D. 9; A. 31; scales 36, eleven between dorsal and anal; eye 2.4 in the length of the head; interorbital equals snout, 4 + in the length of the head. Compressed; ventral profile from chin to ventrals a segment of a circle, anal base straight; profile from snout to occiput slightly concave, from occiput to dorsal slightly curved, from origin of dorsal to caudal similar to the corresponding ventral profile; breast broader than any other portion of the body, with a median ridge; back narrow, about 80 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. eighteen predorsal scales, not forming a distinct median series; occipital process short, extending about one-eighth the distance to the dorsal; fontanels large, the anterior very sharp-pointed in front, as long as the parietal. Mouth very large and very oblique, the preorbital very narrow; maxillary-premaxillary border equal to the length of the head without the opercle; maxillary very slender, reaching to below the middle of the eye, nearly to the angle of the mandible; suborbitals covering the entire cheek, preopercle very narrow, gill-membranes free from each other and from the isthmus. Gill-rakers about 2+ 7; origin of dorsal equidistant from eye and end of the lateral line; dorsal pointed, about equal to the head; adipose well-developed; caudal forked, the lobes a little shorter than the head; origin of anal about equidistant from tip of snout and end of lateral line; height of anal lobe about equal to head without opercle; ventrals small, reaching anal; pectorals very large, reaching the anal, with seventeen rays. Caudal naked, a few scales in a single row along the bases of the anterior anal rays; a small axillary scale. Scales thin, without radial strie, everywhere regularly imbricate; lateral line indicated on about five scales. . 5. Stethaprion crenatus sp. nov. (Plate XVI.) 5228 a-c, C. M. Type (a) 95 mm., paratypes 53 and 85 mm. San Joaquin, Bolivia, September 4, 1909. Haseman. -5756a,C.M. Paratype 96 mm., Cachoele de Riberao de Rio Madeira, October 17, 1909. Haseman. Head 4; depth 1.5 in largest, 1.75 in smallest; D. 12; A. 3 + 42 or 43; scales 21 to 23-66 or 67—16 or 17; eye 3 in head, interorbital 2—2.33. Much compressed; dorsal profile steep to the dorsal, depressed over the eyes; ventral profile a nearly perfect segment of a circle from the gill-opening to the end of the anal; predorsal line scaled, but without a regular median series of scales; about five series of narrow scales ending in spines along the ventral edge, the scales on either side of these not quite symmetric; occipital process extending one-third of the distance to the dorsal; frontal fontanel oval, considerably shorter than the parietal, its anterior margin over front of pupil; a naked area about a fourth as wide as the second suborbital at its widest point, extending around its entire free margin; maxillary-premaxillary border longer than eye; premaxillary with four teeth in the outer series, five EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 81 five-pointed teeth in the inner series; mandible with four five-pointed teeth and about eight abruptly smaller, mostly conical teeth on the sides; maxillary with one or two teeth. Gill-rakers about 11 + 16. Origin of dorsal little nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, its highest ray 3.4—-4 in the length; adipose scaled on its basal half, pre- ceded by a short dermal ridge; caudal lobes about as long as the head; origin of anal equidistant with origin of dorsal from the end of the Fic. 2. Predorsal spine of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann. (Greatly enlarged.) lateral line; margin of anal slightly rounded, without a lobe; ventrals about equal to the postorbital part of the head, their origin equidistant between tip of snout and origin of the dorsal; pectorals almost as long as head, reaching beyond the line joining origins of dorsal and ventral. Fic. 3. Scale of Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann. (Greatly enlarged.) Scales covering all but a narrow fringe of the caudal and anal; concentric free edges of the scales crenate; the scales symmetrically arranged except over anal musculature. No distinct markings. 82 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 6. Trachycorystes fisheri’, sp. nov. 6667 a, C. M., type, 217 mm., male, Rio Sucio, Eigenmann. 6668 a-e, C. M.; 13495 I. U. M., paratypes, 151-226 mm. Rio Sucio. Eigenmann. 6669 a, C. M.;. 13496 I. U. M., paratypes, 75-103 mm. Quibdo. Wilson. 6670 a-f, C. M., 13497 I. U. M., paratypes, 46-89 mm. Rio Truando. Wilson. D. I, 6; A. 21-25 (Type 24); head 4—4.5; width of head 4—4.5; depth 3.3-4; snout 2.7—3 in head; eye 1.5—2 in snout. Head flat, granular, as broad as long. Profile of head slightly convex to above the eye, thence strongly concave to the articulation of the dorsal spine. Maxillary bone extending beyond gill-opening in adult male; to anterior border of eye in adult female. Adipose short, 3 in head. Dorsal spine equal to length of head, which is equal to length of pectoral spiné, curved forward in male, with entire anterior surface covered with short, heavy, irregularly placed spines; in the female straight and almost smooth. Humeral process short and pointing slightly upward, reaching only one-third of the distance to. the end of the pectoral spine. Pectoral spine strong with strongly recurved teeth on its inner margin; its outer margin almost smooth. Creamy white below, brownish above. Back and sides covered with very black, irregular, longitudinal flecks and streaks, much more abundant dorsally. Middle of caudal with a dark bar in most speci- mens. 7. Imparfinis microps Eigenmann and Fisher, sp. nov. 778, C. M., type, 75 mm. Rio Negro at Villavicencio, Colombia. Gonzales. Head 5.5; depth 7; D. 7; A. 12; snout 2.6 in the head; interorbital nearly 4; eye 12 in the head, nearly 5 in the snout; adipose fin 4.4 in the length. . Head depressed; jaws equal; all barbels extending to gill-openings, when laid straight back; origin of dorsal behind vertical from front of ventrals; base of anal slightly less than length of head. Fins hyaline, body with numerous brown chromatophores, more abundant on back and anteriorly. 2 Named for Carl G. Fisher, of Indianapolis, who helped to make possible a second expedition to the type locality of this species. EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 8&3 8. Nannorhamdia nemacheir Eigenmann & Fisher, sp. nov. 7125, C. M., type, 105 mm., Girardot, Colombia. Eigenmann. Head 5; depth 7; D.7; A. 1oor 11; eye 5 in the head; snout 2.4-3; interorbital .8. First dorsal and pectoral rays prolonged beyond the rest of the fin, the prolongation more pronounced in the female than in the male; maxillary barbel reaching to the end of the ventral. A narrow, dark, lateral band, indictinct in some specimens. A dark band across the nape, other cross-shades at the origin, at the latter half, and behind the tips, of the short rays of the dorsal. Fins hyaline; CETOPSORHAMDIA Eigenmann & Fisher, gen. nov. First dorsal and first pectoral rays not spinous; anal moderate; lower caudal lobe the longer; origin of ventrals under the dorsal; adipose fin three times as long as high; a small frontal fontanel, far removed from the long parietal fontanel; skull covered with skin, not granular; occipital process minute; orbit without a free margin; head subconical, the snout projecting. Vomer and palate without teeth. g. Cetopsorhamdia nasus Eigenmann & Fisher, sp. nov. 7124, C. M., type, 72 mm. Honda, Colombia. Eigenmann. Head 4.3; depth 6.25; adipose 6.3; snout 2.5 in head; eye 7.5 in head, 2 in interorbital; D. 7; A. Io. Maxillary barbel reaching a little beyond the beginning of the pectorals; base of anal shorter than adipose. Everywhere with small purplish dots, which are most numerous dorsally. A dark band at base of caudal. A light band, about as wide as the eye, across the base of the occipital. 10. Ancistrus melas sp. nov. 7335, C. M., type, male, 106 mm.; 13650, I. U. M., paratypes, two, 62 mm., Condoto. Wilson. 7336a, C. M.; 13651, 1. U. M., paratypes, two, 52and65 mm. _ Raspa- dura. Wilson. These specimens came from contiguous localities on opposite sides of the continental divide. DL 7 ALT 4. Length to end of plates at base of caudal 78 mm.; length of head 84 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 28 mm.; its width 23 mm.; depth of body 13 mm.; eye 4 mm.; interorbital 12.5 mm.; ramus of lower jaw 3.1 mm.; first dorsal ray 25 mm.; last dorsal ray 13 mm.; distance between dorsal and spine of the adipose fin 12 mm.; depth of caudal peduncle 9 mm.; length of caudal peduncle from anal to base of the plates at root of caudal 20 mm.; outer ventral ray 21 mm.; pectoral spine 29 mm. Snout with a narrow naked margin, with eight small tentacles, only the two median ones bifid; no tentacles on middle line of head; about fourteen interopercular spines. Twenty-four scutes in the median series, six between dorsal and adipose, eleven between anal and caudal; pectoral extending to third fifth of ventrals, ventrals to tip of anal; caudal obliquely truncate, length of upper ray 25 mm., length of lower 30 mm. Black, tips of the fin-rays very narrowly light. The larger specimen from Raspadura (13651 I. U. M.) has six tentacles. The two smaller specimens from Condoto and the smaller one from Raspadura have each a small tentacle on the margin of the snout near the angle of the mouth, none elsewhere; but tentacles are indicated also along the anterior part of the margin of the snout in one of the smaller specimens from Condoto. 11. Hemiancistrus landoni sp. nov. 13654, I. U. M., type, 255 mm. over all. Naranjito, Ecuador. Henn. Head 3.14; depth 5.35; D.I, 7; A.I, 4. Length to plates at root of caudal 198 mm.; length of head 63 mm.; width of head 60 mm.; depth of body 37 mm.; eye 7 mm., interorbital 22 mm., snout 37 mm., ramus of lower jaw II mm. Scales along the side 26 + 1 at root of caudal; 7 between dorsal and adipose, 15 between anal and caudal fulcrum, base of dorsal equal to its distance from the middle of the spine of the adipose; length of caudal peduncle 68 mm. from anal to base of plates at root of caudal. About ten large interopercular spines and numerous graduated smaller ones, the longest of the larger spines about 2.66 in the head. ventral surface entirely covered with small plates; supra-occipital with a slight median elevation, bordered by a single plate; plates of sides carinate, the ridges on the second row from the top strongest; length of dorsal spine but little less than length of head. Pectoral spine with strong hooks toward the tip, reaching second third of ventrals; ventrals beyond base of anal. Caudal symmetric, very EIGENMANN: NEW AND RARE FISHES FROM SOUTH AMERICA. &) slightly emarginate, the outer rays a little prolonged. Four dark cross-shades, one behind eyes, one at end of dorsal, one at adipose, and one at base of caudal; a row of large dark spots on each of the dorsal membranes; caudal, anal, ventrals, and pectorals with similar spots on rays and membranes; similar obscure dark spots on the sides, larger ones on the belly; faint light streaks along the carine of the lower rows of plates. Named for Hugh McK. Landon of Indianapolis. 11. Pseudancistrus carnegiei sp. nov. 7346, C. M., type, 110 mm.; 13661 I. U. M., two paratypes, 87 and 1iI0 mm. _ Rio San Gil, Santander, Colombia. Gonzales. 7347a-d, C. M., paratypes, 13662, I. U. M., nine, largest 41 mm. Quebrada de Honda, Santander, Colombia. Gonzales. Most readily distinguished by the number of dorsal rays. MEASUREMENTS OF TWO MALES, THE TYPE AND LARGEST PARATYPE FROM THE Rio SAN GIL. Mm Wengthtto: baseloL platesiatiroot of caudally: ce a. aeists bs ces ine - 82 Meno throiphead carters ac eh kelrnedrnee eye teletext Paliake eho acsatene Sada Some trees es 30 Dep thot Do cdiviaree ev nnRcwere Chetev are aPa PAS Re sae 1d, cee Outi cielientinn ets: © ashes sueene 15 WViicithwo teh ea Cities eters ieee ions toroucl.s Fie ae) ade ict teats Aue, oticel ous cs 30 ID Yepoyel ay oye averene bees Meneses eater ocricl eae oR pe EC nen NE A 13 Interonbitalywidth ns perc neen oe cc cre coke cimcnls ele enus Soe ots 7.5 and 8 RAMS OL MOWETaFa Win Sete reine te hegate he mers Rho uenin Win ee ei etenateb avant siewiats 9 Weng thioresno tracy eet oe ee ohio sie) casts rae ocd Gus es et wee oe 18 Wenlethyomeyetces = sort csskoke as este a tact oe ol teeee hemes ae petustatl ee 3 Wengthrof dorsal ispiteters sys eiecs © oe cxeconsieks cose, ke yer as Se 15 and 17 Wengthromlast dorsal rays sepnis sect eda ete. a Be ae ore: Ir and 12 Wengthpotsbase:OmaOrsaleeysadessiey teva ckeee sees Oete ce siee creas sels 20 and 21 Distance of dorsal from spine of the adipose.............. 12.5 and 12 Wensth ofvcaudalspeduneles tee spe eee ee chee) neat 20.5 and 22 Depthiotecaudal pedunclese ccc... eke hse ks eee a eee 8 and 8.5 ikengthyot pectoraltspinGcm ciate oh cu os te osisi sada oo opr ace 6 are Bune e 35 engthvofevertrall apts acncearge a ccna ceyene ee eo Ses ihe aes te. «celicvie og 20 and 21.5 Tet St hyo tea ral ea pee ereeree er ae Re cr AED Se Foe oh oa see vee OE eee ceise: iasbitec ah st 10 Distancestromisnoutsco dorsalis scedwere yas ls ceca scien. se 37 and 38 Distance tOMsSnOletOnvenltralicmer st ati eatin trie erie eee Gin 2 nas 4I Head 2.66; depth 5.46; D.I, 9 in nine of the specimens, I, 8 in two; A.I, 5; plates 25 or 26, 7 between the dorsals, 10 or 11 between anal and caudal; eye Io in the head; ramus of lower jaw a little greater than interorbital. 86 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Head depressed, without ridges; snout broadly reunded, margined with short, thick bristles; interopercle with about eight spines, the Jongest in the smaller specimen, a female from Santander, being about one-third as long as the head. The longer ones are lost from the larger males; last dorsal ray joined at the base only to the scute following it; caudal slightly, but very obliquely, emarginate; pec- toral spine in the male reaching beyond middle of ventrals, shorter in the female. Scutes spinulose, not carinate; lower surfaces of head and body naked. Adult nearly uniformly dark brown, all the fins with obscure spots on the rays; caudal in the young with two or more cross-bars. Named in honor of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the founder of the Carnegie Museum. ‘eT [OW eIII uw. Let “TAT > foTsSS “ONT ad A ‘UUCUWUIUISIY DIZOYIUD sazp1UOs II TE NER I TH 03 f “WX #¥Id X “IPA ‘WNSSNW JISSNYVO STVNNV — ad a iar iap _ ih), — U - . a ik q @ ‘ ; ' ¢ : : . i wy yr . oO 9 y , : ; Y ot ‘ 4 Pa ® ic - 7 ae as y : { a» ai y : rae 5) da © 7 Le - - ’ = : —_ _ : i - i} 1 : coer y) ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate XIV. Fic. 1. Corydoras mete Eigenmann. Type. No. 13451, I. U. M.,54 mm. _ Barrigona. Fic. 2. Otocinclus spectabilis Eigenmann. Type. No. 132534, I. U. M., 38 mm. Villavi- cencio. Gonzales Coll. (Inferior view.) Fic. 3. Otocinclus spectabilis. (Superior view.) a arr ¢ = 2 Q x ve ee 7 ‘ ® a j= y F 7a of = ae " ‘ * 6 i) J F 4 4 > wih Gem oy a on = ‘sopueypy ‘uur OS “TN “CD ‘809090 ‘ON “oT MOY tauijsppurajs xDADYIOYIDUL) “AX Id ‘X “ISA ‘WNSSNW JISANYVO SIVNNV ed So re ‘=e Ve # Flate AVi. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. ee uy ivia. San Joaquin, Bol No. 5228, C. M., 95 mm. Type. Stethaprion crenatus Eigenmann. ‘ee a efapyeets at oa) > ie 2 fi eg re i he he } ue : ay Te eta 7 rd . a 4 — en d : Ay eae ie oe fi mee jae, ; a; -ensvureg op vosey wu LS “wy ‘roLS ‘oN ‘odA ‘uuay 2 UUeUUDSIA DnNsSDUADE Snpoiua FT | eh LCS eR RK Ki MCCOCECY HARE Ean Banaras mest Meeusnnnnee CUE ( Koc (GQ is A OCLC . V4 LCOS NUR A vie Hee “TAX ®¥ ld ‘X ‘IPA ‘ANSSNW JIDSANYVO SIVNNV VII. DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHARACID FISHES By Cart H. EIGENMANN AND ARTHUR W. HENN. (PLATE XVII.) 1. Hemiodus parnague, sp. nov. (Plate XVII.) 5701, C. M., type, 57 mm.;: 5762 a—-b, C. M., 48-62 mm.; 13541, I. U. M., 64 mm., paratypes. Lagoa de Parnagua, Jan. 17, 1908. Haseman. Related to Hemiodus longiceps Kner and H. microlepis Kner. Head 3.5-3.6; depth 3.5-4; D. 10-11; A. 11-12; scales 20-80 to 83-12. Eye equal to, or slightly greater than, snout, 3.5 in head, I in interorbital. Slender, compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles equally arched; snout pointed; mouth sub-terminal. A single series of about twenty multicuspid teeth in the upper jaw. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adipose, the height of its second ray, which is longest, equal to the head plus one- third of the eye. Anal emarginate, its origin twice as distant from a point between the eye and the edge of the opercle, as from the base of the caudal. Adipose elongate, slightly lessin length than theeye. Caudal deeply forked, lobes longer than head; pectorals lanceolate, not reach- ing ventrals, the latter barely reaching the vent. Lateral line slightly decurved in front, thence horizontal, very slightly below the mid-line of the body. Scales minute, cycloid, in well defined rows, with few strie; lower abdominal rows but slightly increasing in size. A large axillary scale; fins naked. A silvery lateral streak; opercle shining silvery; an oval black spot nearly the size of the eye, midway between the end of the dorsal and the origin of the anal. The upper half of the lower caudal lobe is black and the lower half is speckled with scattered chromatophores. Outer half of anal black; other fins colorless. A single mutilated specimen from the same locality (5703 C. M.) ap- parently this species, has the following characters: length to broken 1 Contributions from the | Zoological Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 145. 87 88 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. end of caudal peduncle 113 mm.; head 4.5; depth 3.8; D. 11; scales 20-82-12; teeth 34. 2. Leporinus ecuadorensis sp. nov. 13116 a,I1.U. M. Type, 325 mm. _ Rio Barranca Alta near Naran- jito, Ecuador, Arthur Henn. 5428 a—b, C. M.; 13116, I]. U. M. Six paratypes. Largest 187 mm. Rio Baranca Alta, Naranjito. Henn. 5426 a-i, C. M.; 13113. I. U, M. Nineteen, 128-264 mm. Vinces. Henn. 5427 a-b, C. M.; 13114, I. U. M. Several. Guayaquil. Henn. 13115, I. U. M., several. Colimes. Henn. This species differs from typical specimens of L. friderici from British Guiana, chiefly (1) in having the dorsal set farther back, 7. e., equi- distant from snout and a point midway between the adipose and caudal; (2) the anal set somewhat farther forward and very seldom reaching the caudal; and (3) the presence of three persistent lateral spots. L. muyscorum has the dorsal as in L. friderici, but the sharp caudal and the anal placed as in this species. L. muyscorum and the present form should probably be regarded as subspecies of L. friderici. Head 3.8-4.2 (35 ey na sek 42) denominator representing the number of individuals having the given character; depth 3.3-3.8 , Vi ete BUG) Gites Za Al ? x (33, 3 S20. = 38), D. 12-13 (3 3), A. 10, in twenty six Yl ee gees ee See Spare pi Sa | Ie 2 Lie20 05 snout, 4.5-5.5 in head, 2-3 in interorbital; four teeth in each side of specimens; scales 5-39 to 41-4 or 5 ( i: eye I.5-2 in the each jaw. Origin of dorsal equidistant from the tip of the snout and a point beyond the adipose or generally midway between the adipose and the base of the upper caudal fulcrum. The height of the third or longest dorsal ray is equal to the head less one-half of the opercle. Caudal sharp, deeply forked, not obliquely truncate or lobate, asin L. friderici, the upper lobe about half an orbital diameter longer than the lower. Anal but slightly emarginate, the distance from its origin to the base of the caudal equal to the head, or the head plus an orbital diameter. The height of the third or longest ray equals the head minus the snout; only very rarely reaching the lower caudal fulcrum as is commonly EIGENMANN AND HENN: THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHARACID FISHES. 89 the case in L. friderici. Pectorals reaching nearly three-fourths of the distance to the ventrals, the latter more than half way to the anus. Each scale of the sides and back has a dark area at the base. Dorsal area steel-blue or bluish-green, ventral region and belly yellowish. Young specimens have alternating bluish blotches and transverse pinkish bars on the back. Sides with a series of three heavy black spots or blotches, the first below the dorsal, or midway in the length without caudal, the third at the end of the caudal peduncle, and the center one ending before the vertical from the adipose. These are present in all specimens, and occupy each about four scales in the lateral line and the series beneath it. Dorsal, pectorals, and caudal dusky, without definite bands of color; ventrals and anal blackish, with a broad, white, outer margin. 3. Astyanax magdalene sp. nov. 5822 a, C. M., type, 53 mm. Girardot. Eigenmann. 13611, I. U. M., paratype, 61 mm. Apulo. Gonzales. Closely related to A. stilbe (Cope) differing in the greater depth, the shorter anal, and the lack of a median series of preventral scales. Head 3.5-3.8; depth 2.33; D. 11; A. 33-34; scales 8-36 or 37-7 (to ventrals), snout I.3 in eye, 4—4.5 in head; eye 3—3.3 in head and equal to interorbital. Dorsal and ventral profiles equally and strongly arched; predorsal area without a median series of scales, those of the two sides over- lapping, an occasional median scale near the origin of the dorsal; preventral area keeled, scales of the two sides apposed in the mid-line. Interorbital convex, smooth; occipital process elongate, sharp, about one-fourth of the distance from its base to the dorsal, bordered by three large scales. Frontal fontanel bluntly triangular, as wide as the parietal and about two-thirds as long as the parietal without the occipital groove. Second and third suborbitals leaving a narrow naked margin behind and below. Maxillary as long as the eye, shorter than the mandible, which is equal to the snout and half the length of the eye. Premaxillary with four broadly tricuspid teeth in the outer row and five brown-tipped four- to five-pointed teeth in the inner row. Maxil- lary with a single minute tooth in the upper angle. Mandible with five sharp three- to four-pointed teeth. 90 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from the snout and the base of the caudal, or slightly nearer the snout, its anterior rays 3.4 in the length; caudal sharp, lobes equal and as long as the head; anal not emarginate, short, its longest ray equalling length of ventrals or the head without snout and half the eye. Origin of anal slightly in ad- vance of vertical from last dorsal ray. Scales regularly imbricate, below the lateral line from above the ventrals posteriorly they are deflected or decurrent to the anal. Anal sheath, a single row of oblong scales decreasing in size progressively towards the last rays; a short axillary scale. Lateral line gently de- curved throughout its length. Silvery; a lateral streak of bright silver from operculum to caudal; a single round black humeral spot; a horizontally oval spot at the end of the caudal peduncle. VIII. ON THE SPECIES OF SALMINUS. By CarL H. EIGENMANN. The species of the genus Salminus are salmon-like characid fishes found in the Trans-andean region of Colombia and northern Ecuador, in the La Plata basin, and northward into the San Francisco basin, and sparingly in the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The species are very similar to each other. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SALMINUS. a. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 14-16; lat. 1. 92-08; A. 25-20. I. maxillosus Cuv. & Val. aa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 11; lat. 1. . 77-79; A. 27-30. 2. brevidens Cuvier. aaa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 10; lat. 1. 66-72; A. 24-26. 3. hilarii Cuv. & Val. aaaa. Scales between the dorsal and lateral line 12; lat.1. 73. 4. affinis Steindachner. 1. Salminus maxillosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. 6565 a-c, C. M. 119-146 mm. Uruguayana, Feb. 7, 1909. Hase- man. 6566 a, C. M. 185 mm. Salto Avanhandava, Sept. 15, 1908. Haseman. 6610 a, C. M. 485 mm. Porto Alegre, Jan. 22, 1909. Haseman. The localities from which this species has been recorded are: Amazon; La Plata; Missiones; Paraguay; Dock Central; Isla Santiago; Puerto Viejo; Asuncién. 2. Salminus brevidens Cuvier. 6559 a,C. M. 257mm. Joazeiro, Nov. 28,1907. Haseman. 6560 a, C. M., about 225 mm. Cidade do Barra, Dec. 6, 1907. Haseman. 6561 a-c, C. M. 147-197 mm. Penedo, March 20, 1908. Haseman. The localities from which this species has been recorded are the Rio San Francisco and the Rio Cipo. 91 92 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 3. Salminus hilarii Cuvier and Valenciennes. 6562 a, C. M. 153 mm. Bom Jardin. Rio Grande above the falls, July 7, 1908. Haseman. 6563 a, C. M. 332 mm. _ Piracicaba, July 23, 1908. Haseman. 6564 a-b, C. M. 143-145 mm. Sapina, July 29, 1908. Haseman. 6567 a,C. M. 169mm. Salto Avanhandava, Sept. 15,1908. Hase- man. The localities from which this species has been recorded are the Rio San Francisco; Amazon; Vermejo; Rio das Velhas; Rio Tieté; Ypiranga; Apuré. 4. Salminus affinis Steindachner. 12816, I. U. M.; 5023 a—b, C. M. 455, 530, and 600 mm. Honda. Eigenmann. This species has been recorded from the Cauca and from the Rio Santiago in western Ecuador. IX. ON VARIOUS SOUTH AMERICAN PCCILIID FISHES. By ARTHUR W. HENN.! (PLATES XVIII-XXI.) INTRODUCTORY. The present account is largely based upon collections made from 1907 until 1910, by Mr. John D. Haseman in central South America, during the expedition of the Carnegie Museum. An account of this expedition with a list of the localities, where Mr. Haseman made collections, was published in these ANNALS, Volume VII, pp. 288-314. A review of the specimens obtained by Professor C. H. Eigenmann during a reconnaissance of the basins of the Magdalena, Cauca, Dagua, San Juan, and Atrato Rivers of Colombia is included. This expedi- tion was under the auspices of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum. Besides this material I have examined and included a list of the specimens obtained in 1913, by Mr. Charles E. Wilson when on the Landon-Fisher Expedition of Indiana University to western Colombia, and those secured by the writer in southwestern Colombia and Ecuador in 1913 and 1914 during the Landon Expedition of Indiana University. A review of the last three expeditions appeared in Science for 1914, pp. 602-606. The numbers, unless otherwise stated, are the catalog numbers of the Carnegie Museum and the Indiana University. A full series of the fishes obtained by the Indiana University Expeditions is included in the collections of the Carnegie Museum. I have had constantly at hand for reference the collections in the Museum of Indiana Uni- versity, where this paper was prepared. For the species mentioned I have given in most cases the synonymy and bibliography subsequent to the publication of Garman’s mono- graph of this family: ‘‘ The Cyprinodonts,’’ Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1895. In a few cases, where the synonymy in that work was inaccurate or obscure, I have given the complete synonymy since the earliest reference to the species. 1 Contributions from the Zoédlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, No. 125. 93 94 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The genera defined or accepted in this paper are largely based upon the variously arranged hooks and barbs at the tip of the modified anal fin of the male and the arrangement and shape of the teeth. Dr. Eigenmann (1907, p. 425) first used the former characters in defining genera of Peeciliids. He examined microscopically the anals of a number of species, and among others based the genera Phal- loceros and Phalloptychus on these characters. The study of the anal has been greatly extended in a recent paper by Mr. C. T. Regan (c. 1913),2 who revised all of the Peeciliine. The examination of the anal is somewhat tedious. The anal of the male must be mounted in damar, or balsam, and studied with a compound microscope. Un- questionably, however, such procedure demonstrates true relation- ships, and no new species should be described without an examination of the anal. These characters are small since the males of these fishes are among the least of vertebrates. Were these fishes larger in size and easily examined, these characters would long ago have been used in generic descriptions. It will be unfortunate, however, if this system should lead to needless multiplication of genera. Some of the closely related genera already recognized by Regan should prob- ably be united. Within recent years these little fishes on account of their bright colors and interesting habits have been extensively introduced as aquarium fishes, especially into Germany. Various popular accounts have appeared in some of the fanciers’ journals, such as the ‘ Wochen- schrift Aquarien-Terrarienkunde”’ and the ‘ Blatter Aquarien-Ter- rarienkunde.’’ These have not been accessible to me. In a contri- bution from the Zodélogical Institute of the University of Berlin, Erich Philippi, (d. 1908) has reviewed the more significant of these notices and has added extensive observations of his own. Of this very thorough paper I have given considerable summaries in English, particularly of the parts dealing with the breeding habits. Philippi reared and observed in the aquarium two species, Phalloceros caudomaculatus and Cnesterodon decem-maculatus. In his account the former is constantly spoken of as Glaridichthys (Phalloptychus) januarius. But he did not have and did not know P. januarius, and his systematic deductions are therefore quite in error. In a number of instances observations, especially in regard to the development and differentiation with age, number of young, etc., are 2 The reference is to the bibliography of the subject which is given on p. 107. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN Pa:cILiD FISHEs. 95 my own. For such studies I have had at command more than two thousand of Lebistes reticulatus and more than eight hundred specimens of Pseudopecilia fria, representing all sizes and conditions, as well as large numbers of other species. This paper was prepared at Indiana University under the super- vision of Professor C. H. Eigenmann, to whom I am under obligations for having given me the opportunity to make these studies, and who aided me by giving me access to the literature, and making valuable critical suggestions. To Dr. W. J. Holland I am indebted for the editorial revision of the manuscript and the reading of the proofs while going through the press. NEw GENERA AND SPECIES. The following new species and genera are described by the author: Rivulus compressus sp. nov., Diphyacantha chocoénsts gen. et sp. nov., Heterandria hasemani sp. nov., Neoheterandria elegans gen. et sp. nov., Phalloptychus eigenmannt sp. nov., Phallotorynus fasciolatus gen. et sp. nov., Limia hollandi sp. nov. The following species, considered to be new, are jointly described by Eigenmann and Henn: Rivulus magdalen@ sp. nov., Gambusia caliensis sp. nov. THE PECILIID2. The Peeciliida, or Cyprinodontide,*? were long placed in the hetero- geneous assemblage of the order Haplomi. Regan (a, 1911) has lately investigated their structure and placed them along with the blind fishes (Amblyopside) in a new order, the Microcyprini. This he divides into the suborders Amblyopsoidea and Peecilioidea. The principal differences between the Haplomi and the Microcyprini are given in the following extract: ‘‘ The Haplomi are physostomous, the maxillary enters the gape, the mesethmoid is represented by a pair of dermal bones, and the ribs are borne on autogenous parapophyses. The Microcyprini appear to be physoclistic, the mouth is bordered 3 Gill (1894, p. 115) gives the reasons for preferring the name Peeciliide. 96 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. above by the premaxillaries only, the mesethmoid is unpaired, and all or most of the ribs are inserted on strong transverse processes. Whereas the Haplomi show relationship to the more generalized iso- spondylous fishes, the Microcyprini bear more resemblance to the Sal- moperce and Synentognathi, especially the latter.”’ In the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe occur the fossil remains of Prolebias, a generalized form, related to the recent genus Fundulus. From this central type adaptive radiation has taken place, resulting in considerable modification of the form of the body and structure. Differences in the character of the teeth and the length of the ali- mentary tract have arisen in the same subfamily through adaptation to a carnivorous or a vegetable diet. In some cases evolution in one species has paralleled that in another, unrelated species. For instance, the ventrals have been lost in Orestias and Empetrichthys. The family consists of oviparous forms, in which the eggs are de- posited in the usual manner, and viviparous forms, in which the ova undergo development within the ovarial sack and the young are born in a more or less advanced stage of development. The oviparous species are contained in three sub-families, the Cyprinodontine, Orestiine, and Funduline, in which the sexes do not greatly differ from each other. Of viviparous forms there are five subfamilies. In these fertilization of the female is effected, with but one exception, with the aid of the anal fin, which is modified to serve as a so-called intromittent organ. In the Fitsroyiine or Jenynsiine, and the Anablepine, both of which are monogeneric and contain but few species, the anal rays are rolled up into a tube. The Characodontine resemble the oviparous Fundu- line in appearance, but the male has the first five or six rays of the anal short and stiff and separated by a notch from the rest of the fin. This subfamily, with the exception of a few species, is found only in the basin of the Rio Lerma of Mexico. ‘This type of anal structure is much more simple than that in the Peciliine, in which the anterior rays are thickened and lengthened to form a lever. The viviparous forms were thought to be entirely confined to the western hemisphere. Quite recently Regan (0. 1913) has described Phallostethus dunckeri, a remarkable new Pecciliid and the type of a new subfamily. This fish, which is from Johore on the Malay Penin- sula, is viviparous. While in all the other viviparous forms, which HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN P@CILIID FISHEs. 97 are limited to the Americas, it is the anal fin which serves as the intro- mittent organ, it seems that in males of this species the ventral fins have become modified into a large muscular appendage, or intromittent organ. This might indicate that viviparity in this subfamily may be of independent origin. POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBFAMILY PGCILIIN2. In most of the viviparous forms the sexes at birth are indistinguish- able. The anal fin of the male occupies the same position as that of the female, its shape is the same, and the individual rays are clearly apparent. The location is usually below the posterior part of the dorsal fin. As development proceeds, the third, fourth, and fifth rays become lengthened, although they still remain separate and distinct for some time. Eventually these attain their full length and appear to be fused. While distinct, they are closely apposed and form a stiff- ened rod or lever. Thelength varies with the different genera; usually it is about one-third of the whole length of the fish. The tip of this intromittent organ is provided with hooks and spines, the arrangement of which differs in the various genera. While these modifications have been taking place, the whole fin has been gradually moving forward, so that, when development is complete, the position of the fin has changed from abdominal to thoracic. The external openings of the genital tract, the ureter and the intestine, which lie just before the anal, have also moved with it. This migration of the vent is evidently similar to that which takes. place in the blind-fish (A mblyopsis speleus), where the opening of the oviduct along with that of the intestine and the ureter move forward,. so that the eggs may pass into the gill-chamber, where they are incu- bated. The ventral fins also travel forward, and the final position of these and of the anal is close up under the pectorals. A support, which is necessary for the mass of muscles involved in the complicated movements of the anal fin during copulation, is pro- vided in the males through a modification of the posterior precaudal vertebra. A process or stay extends forward from each of the arches uniting the parapophyses of the last few precaudal or rib-bearing vertebre. Inthe vertebre thus modified the ribs are absent, but their places are taken by short processes which project backward in the -median line. The number of vertebre bearing these stays varies greatly. In Pecilia vivipara (Fig. 1) there are only two; in some forms 98 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. there are as manyas five. In Cnesterodon there are none. In Phal- lotorynus there are three, the first and last are long and needle-like and the central one is expanded or club-shaped at the tip. Just before these there isa single short stay. Garman (), Plate VIII) has figured many of the different species. The muscular mass enveloping the base of the anal is directly attached by a tough ligament to the vertebral column. Fic. 1. Diagrammatic sketch of Pecilia vivipara, &, showing modification of last two precaudal vertebre to form a support for the intromittent organ. 7, intestine; J, liver; ¢, testicle; abl, air-bladder; w, ureter; ctr, ends of ribs cut off to show abdominal cavity. For the modified subvertebral processes Philippi (d. 1908) has pro- posed the term ‘ gonapophysis.’ In Pecilia vivipara (Fig. 1) the first of these processes joins directly with the enlarged first interhemal. The other interhzemals or radialia, with which the rays of the anal fin are articulated, are sharp and slender, and all, including the first en- larged one, are enclosed in the mass of muscles, which controls the movements of the fin. The forward position of the anal fin in the male causes the crowding of the viscera into the extreme forward end of the body-cavity. In females the development of young within the ovarial sack likewise causes a pushing of the viscera toward the head. In this sex the air bladder is a simple oval sack, but in males the development of the sub- vertebral stays causes a split in the organ, so that posteriorly it is bilobed, with the subvertebral processes occupying a position between the lobes. BREEDING HABITS. The act of copulation in the viviparous Peeciliids has not often been seen. Agassiz (1853, p. 135) witnessed it in Mollienisia latipinna, and in this manner learned that the two forms, which had previously HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PaCcILIID FISHEs. 99 been considered members of different genera, were in reality male and female of the same species. He gave no details of the behavior of the two sexes. Ryder (1885, p. 155) published a more detailed account of the ac- tions of Gambusia patruelis, based on observations related to him by A. A. Duly, an employee of the National Museum. The head of the male was said to be turned in the direction of the tail of the female during coitus and the prolonged anal fin thrust into the external opening of the ovarian duct. This account, according to the observa- tions of both Philippi and Seal, is entirely wrong. Philippi had opportunity to see the copulation in both P. caudo- maculatus and C. decem-maculatus. The habits of the two species are essentially alike. The anal fin of the male, which normally lies folded against the abdomen, is in breeding males suddenly thrust for- ward and somewhat sidewise. The male slowly follows the female, but maintains a certain distance, going through exactly the same motions as the female. In general the male swims somewhat under and be- hind the female. It suddenly darts upward toward the female, and with extraordinary speed places the tip of the anal bearing a sperm capsule upon the urogenital papilla of the female. With equal speed its course is continued and the anal is withdrawn into the usual posi- tion. Seal (1911, p. 92) observed the breeding habits of Gambusia ‘hol- brooki and Heterandria formosa, which he kept in aquaria. The habits are said to be exactly alike. He says: ‘“‘ The male follows in- cessantly and warily after the female, on the left side and to the rear, the female frequently turning and making savage dives at him, causing him to turn and flee, but to return immediately and follow, watching for a moment when her attention will be distracted, when he will make a sudden dash, sometimes succeeding in inserting the intromittent organ into the genital pore, but oftener apparently missing, because of a quick turn of the female from which he flees in apparent terror. The contact is so sudden and brief that it required many observations to verify it. In these movements the male organ is thrust forward and to the right toward the female. In small jars the males are frequently killed, especially when the female is full sized, or if there are two or three females to one male. . . . There is never more than one male following a female. If others approach, the male turns and drives them off.” 100 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. These accounts are in almost entire accord and are the most com- plete yet given. The manner of conducting the spermatozoa from the genital opening to the tip of the anal, however, is yet to be made known. In most of the viviparous forms, except Fitzroyia and Anableps, the genital duct of the male opens immediately in front of the base of the anal fin. In certain genera, such as Pecilia, Molli- entsia, Limia, and Xiphophorus, the ventral fins, which adjoin the anal, are elongated, and, if pressed against it, would form a tube extending nearly to the end of the anal, through which the spermatozoa might pass. In the majority of the viviparous genera, however, such as Heterandria, Phalloceros, and Cnesterodon, the ventral fins are alto- gether too small to be of such service. Further observations on living fishes will be necessary to determine the manner in which the sperm bodies are transferred to the tip of the anal. In Fitzroyia and Ana- bleps the ureter and the sperm-duct continue to the end of the anal, which in this case is an actual tube. Garman (a, p. 1012) observed that in Anableps the tip of the tubular anal of the male is invariably pointed either to the right or to the left. In females the genital orifice is protected by a large scale, which is fastened either on one side or the other, and permits the entrance of the anal of the male only from the opposite side. This Garman fancifully thought was a unique device to insure cross-fertilization. It is obvious that a male with the tip of the anal directed toward the right can mate only with a female having the Jeft side of the genital orifice free through the fastening of the protective scale upon the right side. Garman thought that in the same brood probably all males and all females were of the same type of structure and that interbreeding would thus be prevented. In Fitzroyia the anal of the male is also tube-like and the direction of its tip is fixed. But since in this genus the genital orifice of the female is unprotected by a scale or otherwise, it seems probable that mating can be accomplished by either type of male with any female. There would thus be no provision to insure cross-fertilization in this genus. Philippi observed that, although both sides of the anal are alike in P. caudomaculatus and C. decem-maculatus, the anal can in any one individual be used only on one side of the body. In P. caudomaculatus it is prevailingly the left side, and in C. decem-maculatus the right, from which the anal may be thrust out. This it is presumed means that males of C. decem-maculatus approach the female from the left side, HENN: SoutH AMERICAN PacILiip FISHES. 101 and of P. caudomaculatus from the right. A variant is sometimes found which moves the anal on the side of the body opposite that which is characteristic of the species. The males of P. caudomaculatus and C. decem-maculatus are, accord- ing to Philippi, sexually active throughout the year. In the aquarium they follow other specimens about continually, even though these are immature individuals of either sex. That this is not due to playful instincts, or to similar reasons, is shown by the constant folding and unfolding of the anal and the restless swimming up to the other fishes from below and behind, which are characteristic actions of breeding males. Females however show a definite rest-period, which in Berlin happens during the winter. At this time one of the females under observation sank to the bottom of the basin, where it remained sur- rounded by the waiting males, but free from their attacks, since these must rise upward from below in order to effect a transfer of the sperm. AGGREGATIONS OF SPERM, OR ‘‘ SPERMOZEUGMATA.” A slight pressure upon the abdominal wall of narcotized male fishes causes expulsion of the sexual products (Philippi). These consist of numerous milk-white bodies, which stick fast to the first available object. These collections of sperm are elliptical in shape and measure in P. caudomaculatus 122 microns in length and 73 microns in width; in C. decem-maculatus they are 220 microns long and 107 microns wide. By fixation and staining with hematoxylin-eosin they are seen to consist of closely crowded spermatozoa, the long axes of which are per- pendicular to the surface of the body. The heads of the spermatozoa lie at the periphery, while the center is composed of the tails and a few heads of spermatozoa. The whole mass is held together by a sticky substance, which is acquired in the lumen of the testicle. This sticky material probably causes the sperm-body to fasten to the genital papilla of the female. The entire outer portion of the genital tract of the breeding male is filled with these elliptical capsules. For similar aggregations of sperm in insects, which likewise lack an externa! investment, Ballowitz (1895, p. 458) has proposed the name “ spermo- zeugma,” plural “ spermozeugmata.” Although the spermatozoa are ejaculated in the masses called sper- mozeugmata, the latter are never found in the oviduct. A number of these sperm-masses, immediately after being taken from the male, 102 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. were placed in normal salt solution, where they sank to the bottom. After eighteen hours the majority were unchanged; one had released a wisp of sperm, which remained about the otherwise unchanged mass, some showed softening, but very few had broken up. The following day the great majority were still unchanged, although somewhat swollen, and on the fourth day they still remained unchanged. A number of these sperm-bodies were placed in a dish in which the ovary and genital tract of a freshly killed female had been crushed. Within a very short time (six minutes) after coming under the influence of the ovarian fluid these bodies had dissolved and the individual spermatozoa were set free. A receptaculum semints is formed by numerous unsymmetrical folds in the lining of the oviduct. Within these folds the spermatozoa are found in incredible numbers, and they remain here even after the birth of the young. SUBSEQUENT FERTILIZATION FROM A SINGLE MATING. Zolotnisky (1901, p. 65) observed that a female of P. caudomaculatus, which had been separated from males after the appearance of a brood of young, produced another within six weeks, and a third brood four weeks after this. This occurred, although copulation subsequent to the first parturition had not taken place. Philippi also isolated females at, or slightly before, parturition. In everyinstance the females became pregnant for a second time, and one specimen produced a third brood forty-six days after the appearance of the second. Poey noted these facts many years ago. : among the viviparous species have appeared in the literature of fish-fanciers. These presumable hybrids have certainly arisen through the ability of bringing forth young with- out fertilization between broods. A female of one species, for ex- Many notices of “ hybrids’ ample, which has borne young is placed with a male of another species. After some weeks young appear, which are taken for hybrids, but are in reality a product of the first mating. Actual hybrids can be ob- tained only by carefully rearing young fishes until discrimination of the sexes is possible. After this they must be kept rigidly separated, and the first mating of the young female must be made with a male of a different species. Unless this method has been practised, accounts ” of ‘‘ hybrids ’’ among these fishes are worthless. HENN: SoutH AMERICAN Pa@CILitp FISHES. 1038 BIRTH. In the two species, which Philippi had under observation, the young were born singly and at intervals of a few minutes. Delivery usually took place before eight o’clock in the morning, but in a few instances it took place about noon. During this period the female, when not tormented by males, remained just below the surface of the water. The young are not expelled in a definite position; either the head or the tail may appear first, and occasionally the young is expelled doubled upon itself. Delivery is much slower when the young appear tail first. In this case the adult may swim about for awhile with the half- protruding young. The position of the young in the ovary, as shown by cross-sections, is likewise undetermined. : Contrary to Ryder’s statement that fright seemed to hasten par- turition, Philippi found that excitement tended to greatly retard or postpone delivery. For better observation he placed females in the act of delivery in smaller aquaria. This usually caused a delay of four or five hours, and when parturition was resumed a number of unripe eggs were also cast out. The cannibalistic habits of the fishes are pronounced, and when the birth is at an end the adult will seize upon her own young. This takes place even when the tank is well supplied with food. The males likewise devour the young fishes, and if they are to be reared, they must be separated from the adults. Seal (1911, p. 93) states that the young of Gambusia holbrooki and Heterandria formosa are born one at atime. The ejection of each fish is so rapid that they appear as though shot out with some force. ““This, however, might be due to the bursting of the follicle and the uncoiling of the fish as it is released from restraint. | When they first appear they are still in a somewhat curved form, but they quickly straighten out and swim into hiding. . . . The intervals between the extrusions vary from several minutes to as many hours.’’ Seal also noted the presence of two or more generations in a single season; fishes born early in May were themselves mature and producing young by the middle of August. NUMBER OF YOUNG IN SOME VIVIPAROUS SPECIES. The number of young at birth in a given species is evidently quite variable. The appended table gives the number of embryos found in 104 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. females of various species. The ovaries have been dissected out and the number of young ascertained by carefully picking the ovary to pieces. In pregnancy the abdomen is greatly distended and the ovary fills a large part of the body-cavity. The ovary is exceedingly thin-walled, and as suggested by Ryder, the gravid follicles are hung together very much in the manner of a bunch of grapes. They are readily separable. Species, Size. Date. Locality. Contents of ovary. 1203 TO TUGROT A 8 cea oc 55mm. April 14, 1908 Cachoeira, Bahia 34 small ova. a A Nae «Seve 71mm = 4 AY Tir small em- bryos, 3 small ova os Eau pe ead antics 6I mm. by oa ta os 66 embryos, 2 ova. oy ar tigs tae ee 44mm. June 18, 1908 Munez Friere 32 Ova. ‘ RNP RES Sexe ues, 45 mm i is sed ef 21 small embryos PONT UD secede Soe Se 23mm. Aug. 11, 1913 Vinces, Ecuador 2 large embryos, 2 ova. Sem ER aie, Sacer oie 27 mm. SS es S oe 4 large embryos, 6 small em- bryos, 3 ova. set Wye eid satan acct eicis g 22 mm. 3 cs i id 2 very large em- bryos, I small embryo. Sue cme tone NAA a ceer ease 23 mm a3 2 “A I very large em- bryo, I small embryo, 3 ova. Men MIG eo 24 mm. a ie x a I large embryo, * 2 small em- bryos, 2 eggs. DF CROCOENSIS ne ee 34mm. May 9, 1913 Chocé, Colombia 5 embryos, 8 ova, P. caudomaculatus..55 mm. July 26, 1908 Raiz da Serra 39 embryos Sao Paulo = + ..45 mm. July 26, 1908 Raiz da Serra 25 ova. Ni 4 ..42mm. July 25, 1908 Alto da Serra Spent. os ‘¢ ..38mm. July 25, 1908 Alto da Serra T5 small ova. C. decemmaculatus..38 mm. Dec. 22, 1908 Serrinha Parana, 16 embryos. Rio Iguassu - oe ...45 mm. Dec. 22, 1908 Serrinha Parana, 55 embryos. F a4 ...39 mm. Dec. 22, 1908 Serrinha Parana, 28 embryos. ri ...40mm. Dec. 22, 1908 Serrinha Parana, 20 embryos. ...36mm. Dec. 22, 1908 Serrinha Parana, 31 embryos. Limia hollandi..... 42mm. July 31,1908 Rio Pilao,S. Paulo, 24 embryos. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PGCILUD FISHES. 105 The ova are quite large, yellowish in appearance, and spherical, measuring on an average 1.5 mm. in diameter. In this list I have counted as ova those which show no differentiation. When develop- ment begins the optic vesicles early become pigmented, and are the first major indication of the initiation of development. Examination with a binocular microscope is sufficient to distinguish a small embryo from an undifferentiated egg. It will be seen that the same females often contain both large and small embryos and undifferentiated ova. The latter are often quite small and the birth of the young which they are to produce will be postponed considerably after the birth of the larger ones. Specimens of Diphyacantha chocoénsis, which externally seemed pregnant and had evidently just been delivered of one brood, judging from the collapsed ovaries, still contained a few small embryos and ova. Similar conditions were found in specimens of Pseudopecilia fria. These observations are to be correlated with the observations of Philippi, who noted successive births from a single mating. In other specimens it is common to find a few embryos considerably behind in development, when compared with the average. These probably are the result of later fertilization. The period in which delivery takes place is also variable, since in the same locality specimens are found with the con- tents of the ovary ranging in different examples all the way from small ova to embryos nearly ready for birth. Usually, when taken during the breeding season, all of the mature females from a given locality are pregnant. Occasionally, however, fully mature individuals contain neither ova nor embryos. The presence in the ovary at the same time of both ova and embryos in one or two different stages of development seems to have previously been noticed by only one observer. E. G. Boulenger (1912, p. 906) remarked these facts in Lebistes reticulatus, but there is no indication that his observations were based on actual dissection of the ovary. He says, ‘‘ As breeding goes on all through the year, at least in cap- tivity, the female is in an almost permanently pregnant condition, and within afortnight of having brought forth a brood (such a period re- presenting the duration of the gestation, at a temperature of over 70°) once more brings a generation into the world. It should be borne in mind, however, that a single impregnation is sufficient for the fertiliza- tion of several broods, the embryos of the second and third generation being already in an advanced condition when the first young are born.” 106 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. THE SEX RATIO. The general predominance of females in collections of viviparous Peeciliids has been repeatedly noticed by students of these fishes. The bright colors of the males and structure of the anal fin make the dis- crimination of the sexes in mature examples an easy matter. Garman (1895, p. 7), after observation of numbers of specimens, was impelled to say, ‘‘ By common experience collectors find males to be less nu- merous thanfemales. The striking appearance of the male will no doubt be claimed as evidence of selection, because of a possible benefit in enabling the female more readily to find him; it may also be utilized in explaining the discrepancy in numbers, since it must be effectual in making him an object of more prominence and a more frequent prey than the other sex for enemies of the species.”’ Most writers are inclined to attribute the discrepancy in numbers of the two sexes to the much smaller size of the male, which causes it to be overlooked by collectors and also enables it to escape through the meshes of seines, which readily hold the bulkier females. From a study of the Haseman collections I observed that in nearly every species the number of females is more than double that of the males. I have carefully examined all of the specimens in a pint of Lebistes reticulatus taken under Dr. Eigenmann’s direction in the Barbadoes. This collection was taken with a very finely meshed net and represents the conditions actually found in nature, since it includes specimens of minute water-insects, plant-rootlets, and other things. Many fishes, not larger than five millimeters, have been included and it is quite evident that few went through the seine. This lot comprises 2,070 specimens, of which 520 are males, 630 are females, and 920 are too small to be determined. The latter average about eight or ten milli- meters; when that stage has been passed it becomes easier to distinguish the sexes. Males then exhibit the characteristic markings, the anal fin becomes advanced and modified, and full maturity is reached when the male is about fifteen millimeters in length. Females are much larger and may reach a length of from twenty-five to thirty milli- meters. It is quite certain that this count of males includes only members of that sex, while a few of the smaller specimens regarded as females may really have been immature males. It will thus be seen that the sex ratio, when an adequate collection is at hand, does not materially differ from that found in other fishes. Mr. Edward HENN: SoUTH AMERICAN Pa cILupD FISHEs. 107 G. Boulenger (1912, p. 906), who has reared this species, likewise notes the equality of sexes in very small broods; a fact, however, which in the prevailing idea of the numerical inequality of the sexes he considers remarkable. REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE. Acassiz, L. Recent researches of Prof. Agassiz (given in a letter to J. D. Dana). American Journal of Science and Arts, (2), Vol. XVI, 1853, p. 134-136. BALLOwI1z, Emit. Die Doppelspermatozoen der Dystisciden. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., Vol. LX, 1895, pp. 458-499. 4 BOULENGER, EDWARD G. Notes on the Breeding of the ‘‘ Millions”’ Fish (Girardi- nus peciloides). Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1912, pp. 906-908. EIGENMANN, C. H. The Peeciliid Fishes of Rio Grande do Sul and the La Plata Basin. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXII, 1907, pp. 425-433. GARMAN, S. (a) Sexual rights and lefts. Am. Nat., Vol. XXIX, 1895, pp. 1012- Ior4. i (b) The Cyprinodonts. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, No. 1, 1895, pp. 1-179, Plates I-XII. (c) Cross fertilization and sexual rights and lefts among vertebrates. Am. Nat., Vol. XXX, 1896, p. 232. Git, T. N. The nomenclature of the Family Peeciliide, or Cyprinodontide. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XVII, 1894, pp. 115-116. PHILIPPI, ERICH. (a) Kurzer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Teleostier-genera Glari- dichthys Garman und Cnesterodon Garman. Sitzber. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, Jg., 1906, pp. 229-232. (b) Ein neuer descendztheoretisch intefessanter Fall von Viviparitat bei einem Teleostier. Jbid., Jg. 1906, pp. 235-237. (c) ““Spermatophoren” bei Fischen. Verh. Deutsch. Zoél. Ges., Leipzig, Vol. XVII, 1907, pp. 105-108. (d) Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der viviparen Teleostier Glaridichthys januarius und G. decem-maculatus in ihrem Einflusz auf Lebensweise, makroskop- ische und mikroskopische Anatomie. Zoél. Jahrb., Vol. XXVII, 1908, pp. I-94, 7 plates. REGAN, C. T. (a) The Osteology and Classification of the Teleostean Fishes of the Order Microcyprini. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), Vol. VII, rorr, Pp. 320-327. (b) Phallostethus dunckeri, a remarkable new cyprinodont fish from Johore. Ibid., Vol. XII, 1913, pp. 548-555. (c) A revision of the cyprinodont fishes of the subfamily Peeciliine. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1913, pp. 977-1018, 3 plates. RYDER, JOHN A. On the development of viviparous osseous fishes. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII (1885), 1886, pp. 128-156, 6 plates. SEAL, Wm. P. “Breeding Habits of the Viviparous fishes Gambusia holbrookii and Heterandria formosa.’’ Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXIV, IQII, pp. 91-96, plate I. ZOLOTNISKY, N. ‘‘Les mceurs du Girardinus decem-maculatus, Poisson vivipare.” Arch. Zo6él. Exper., (3), Vol. IX, 1901, pp. Ixv—Ixxi. 108 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. GENERA AND SPECIES OF P@CILIID®. Genus RIVULUS Poey. Rivulus PorEy, Memorias sobre Ja Historia Natural de Cuba, II, 1858, 307, 383; GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., XIX, I, 1905, p. 134; REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 495. Type, Rivulus cylindraceus Poey. Small, usually depressed, oviparous fishes, in which the margins of the eyes are not free and the gill-membranes are separate and free from the isthmus.. Dorsal smaller than the anal and placed much farther back. The sexes do not differ, except that the female is generally brighter and usually has a caudal ocellus. Teeth in each jaw, an outer series of sharp, recurved canines, with several rows of minute teeth behind them. 1. Rivulus cylindraceus Poey. 5812 a, C. M. 35 mm. Los Indios, Isle of Pines. Gustav Link. 2. Rivulus hartii (Boulenger). Haplochilus hartii BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), VI, 1890, p. 190; REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1906, I, p. 389, pl. X XI, fig. 2. Rivulus hartii REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 501. 13608, I. U. M. Three, 25-46 mm. Quebrada Cramalote, Villa- vicencio, Colombia. Gonzales. 13609, 1. U. M. Two, 23-47 mm. Barrigona, Rio Meta. Gonzales. These specimens are provisionally placed here. D. 8-9; A. 12, 13, 14 and 15; lat. 1. 38-40. They resemble R. hartiz, but the caudal is rounded and without a black margin. 3. Rivulus elegans Steindachner. Rivulus elegans STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wissen. Wien, XLII, 1880, p. 85, pl. VI, fig. 6; REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 498 (Rio Condoto, Colombia); zbid., 1913, p. 471. 5810 a—d, C. M.; 13601 I. U. M. Twelve, 23-45 mm. Rio Condoto, Colombia. Wilson. 5811 ai, C. M.; 13602 I. U. M. Twenty three, 17-31 mm. Rio Truando. Wilson. Head 4-4.2; depth 5; depth of caudal peduncle 7.5-8 in length to base of caudal and 2 in head. Eye 3.5 in head and 1.5 in interorbital. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN Pa@CILIUID FISHEs., 109 78, 12 13 14 arpa : ’ Nay a a Tee AT individuals) ; scales 33-37 in a lateral series, 9 in transverse series. (the denominator represents the number of Origin of.dorsal over last three rays of anal, about twice as distant from the operculum as from the base of the caudal, its height equal to the length of the pectoral. Origin of anal slightly nearer operculum than base of caudal. Ventrals small, equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; their length equal to the diameter of the eye. General coloration of males (specimens from Condoto) light oli- vaceous, center of each scale lighter, their edges forming longitudinal stripes, belly whitish. Top of head dusky, an oblong dark spot under- lying the operculum. All fins dusky, unspotted; anal with a clear whitish border at the base, becoming darker outwardly, it and the lower caudal margin edged with deep black. In females the dark longitudinal stripes are broken by light patches, which form transverse oblong blotches. The dorsal and caudal fins are heavily spotted and the anal more lightly. In none of the specimens from the Rio Condoto is there a caudal ocellus. In the specimens from the Rio Truando almost half of the females possess a distinct caudal fleck and are much darker. Rivulus godmani Regan, of which I have examined numerous speci- mens, recorded as R. elegans by Miller (Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X XIII, 1907, p. 104) from Los Amates, Guatemala, seems only to differ from R. elegans in having the dark edge of the lower caudal lobe of the males broadened to form an intramarginal stripe with a pale lower margin. 4. Rivulus magdalene Eigenmann & Henn, sp. nov. 5813, C. M:. Type, 56 mm. 5814 a—m, C. M.; 13603 I. U. M., twenty-five paratypes, 24-62 mm. Ibagué, (elevation 4,250 ft.). 5815 a-h, C. M.; 13604 I. U. M., fifteen, 20-45 mm., Rio Guaduas, Dept. of Cundinamarca. Gonzales. 5816 a—-b, C. M.; 13605 I. U. M., four, 25-46 mm. Rio Villeta. Gon- zales. 5817 a—-h, C. M.; 13606 I. U. M., fifteen, 20-42 mm. Quebrada de Chamisal. Gonzales. 5818 a—b, C. M., two small specimens, 11-15 mm., probably belong here. Boquia. Eigenmann. 110 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. All of these localities except Boquia, which is in the Cauca basin west of the central Cordilleras, are in the highlands of the Magdalena Basin, west of Bogota. Very similar in proportions to R. elegans, differing in. the smaller scales and in coloration. Head 3.8-4; depth 5-5.2; caudal peduncle 7-8 in length and 2 in the head. Eye 3 in head; 1.5 in interorbital. D. 9-11; A. 15-16; scales 40-42 in lateral series, 9 in transverse series. Origin of dorsal twice as distant from the point a snout-length behind the eye as from the base of the caudal, or about two head- lengths behind the operculum. Other fins asin R. elegans, except that the caudal is sub-truncate, not oval or rounded. Olivaceous, streaked and blotched with dark brown. Dorsal and caudal streaked with the same color. Operculum underlaid with blackish. A series of heavy vertical purplish blotches in the mid- lateral line. Females have a circular caudal ocellus surrounded by a white margin. Males have the tip of the anal and both caudal edges margined with black. 5. Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann. Regan (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 497) regards Rivulus waimacut Eigenmann as synonymous with R. holmie Eigenmann. These species while similar are, however, distinct. The distinguishing characters are sufficiently indicated in the key accompanying the orig- inal descriptions while other points are: a. Origin of dorsal about two, or less than two and one-half, head-lengths behind the operculum; D. 8-9; A. 16; scales in lateral series forty-three or forty- four, with about three on the base of the caudal; a median predorsal series of about twenty-seven scales; this series is discontinued five or six scales before the dorsal, where those of the two sides dovetail or overlap the median lines females with) axcaudal¥ocelltisnc:urepneiene etcetera eter R. holmie. aa. Origin of dorsal two and one-half, or more, head-lengths behind operculum; D. 8; A. 14; scales in lateral series forty-seven to fifty, with three or four on base of caudal; a regular median series of thirty-three to thirty-eight scales between occiput and dorsal; females without a caudal ocellus...R. waimacut. 6. Rivulus urophthalmus Giinther. Rivulus urophthalmus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes, Brit. Mus., VI., 1866, p. 327; REGAN» Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 408. 4631,C. M. Eight, 24-33 mm., Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, Bahia. Hase- man. HENN: SoutH AMERICAN PCILIID FISHEs. 111 4632,C. M. Ten, 23-43 mm. Raiz da Serra, Sao Paulo. Haseman. Hose GN. eoix, 27-45 mm. Cubatao, Rio Cubatao, Sao Paulo. Haseman. 5821, C. M. Two, 52-56 mm., Iguape, Rio Ribeira da Iguape. Haseman. 7. Rivulus obscurus Garman. Rivulus obscurus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., XIX, 1895, p. 140; PELLEGRIN, Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 1899, p. 157, (Rio Spuié); REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, I912, p. 502. 5820, C. M. Four specimens, 27-30 mm. Mandaos. Haseman. D. 5, A. 7, lat. 1. 29 in 2 specimens; D. 5, A. 8, lat. 1. 29 in another, and D. 6, A. 9, lat. 1. 30 in the last. These agree in all respects with the original description, except that the dorsal is completely posterior to the anal. 8. Rivulus punctatus Boulenger. Rivulus punctatus BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Torino, X, No. 196, 1895, p. 3 (Colonia Risso); EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 430; EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 454. 4625, C. M. Two, 16 and 22 mm. Villa Hays, Paraguay. Hase- man. 4626, C. M. Nine, 14-30 mm., Urucum Mts., Corumba, Matto Grosso. Haseman. 4627, C. M. One, 24 mm. Puerto Suarez, Bolivia. Haseman. 4628, C. M. One, 22 mm., Rio Santa Rita, into Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso. Haseman. With these is probably to be included, 4629, C. M., a specimen 22 mm. long from the Rio Boa Ventura, Matto Grosso of the Rio Guaporé. These specimens agree very well with the description of Boulenger Dy 5-6; A. 11; P. 10; V. 5; lat. I. 30-31; 9 transverse series of scales. Head 4, depth at anal origin 7; caudal peduncle 10. Finely spotted; caudal with a number of cross-bars. g. Rivulus compressus Henn, sp. nov. (Plate XVIII, fig. 1.) 5819, C. M. Type, unique,55 mm. Mandos, Nov. 30,1909. Hase- man. This may be R. micropus Steindachner, but it seems to differ in the more forward position of the dorsal, the longer head, etc. Head 4; depth 5.2; caudal peduncle 8 in the length; 2in head. Eye kD, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 3.5 in head, 1.5 in interorbital and equal to the snout. D. 7; A. 14; 42 scales in horizontal series, 8 between dorsal and anal. Head broader than deep. Very much compressed posteriorly, greatly depressed anteriorly, width of fish at ventrals one-half its width at the occiput. Profile slightly arched, cleft of mouth hori- zontal. Origin of dorsal three times as distant from the tip of the snout as from the base of the caudal, inserted over the last anal ray. Origin of anal equidistant from operculum and base of caudal, ventrals equi- distant from tip of snout and base of caudal, one and one-half as long as eye. Coloration olivaceous, a narrow brown stripe between the rows. of scales. Top of head and dorsal ridge darker. 10. Rivulus brevis Regan. Rivulus brevis REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), X, 1912, p. 504 (Colombia). University of Michigan, ten specimens, 26-45 mm., from Fundacién, near Santa Marta, Dept. of the Magdalena, Colombia. Much deeper and more compressed than most of the species of this : genus. Head deeper than broad in mature examples; in young, as broad as deep. Head 3.3-3.5; depth at origin of ventrals 3.5-3.8; depth of caudal peduncle 5.5-6 in length and 1.6 in head. Eye 3 in head, slightly less than interorbital. Width of the head 1.5 in the depth, which is 1.5 in the length. D. 8-9; A. 12-13; scales 29-30 in a lateral series, 8 or 9 in transverse series. Origin of dorsal twice as distant from the anterior margin of the orbit as from the base of the caudal. Dorsal rises over the middle of the anal. In adult specimens the rays of all the fins are prolonged. The eighth to the eleventh rays of the anal are extended to form a streamer, which reaches to the base of the lower caudal fulcrum. Dorsal rays also prolonged. Middle rays of pectoral prolonged and reaching almost to middle of ventrals, which are extended on to the base of the anal. Caudal rays elongated, lowest rays often forming a streamer, basal third with a heavy sheath of small scales. All fins blackish. Genus GAMBUSIA Poey. Gambusia Porky, Memorias de Cuba, I, 1855, p. 382; Regan, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 981. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN Pa@cILitD FISHES. 1b is 11. Gambusia caliensis Eigenmann & Henn, sp. nov. 6700 a, C. M. Type, 2, 34 mm., length to base of caudal 28 mm. Cali, Colombia. Eigenmann. 6700 6, C. M. An immature specimen, 16 mm. From the same locality. In the absence of adult males the generic affinities of this species are, of course, uncertain. It has the mouth and dentition of Gambusia. Head 4.6; equal to the depth at the origin of the anal; depth of caudal peduncle 7 in the length. Eye 3 in head; 1.5 in interorbital; snout 1.5 in eye. D.9; A. 10; P. 10; V. 6; 30 scales in a lateral series with 2 on the base of the caudal; 7 in transverse series. There is a median predorsal series of twelve scales; this series ceases within four scales of the dorsal, where the rows of scales of the sides overlap. Dorsal profile rising or curved to the middle of the total length, then dipping to the dorsal; ventral profile much less curved. Origin of dorsal equidistant from the tip of the caudal and the posterior margin of the orbit, or 1.6 times as distant from the anterior margin of the orbit as from the base of the caudal. Dorsal inserted over the last ray of the anal. Origin of anal about equidistant from base of caudal and posterior margin of orbit. General coloration olivaceous, top of head and operculum darker. Outlines of scales broadly margined with chromatophores. A faint series of dusky, transverse bars. In the type, a pregnant female, the abdomen is distended and underlaid with purplish black. Genus DipHYACANTHA?! Henn, gen. nov. Teeth, very similar to those of Gambusia, 7. e., an outer widely spaced series of conical teeth; in immediate conjunction an inner series of small, closely set, similar teeth. Anal in the males an elongate organ, equal in length to one-third of the total length of the fish. The terminal portion of this intro- mittent organ resembles that of Pecilia and Pseudopecilia; it differs from these and other genera in the character of the first prolonged ray, which lacks a prepuce, bears both dorsally and ventrally a sub- terminal series of retrorse hooks, and terminates in a single appendage or finger-like process. This, while much smaller, is median and unpaired, as in Cnesterodon. 4 dupuns = twofold; axavfa, 7 = a spine, with reference to the bipartite struc- ture of the hooked segments in the first prolonged ray of the male anal. 114 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. In females the ventrals are normal in shape and barely reach the vent. In males the ventrals, although proportionately of the same size, are slightly more lanceolate and are set more closely to the anal, which they overlap for a third of their length. Fic. 2. Diphyacantha chocoénsis Henn. Distal end of intromittent organ. X— No. 13,620, I. U. M. Rio Calima, Colombia. 12. Diphyacantha chocoénsis Henn. sp.nov. (Plate XIX, figs. 1 and 2.) 73618; [..U; M.,- Type, male, 31. mmm 136f9>). ULM 5825tee. C. M., Paratypes, twenty-five specimens, four males, twenty-one females, 18-35 mm. Small creek near mouth of Rio Calima, a tribu- tary of the lower San Juan, Chocé, Colombia. Henn. 13620, I. U. M. Two males, four females, 22-37 mm. Rio Calima, small brushy creek near Boca del Guineo. Henn. Head 3.8—4.2; depth at origin of anal, in females 4—4.2, in males 3.8; depth of caudal peduncle 6.5-7 in length without caudal and about 1.3 in head. Eye 2.5 in head; 1.5 in interorbital. Premaxillary very short, mandible longer, forming anterior border of mouth, chin steep and oblique, cleft of mouth almost vertical. Upper profile almost horizontal, lower gently curved. D. 7; A. 10 (in 12 specimens); P. 12-13; V. 6; scales 28 in a lateral series, which is underlaid by a black canal; 7 in transverse series, exclusive of median dorsal series; 16-18 scales between the large occipital scale and the origin of the dorsal, predorsal region very broad and flat. Origin of dorsal far back in both sexes, twice as distant from the anterior margin of the orbit as from the base of the caudal, or equi- distant from the posterior margin of the orbit and the tip of the caudal. Origin of anal in females equidistant from base of caudal, and upper angle of gill-opening, slightly less in length than the head. In males HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PCCILIID FISHES. 115 the origin of the anal is very slightly nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal. Its length is one-third that of the entire length of the fish. Pectorals nearly equal to the head, caudal rounded or oval. Olivaceous, margins of each scale outlined with chromatophores. Coloration more or less even throughout, except the belly, which is white or colorless. Occiput chocolate-brown; a narrow median line to dorsal, a similar line on the ventral keel of the caudal peduncle. Operculum underlaid with silvery. In specimens less than 25 mm., there are about ten, or fewer, narrow, indistinct, vertical lines of darker, distributed between the head and caudal. All mature females have a very conspicuous black area surrounding the vent. All of the fins are colorless. Genus PRIAPICHTHYS Regan. Priapichthys REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 991, text-fig. 170 B. Type, Gambusia annectens Regan. 13. Priapichthys nigroventralis (Eigenmann & Henn.) Gambusia nigroventralis EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 16, I912, p. 26. (Rio San Juan at Istmina.) Priapichthys nigroventralis REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 992. Gambusia caudovittata REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XII, 1913, p. 471 (Rio Condoto of San Juan); Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 986. 4835 a, C. M., Type, 4835 a—e, C. M.; 12689 a-f, I. U. M., paratypes. Istmina. Eigenmann. 6697 a-g, C. M.; 13613 I. U. M. Fifteen, four males, eleven females, 15-25 mm. Tambo. C. E. Wilson. Fic. 3. Priapichthys nigroventralis (Eigenmann & Henn). Distal end of intro- A 10) A n mittent organ. X = No. 12,689, I. U. M. Istmina, Colombia. 13614, I. U. M. Four small specimens, 10-20 mm. Manigru. Wilson. 13615, I. U. M. One male, 21 mm. Quibdo. Wilson. 6698 a-g, C. M.; 136161. U. M. Fifteen, seven males, eight females, 15-22 mm. Raspadura. Wilson. 116 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 6701 a, C. M. A single specimen. 15 mm. Rio Calima. Henn. A brightly colored, small species, resembling P. episcopi (Stein- dachner) in the heavily pigmented anal, but having the sides of a uniform color and lacking the series of lateral spots. Basal fourth of the dorsal in the male with a heavily pigmented band, middle portion clear, outer third again pigmented. Outer portion of caudal in both sexes broadly banded with dusky. This species occurs in the Rio Atrato and in the Rio San Juan. Genus HETERANDRIA Agassiz. Heterandria AGassiz, American Journal of Science, (2) Vol. XVI, 1853, p. 135. In this genus the length of the male intromittent organ is about one-third of the entire length. The ventrals are minute, thoracic, and barely reach to the base of the anal. fo) Fic. 4. Heterandria formosa Agassiz. Distal end of intromittent organ. <— No. 6846, I. U. M. Jacksonville, Florida. The third or first prolonged ray of the anal of the male has the distal portion club-shaped, without serrations or hooks, the fourth ray ends in an antrorse point, the fifth ray bears dorsally a series of retrorse hooks, the sixth and seventh rays unite terminally to form the dorsal margin of the fin. As restricted by Regan, (P. Z. S., 1913, p. 995) this genus includes the type, H. formosa Agassiz, ranging from the Carolinas to Florida, and H. fasciata (Meek) from southern Mexico. The males of the latter < ies have not been described. 14. Heterandria hasemani Henn, sp. nov. (Plate XX, fig. 1.) 4663, C. M., type, a female, probably immature, 20 mm. 4664 a-c, C. M., paratypes, three females, 19-23 mm. Puerto Suarez, Bolivia (Paraguay Basin) May 7, 1909. Haseman. The limited number of specimens and the lack of males, makes the generic reference doubtful. The teeth are spike-like, in several series) HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PCILIID FISHES. lays and resemble those of Heterandria formosa Agassiz, which is the type of the genus. It is improbable that the genus Heterandria extends so far south, and this species may possibly be a member of Pamphorich- thys Regan. Head 4; depth at origin of dorsal 5.3; depth of caudal peduncle 8 in length; caudal peduncle twice in head; D. 6-7; A. 7-8; P. 9; V. 6; 27 scales in horizontal or lateral series; 7 in transverse series. The eye is rather large, 2.3 in length of head, and is equal to the interorbital width. Body rather elongate. Origin of the dorsal about opposite to that of the anal and slightly in advance of the middle of the entire length. Fins only slightly pigmented. Pectorals reach over the middle of the ventrals, which are lanceolate, and have the middle rays longest, reaching to base of anal. Caudal rounded. Lateral line a conspicuous black canal from the ninth scale back- ward. Above the lateral line the outlines of the scales are distinctly margined with dark brown chromatophores; below the lateral line these are lighter. The dark peritoneum gives a bluish appearance to the visceral cavity. I name the species for Mr. John D. Haseman, to whose energy and zeal as a collector is to be attributed the greater portion of the collection upon which this paper is based. Genus NEOHETERANDRIA Henn, gen. nov. Intermediate between Heterandria and Pseudopecilia. The dentition consists of an outer series of widely spaced, long, recurved, conical teeth, with slightly expanded tips and an inner series of small, spike-like teeth in a narrow band. fe) Fic. 5. Neoheterandria elegans Henn. Distal end of intromittent organ. e No. 5824, Carnegie Museum. Rio Truando. Modified anal of the male, a narrow, moderately long organ with a bluntly rounded tip. First and second rays minute; third to seventh rays prolonged and modified. Third ray with a few recurved hooks 118 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. on the ventral surface near its tip. Fourth ray tapering and termi- nating inan abrupt downward hook. The fifth ray bears dorsally and terminally a series of four retrorse hooks and two rudiments. 15. Neoheterandria elegans Henn, sp.nov. (Plate XIX, figs. 4 and 5.) 5823 a, C. M., type, a male, 16.5 mm. Paratypes, 5824 a-g, C. M. One male, 15 mm., six females, 14-16 mm.; 13612, I. U. M. Two males, 14-16 mm., six females, 14-18 mm. Rio Truando, a trib- utary of the Lower Atrato, in Colombia. Charles E. Wilson. An exceedingly minute fish, greatly resembling Heterandria formosa in size, coloration, and general appearance. Its small size makes an accurate description difficult. Head 4; depth at origin of anal in females 4.5, in males about 4-4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6-7 in length to base of caudal. Eye large, about 2.3 in head and slightly less than interorbital. Snout short, 1.3 in eye. Cleft of mouth vertical, lower jaw the longer. D. 8: A. 10; scales 28 in longitudinal series, about 8 in transverse. Origin of dorsal over last ray of anal in females, equidistant from the base of caudal and upper angle of gill-opening. Origin of anal in females equidistant from the base of the caudal and the center of the eye. The long modified anal of the male arises at the anterior third of the total length and is about equal in length to one-third of the length of the fish. The ventrals of males are minute and thoracic and barely reach to the base of the anal. Coloration, similar to that of Heterandria formosa, in having a series of from six to nine vertical bars, beginning just posterior to the visceral cavity, differing from formosa in having the second bar above the center of the anal in females (above the ends of the posterior anal rays in males) broadened to form a conspicuous vertically oval black spot. Dorsal and anal barred or banded with blackish. None of the females are pregnant. They may not be mature. Genus PSEUDOPGCILIA Regan. Pseudopecilia REGAN, Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1913, p. 995, text-fig. 170 F. Type, Pecilia feste Boulenger. This genus is very closely related to Heterandria and is in reality connected with that genus through Neoheterandria. The dentition consists of an outer series of widely spaced, broadened, or expanded, incisors with recurved pointed tips, and an inner series of HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PaCILIID FISHES. 119 much smaller spike-like teeth. In dentition, Pseudopecilia, although having much heavier teeth, more closely resembles Neoheterandria than it does Heterandria. The anal of the male is an elongate organ with a decurved tip, equalling in length about two-fifths of the length of the fish. The ventrals are minute and unmodified. The anal in males is inserted at about the second fifth of the entire length. Another character, possibly peculiar to this genus, is the series of large pores about the margin of the pre-operculum. 16. Pseudopeecilia feste (Boulenger). Pecilia feste BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Zoél. Torino, XIII, 1898, No. 320, p. 13, (San Vicente, near Santa Elena, Ecuador). Pseudopecilia feste REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 996. No specimens of this species were secured. 17. Pseudopeecilia fria (Eigenmann & Henn). Pecilia fria Eigenmann & Henn. Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 19, Jan. 16, 1914, p- 13 (Vinces, Ecuador). This species may be identical with the preceding, but seems to differ in the number of scales. It has scales 3-29 or 30-4 (to ventrals). P. fest@ is said to have 33-35 scales in a longitudinal series and 12-13 in a transverse series. Fic. 6. Pseudopecilia fria (Eigenmann & Henn). Distal end of intromittent organ. X =. No. 13,107, I. U. M. Vinces, Ecuador. The anal fins show slight differences which may be specific. Regan’s figure of the anal of the male of P. feste shows nine or more hooks on the third prolonged ray. In all of six examples of P. fria examined for this character, the number of these spines is eight. Genus PoEcILiopsis Regan. Peciliopsis REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 996, text fig. 170 D. Type, Pecilia presidionis Jordan and Culver. 120 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 18. Peeciliopsis amates (Miller). Pecilia amates MILLER, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, 1907, p. 108, fig. & (Los Amates, Guatemala). This is a valid species of the genus Peciliopsis as shown by the struc- ture of the anal fin of the male. (Cf. Fig. 7.) Peciliopsis pittiert (Meek); Field Mus. Pubs. Zoél., X, 1912, p. 71, from La Junta, Costa Fic. 7. Peciliopsis amates (Miller). Distal end of intromittent organ. see No. 11,375, I. U. M. Los Amates, Guatemala. Rica, may be identical with this species. These two and the following species are the only members of the genus with distinct cross-bars or color-bands, which in most cases are confined to the male. 19. Peeciliopsis colombiana (Eigenmann & Henn.). Heterandria colombianus EIGENMANN & HENN, Indiana Univ. Studies, No. 16; I9gI2, p. 27 (Rio Dagua, Colombia); REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 996. : This well-marked species is different in coloration from the other members of the genus. The distinct chocolate streaks extend the full height of the fish, are widely spaced, and are equally distinct in both sexes. Genus PHALLOPTYCHUS Eigenmann. Phalloptychus EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 430, fig. 6. REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 999. Type by original designation Girardinus januarius Hensel. The dentition consists of an outer series of compressed, slightly recurved, spoon-oar-shaped teeth, with a broad band of minute, club-shaped teeth immediately behind them. Anal of the male, when folded, 7. e., in the normal state, a long, needle- HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PGCILIID FISHES. 121 like intromittent organ, contained 2.2 to 2.3 in the entire length. It is inserted forward of the anterior third of the entire length. Ventrals anterior to the origin of the anal, minute; rays not modified. Male elongate, greatest depth about 5 in length to base of caudal. Ejigen- mann, Joc. cit., p. 430, fig. 6, gives excellent figures of the male anal fins. First and second anal rays of the male, minute; third, fourth, and fifth greatly prolonged. In the normal folded position, these lie closely apposed, forming a simple needle-shaped organ. Distal part of third ray club-shaped, near the tip free from the fourth, which tapers evenly and bears dorsally a series of strong, retrorse hooks. These lie downward or enclose the folded organ. Fifth ray heavy and tubular, closely joined to the fourth. Other rays much shorter. Cnesterodon differs from this genus in the presence of a long terminal hook. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHALLOPTYCHUS. a. D. 8; A. 9; V. 6; depth 4; vertical bands usually nine or fewer. I. eigenmanni Henn. aa. D. 9; A. 10; V. 5; depth 3.5, vertical bands usually more than nine. 2. januarius (Hensel). 20. Phalloptychus eigenmanni Henn, sp.nov. (Plate XX, figs. 2 and 3.) 4665 C. M., type, female, 29 mm. 4666, C. M., paratypes, two males, 20-22 mm.; eight females, 25-30 mm. Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, Bahia. March 4, 1908. Haseman. D. 8; A. 9; P. 10; V. 6; head 4; equal to depth at origin of anal; caudal peduncle 6 in length to base of caudal and 1.5 in head. Eye 3 in head; 2 in caudal peduncle and equal to the interorbital width. Scales 27—29 in lateral series, 8 in transverse series. Snout short, 1.3 in eye; chin steep. Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, slightly less than distance from anal origin to tip of middle caudal rays. Dorsal origin over last rays of anal. Pectorals as long as the head minus the snout; ventrals just reaching the vent. Caudal elongate, rounded. A series of from seven to nine vertical bands of color adorn the sides. The last two are often united to form a trident. Peritoneum silvery; color-bands absent over the visceral cavity. This species differs from P. januarius (Hensel) in the more elongate form, smaller dorsal and anal, larger ventrals, and the fewer color- bands. Named in honor of my respected professor, Dr. C. H. Eigenmann. 122 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 21. Phalloptychus januarius (Hensel). Girardinus januarius HENSEL, Arch. fiir Naturgesch., XXXIV, 1868, p. 360; zbid., XXXVI, 1870; EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p- 65; VON IHERING, Siisswasserf. v. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, p. 28; STEIN- DACHNER, Sb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CX VI, 1907, p. 492. Pecilia januarius EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, p. 636. Glaridodon januarius BERG, Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 289 (in part). Phalloptychus januarius EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 431; Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 458; REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 999, PI. C., figs. 7, 8 and text fig. 171 A. Girardinus theringit BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1889, p. 266; EIGEN- MANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 65. ? Gambusia gracilis PERUGIA, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova., X, (2), 1891, p. 652. Range: Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Uruguay. D. 9; A. 10; P. 10; V. 5; head 3.8-4; equal to from .82~.87 of the depth at the origin of the anal; this depth 3.1-3.6 in length to base of caudal; caudal peduncle 6.4—6.7 in length and 1.5-1.7 in head. Eye 3.5 in head; 2 in caudal peduncle; equal to interorbital. Scales 29 in lateral series, 8 in transverse series. The vertical color-bands in this species are narrower and more numerous than in the preceding. They vary in number from nine to twelve. No specimens were secured by Mr. Haseman. This description is based upon adult females from Rio Grande do Sul, received from Dr. H. von Ihering (Ind. Univ. Mus. No. 4899). This species has been confused by Garman® and others following him, with Girardinus caudomaculatus Hensel (Phalloceros). Garman considered the two to be identical, and, since Girardinus januarius Hensel stood first in pagination, G. caudomaculatus should have become a synonym of G. januarius. Garman placed G. januarius in his new genus Glaridodon, with Girardinus uninotatus Poey of Cuba as the type. Glaridodon was later shown to be pre-occupied and replaced by Garman® with Glaridichthys. It is quite evident from Garman’s figure of a male of ‘‘Glaridodon januarius ”’ (Plate VIII, fig. 15) showing the antler-like processes, that his specimens were not this species, but were G. caudomaculatus. 5 The Cyprinodonts, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XIX, No. 1, 1895, p. 42. 68 American Naturalist, XXX, 1896, p. 232. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PaCILtID FISHES. 123 Garman was followed by Berg’ in confusing the two species, in a more elaborate synonymy than had been given by Garman. FEigen- mann’ in 1907, maintained the separateness of the two species and created for G. januarius, a new genus, Phalloptychus, based on the long unhooked anal of the male. For G. caudomaculatus was created the genus Phalloceros, based upon the antler-like processes at the tip of the male intromittent organ. Philippi? in an excellent résumé of the published records, again confused the two species and considered them identical. His illus- trations (Tafel I, figs. 1 and 4) show that he actually had P. caudo- maculatus, and did not have P. januarius. Taf. I, fig. 3 illustrates an ““Unvollstandig ausgebildetes Gonopodium eines subadulten Mann- chens von G. januarius, ohne Klammerapparat (Phalloptychus- stadium).”’ This type of anal without hooks is found in developing males of most viviparous genera, and does not represent the type of structure on which Phalloptychus is based. Genus PHALLOCEROsS Eigenmann. Phalloceros EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 431, fig. 73 REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 999. Type by original designation Girardinus caudomaculatus Hensel. There is an outer series of compressed, oar-shaped teeth, which on each ramus flare outward toward the angle of the mouth. Their margins toward the tips are in contact and only the tips protrude from the jaw. Behind these, lies an inner series of very small, conical teeth. The anal fin of the male is modified into a long, intromittent organ, its origin slightly forward of the anterior third of the total length. Its length is contained 3.3 times in the length of the fish. Ventrals short, hardly reaching the anal, their origin directly below that of the pectoral. Caudal rounded. First and second anal rays in the male minute; third, fourth, and fifth anal rays united and greatly prolonged; other rays much shorter. The tip of the fin bends gracefully downward; the fourth ray ends in an obtuse point, bent downward at right angles to the rest of the fin. 7 Anales del Mus. Nac. de Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 289. 8 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 425. 9 ““Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der viviparen Teleostier Glaridichthys januarius und G. decem-maculatus in ihrem Einfluss auf Lebensweise,’’ etc., Zodlogische Jahrbiicher, XXVII, 1908, pp. 4 et seq. 124 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The fourth ray bears dorsally a series of recurved hooks, which are protected by the fifth. At the tip, the organ bears on the under side two antler-like processes. These bear a prong near their tips. Girardinus and Glaridichthys of Cuba differ from each other by the presence in the latter of an inner series of teeth. Phalloceros differs from Glaridichthys by the lack of retrorse hooks on the posterior margin of the anal and the presence of the terminal antler-like processes. Reference should be made to the excellent figure of the generic char- acters, given by Eigenmann, Joc. cit., p. 431, fig. 7. The genus up to date has remained monotypic. 22. Phalloceros caudomaculatus (Hensel). (Plate XVIII, fig. 2.) Girardinus caudimaculatus HENSEL, Arch. fiir Naturgesch., XXXIV, 1868, p. 362; ibid., XXXVI, 1870; VON IHERING, Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zo6dl., X XXVIII, 1883, p. 468, pl. 26; EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 65; VON IHERING, Siisswasserf. v. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, p. 28; COPE, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XX XIII, 1894, p. 102. Pecilia caudomaculaius EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, p. 636. Girardinus caudomaculatus EIGENMANN & Norris, Revista Mus. Paulista, 1V, 1900, p. 361; EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, p. 143. Phalloceros caudomaculatus EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p- 431; Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 458; REGAN. Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, pt. IV, 1913, p. 999, PI. C., figs. 5, 6, and text-fig. 172 C, Glaridodon januarius GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., XIX, (1), 1895, p. 42). p!. VIII, fig. 15; Berc, Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 289. ? Girardinus januarius RIBEIRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, XIII, 1906, p. 16. Glaridichthys januarius PuiLippPi, Zodl. Jahrb., X XVII, 1908, p. 4. The following specimens were all collected by Mr. J. D. Haseman. 4671, C. M. Seven, two males, four females, one young, 21 to 35 mm. From Entre Rios, Rio Parahyba. 4672, C. M. One female, 25 mm. Munez Freire, Rio Itapemerim. 4673, C. M. Six, two males, three females, one young, 16-28 mm. Barra da Pirahy, Rio Parahyba. 4674 C. M., six, two males, two females, two young. 14-32 mm. Santa Rita de Jacutinga, Rio Preto into Parahyba. 4675 C. M., seventy-nine, seventeen males, sixty-two females. I5-41 mm. Jacarehy, Rio Parahyba, Sao Paulo. 4676 C. M., thirty-one, four males, twenty-seven females. 20-41 mm. Mogy das Cruzes, Rio Tieté, into Parana. 4677 C. M., eight, two males, five females, one young. 16-30 mm. Jundiahy, Sao Paulo. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN Pa@CcILIID FISHEs. 125 4678 C. M., twenty-three, six males, fourteen females, three young. 19-56 mm. _ Raiz da Serra, Rio Mogy into Santos Bay. 4679 C. M., seven, five males, two young. 20-40 mm. Alto da Serra, Rio Tieté, into Parana. 4680 C. M., four, one male, two females, one young. 9-48 mm. Cubatao, Rio Cubatao. 4681 C. M., twenty-one, three males, eighteen females. 22-35 mm. Mogy Guassu, Rio Mogy Guassu into Rio Grande, into Parana. 4682 C. M., thirteen, three males, ten females, 21-45 mm. Salto de Avanhandava., Rio Tieté. 4683 C. M., five, all females; 19-37 mm. Bauru, Rio Tieté. 4684 C. M., fifteen, five males, eight females, two young. 18-40 mm. Iguapé, Rio Ribeira da Iguapé. 4685 C. M., fifteen, eleven females, four young. 8-43 mm. Morretes on Marumby into Rio Nhundiaquara. 4686 C. M., seventeen, one male, thirteen females, three young. 18-38 mm. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. 4687 C. M., four females. 20-35 mm. Cachoeira, Rio Jacuhy, Rio Grande do Sul. 4688 C. M., nineteen, seven males, ten females, two young. 16-38 mm. Sapucay, Paraguay. 4689 C. M., three females. 17-28 mm. Villa Hays, Rio Confusso, into Rio Paraguay. Range: Rio de Janeiro to Uruguay and Paraguay. . Head 4.1-4.2; depth at origin of anal, in females 4.2—4.5, in males 4: depth of caudal peduncle, 7.2-8.5 in length to base of caudal, 1.7—2 in head; D. 8; A. 10; P. 10; V. 5; 29-30 scales in lateral series; 8 in trans- verse series. Eye equal to interorbital; 2.8 in head. Origin of the dorsal about midway in the total length, slightly posterior or opposite to anal origin. Pectorals large, extending over ventrals; caudal rounded. General color in spirits olivaceous, scales margined with darker. Fins usually immaculate, sometimes spotted or tipped with chro- matophores. The most conspicuous marking is a vertical spot of black, slightly posterior to the dorsal, on the seventeenth or eighteenth scale posterior to the pectoral origin; the twelfth or thirteenth scale forward from the caudal, the fourth scale obliquely from the dorsal. The darkened area usually extends under adjoining scales, forming a spot about half the diameter of the eye. In young specimens, a 126 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. series of very faint, narrow, vertical bars appears on the sides, in one of which the spot appears. Some variations from this general type of coloration occur. In the series of seven specimens from Entre Rios, the caudal spot is entirely lacking, faintly vermiculated bars taking its place. The same con- dition prevails in a number of specimens from Raiz da Serra. In a series of twenty-one specimens from Mogy Guassu, this vari- ation is considerable. These specimens have a series of oblong spots extending along the sides, varying in number from seven to the usual single spot. This latter spot always appears in the proper place. Hardly two individuals are alike. In the two hundred and sixty-two mature specimens in these collec- tions, there are fifty-five males and two hundred and seven females. The sex ratio of this species, as here represented is thus I: 3.76. The largest specimen, a pregnant female from Raiz da Serra, is 55 mm. in total length. This specimen was opened and found to contain thirty- nine well-developed embryos. The alimentary tract was about three times as long as the entire fish and was filled with mud. On account of the confusion of this species with Phalloptychus januarius, | have given the complete synonymy of the two species. When males are present, there should be no confusion, since the struc- ture of the anal fins is entirely different. Phallotorynus’ Henn, gen. nov. Allied to Phalloceros. Distinguished at once from all described genera of the Peciliide by the peculiar terminal organ of the anal fin of the male, which resembles a garden trowel or scoop. Anal in Fic. 8 Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn. Side view of anal fin of male. X 9.5. No. 3753a, Carnegie Museum. Jacarehy, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 10 Pads, intromittent organ; Toptvn, trowel. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PCCILIID FISHEs. 1 7/ the male inserted at about the proximal third of the entire length; ventrals thoracic, minute, not modified. First and second anal rays of the male minute; third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, much prolonged. The third ray forms an obtuse angle near its tip, where it is produced dorsally, joining the tip of the fourth to form the pedicle of the ter- minal process. The fifth ray is longest, terminating in a point; pos- teriorly there is a series of about six retrorse hooks upon its dorsal ridge. Sixth ray compressed posteriorly, bending ventrally to join the fifth. Seventh, eighth, and ninth rays normal, successively shorter. The terminal organ has the form of a scoop and there is a compressed horn or extension on each side. This is poised at right Fic. 9. Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn. Inferior view of premaxillaries with teeth. One tooth probably missing from left ramus. X 26. No. 3754, Carnegie Museum. angles to the pedicle. There is a single series of teeth, shaped like spoon-oars, in each jaw. The tips of the teeth are slightly expanded and bent backward. The intestine is about twice the length of the entire fish. This remarkable little fish has attained a high degree of complexity in the apparatus for the transfer of spermatozoa to the female. The sperm-duct, as in related genera, opens backward at the very base of the anal. The sexual products probably appear in the form of the sperm-aggregations, the occurrence of which in Phalloceros caudoma- culatus has already been mentioned. The hinder portion of the anal fin seems to be somewhat flexible and may fold over the inflexible prolonged rays, to form a groove or trough which would have the open side along the ventral edge. The close apposition of the two edges of the fin would form a channel for the conduction of the sexual products. The ventral fins are too small to be of service, but the pectoral fins, although small, by being placed over the mouth of the sperm duct, may cause the entrance of the sexual products into this 128 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. groove. The scoop or terminal process of the anal fin, if movement of the handle or pedicle is possible, could be raised to receive the sperms atozoa as they issue from the end of the trough. By the usual move- ments during copulation they could then be placed on the genital papilla of the female. Since the living fish has not been observed, these remarks are naturally conjectural. Views of the terminal process of the intromittent organ from both above and below are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. It was suggested that FIG. 10. FIG. Il. Fic. 10. Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn. View from above of terminal portion of anal, detached from the pedicle. X18. No. 3753a, Carnegie Museum. Jacarehy, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Fic. 11. View from below of same object shown in Fig. 10. X18. this might be an elaborate device for enclosing the spermatozoa, so ewhat analogous to the egg case of the skate. Accordingly one of them was decalcified, imbedded, and cut into very thin sections and stained with iron-alum hematoxylin. This procedure showed conclusively that the terminal process is not a sperm case, but is an =. , BiG: 12. FIG. 13. Fic. 12. Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn. Section through center of terminal portion of anal. %X 30. Fic. 13. Do. Section through posterior portion of terminal part or scoop of the anal. X 30. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PCILIID FISHES. 129 actual part of the fin. If used, as suggested above, for the trans- ference of spermatozoa, it was empty at the time of capture. Sections near the center and through the posterior portion respectively, are shown in figures 12 and 13. Other than in the character of the anal fin, or intromittent organ, this fish does not greatly differ from a num- ber of related species. 23. Phallotorynus fasciolatus Henn, sp. nov. (Plate XXI, figs. 1 and 2.) 3752, C. M., type, male, 20 mm.; 3753 a—b, C. M., paratypes, two males, 19.5-22 mm., eight females, 20.5-28.5 mm. One mile north of Jacarehy, Sao Paulo, Brazil, from the basin of the Rio Parahyba, July 14, 1908. Haseman. Head 4.44.6; depth at origin of anal 4—4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 5-5-6; D. 8; A. 11 (male 9); P. 10; scales 28-30 + I from upper angle of gill-opening to caudal; fourteen scales between large occipital scale and origin of the dorsal; nine scales in a transverse series. Eye 1.5 in the interorbital width, 2.5 in the head; interorbital 1.6 in the head. Snout and head broad, depressed; profile slightly arched; mouth vertical, premaxillaries protractile. Second dorsal ray in the female nearly over the last ray of the anal. Origin of the dorsal slightly im advance of the middle of the total length. The anal of the male, exclusive of the clasper, equals about one-fourth of the total length. Pectorals large, reaching to above middle of ventrals; the latter minute,, barely reaching the vent. Caudal rounded, hyaline. Viviparous. A female which was examined contained nine large yolk-laden ova. Intestine about twice the total length; fins are usually without pigment > the dorsal and anal fins of a few specimens are pigmented. Sides with six or seven narrow, vertical bands, or streaks of dark brownish pigment. Genus CNESTERODON Garman. Cnesterodon GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XIX, (1), 1895, p. 43; REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, pt. IV, 1913, p. 1000. Gulapinnus LANGER, Morph. Jahrb., XLVII, 1913, p. 207. Type of genus, by original designation Pecilia decem-maculatus Jenyns. The dentition consists of an outer series of compressed, slightly: recurved, spatulate incisors, with a single series of small conical teeth just behind them. 130 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Anal of the male a long intromittent organ, inserted below the pectorals. Its length is about 1.7 that of the head. First and second anal rays minute; third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, prolonged. Fourth ray terminating in a point, immediately ventral to this, a single long sickle, or hook. Fifth ray bearing near its upturned tip a series of retrorse hooks. Sixth ray bending ventrally; near its tip a sharp recurved spine. Other rays successively shorter. Garman based this genus on immature males, the anals of which were plain sword-like organs without hooks. A good figure of the male anal of Cnesterodon is given by Philippi, Zodl. Jahrb., XVII, 1908, p. 19, fig. B. Phalloceros differs from this genus by the possession of two much smaller hooks or antler-like processes. 24. Cnesterodon decem-maculatus (Jenyns). Pecilia decem-maculatus JENYNS, Beagle Zoél., Fishes, 1842, p. 115 (Maldonado). Girardinus decem-maculatus BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Torino., X, No. 196, 1895, p. 3 (Buenos Aires); LAHILLE, Revista Mus. de la Plata, VI, 1895, p. 275 (La Plata); BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Torino, XII, No. 279, 1897, p. 4 (Caiza, Bolivian Chaco.) Cnesterodon decem-maculatus GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XIX, (1), 1895, p. 44, pl. V, fig. 13, teeth; pl. VIII, fig. 16, male (Uruguay River, Maldonado); Berc, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 290 (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil); EVERMANN & KENDALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 90 (Argentina); EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 431 (Rio Grande do Sul); EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, IQI0, p. 458; REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1000, fig. 172 B. Glaridichthys decem-maculatus PuiLipP!. Zool. Jahrb., XVII, 1908, pp. 10 et seq. Cnesterodon carnegiei HASEMAN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, p. 385, pl. LX XXIII (Serrinha Parana, Rio Iguasst). 4661, C. M. Three; two males, one female. 18-22 mm. Cacequy, Rio Ibicuhy, Rio Grande do Sul. 4662,C.M. Two; maleand female. 19-20mm. Monté, Argentina. The following description is based upon paratypes of Cnesterodon carnegiei Haseman, which seems to be identical with C. decem-maculatus. Head 4.2-4.8; equal to depth at origin of dorsal; depth of caudal peduncle 7.5-8.6 in length; caudal peduncle about 1.5 in head. Snout short and blunt; mouth oblique; snout 1.2 in eye. Eye medium; 3-3.5 in head. A male has the head 5; depth at origin of dorsal 5; caudal peduncle 7.1 in length and 1.4 in head. D. 8-9; A. 9-10; P. 10; V. 4-5; scales 28-31 in lateral line series; 8-9 in transverse series. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PCILIID FISHES. i Broadly depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Profile slightly arched. Distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal in females about equal to the distance from last ray of anal to tip of caudal. Origin of dorsal slightly posterior to vertical from the origin of the anal. Ventrals small, barely reaching the vent, caudal rounded. A series of oblong vertical spots or bars on the sides of the fish. These vary in number from six to twelve, their number is usually about nine. Males have a prominent V-shaped mark immediately ventral to the dorsal, which is produced into a line of pigment on the keel of the caudal peduncle. Genus Pa@ciLiA Schneider. Pecilia BLocu, Syst. Ichth.; 1801, p. 451; GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, 1895, p. 52; REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1005. Type, Pecilia vivipara Bloch and Schneider. As now restricted by Regan, this genus comprises a few species limited to the northeastern portion of South America. The anal fin of the male is shorter than the head and very similar in structure to that of Lebistes and Mollienisia, from both of which it differs in the absence of the modified terminal segment of the third prolonged ray. Photographs of all of the species, except P. branneri, which has never been figured, are given by Eigenmann in Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. V, pl. LXIV-LXVI. 25. Pecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider. Pecilia vivipara BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Syst., Ichth., 1801, p. 452, pl. 86, fig. 2; GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., XIX, (1), 1895, p. 53; EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 460; EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Museum, V, 1912, p. 456, pl. LXIV, fig. 3, male, fig. 4, female (Georgetown, Brit. Guiana); REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1005, fig. 173 C. ? Pecilia amazonica Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., XIX, (1), 18905, p. 64, pl. IV, fig. 9, teeth (Santa Cruz, Para). The following specimens were all collected by Haseman. 4646, C. M., seventeen, three males, twelve females, two young. 13-48 mm. Alagoinhas, Rio Catu, Bahia. 4647, C. M., eleven, 9-18 mm. Maceio, Rio San Francisco. 4648, C. M., fifteen, two males, eight females, five young. 14-37 mm. Penedo, Alegoas, Brazil. 4649, C. M., ten, 15-41 mm. Barra de Penedo, Rio San Francisco. le ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 4650, C. M., twenty-eight, three males, twenty-four females, one young. 17-70 mm. Cachoeira, Rio Paraguasst. 4651, C. M., five, one male, three females, one young. 11-42 mm. Campos, Rio Parahyba. 4652, C. M., forty-eight, three males, forty-five females. 25-51 mm. Munez Freire, Rio Itapemerin. 4653, C. M., five, one male, four females. 29-43 mm. Sao Joao da Barra, Parahyba. 4654, C. M., eleven. 10-21 mm. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo. 4655, C. M., two. 46-61 mm. Iguapé, Rio Ribeira da Iguapé. From R. Krone. 4656, C. M., twelve, three males, nine females. 38-50 mm. Iguapé. Rio Ribeira da Iguape. 4657, C. M., three. 12-24 mm. Bom Jesus dos Meiras, Rio San Francisco. 4658, C. M., one. 30 mm. Raiz da Serra, Sao Paulo. Some variation occurs in different localities, particularly in the number of dorsal and anal fin-rays. Specimens from localities in the southern part of its range show the shortened dorsal said by Garman to be characteristic of P. amazonica. However, such complete gradation exists in a single locality, that separation into two species is not possible. P. amazonica, said by Garman to be closely related to P. vivipara, is probably synonymous with it. I have not been able to examine typical specimens. 26. Pecilia pare Eigenmann. Pecilia vivipara pare EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. VII, 1894, p. 629 (Para). Pecilia pare REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1006, text-fig. 173b (anal). Acanthophacelus bifurcus EIGENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, I912, p. 459, pl. LXV, figs. 4, 5, and 6. I am not positive that P. bifurcus isa synonym of P. pare, although it is quite certain that bifurcus is a Pecilia. Typical specimens of P. pare are too much shrunken to permit a final decision. 27. Peecilia melanzona (Eigenmann). Acanthophacelus melanzonus EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VI, 1909, p. 51; Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. V, 1912, p. 457, pl. LXIV, fig. 5. 1086, C. M. Type, male, 27 mm. Georgetown, British Guiana. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PCCILIID FISHES. 133 Eigenmann based this species on a male, as the type, with which were associated seven females, which seem to belong to a distinct species, subsequently described by Regan as P. picta. The apparent Fic. 14. Pecilia melanzona (Eigenmann). Distal end of anal of male. x*. No. 1,086, Carnegie Museum. Georgetown, Brit. Guiana. differences between the single male and the females were supposed to be those of sexual dimorphism. Regan’s material contained males agreeing in coloration with these females, to which they unquestion- ably belong, showing their specific distinctness from P. melanzona. Regan’s supposition that the type of A. melanzonus is a male of Lebistes reticulatus is erroneous, as will be seen by reference to the accompany- ing figure of the anal fin, which is that of a Pecilia. The type, which is unique, has a broad lateral band of clear white or silvery, bordered by narrow lines of chocolate. Females of this species are unknown. 28. Peecilia picta Regan. Acanthophacelus melanzonus EIGENMANN (in part, females), Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI, 1909, p. 51; Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. V, 1912, p. 457, pl. LXIV, fig. 6. Pecilia picta REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1007, pl. C, fig. 1, 2, and text-fig. 173 A (Demerara). As stated in the remarks under Pecilia melanzona, that species was a composite based upon a male (type) and several females supposed to belong to it, but shown by males in Regan’s material to be distinct and described by him as the present species. Both are distinct and valid species of the genus Pecilia. Males and females of this species are more or less similar in coloration. 134 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 29. Peecilia branneri Eigenmann. Pecilia branneri EIGENMANN, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1894, p. 629. (Santarem, Para); EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 460; REGAN, Proc. Zo6él. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1007. Pecilia heteristia REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) Vol. III, 1909, p. 235 (Para); EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 460. No specimens were secured by Haseman. I have examined the typical specimens; one male, 22 mm., five females, 16-25 mm., Nos. 5082 and 5084, 1. U. M. Four of the females are in a very poor state of preservation. This species differs from Lebistes reticulatus Peters, with which it was considered identical by Garman (The Cyprinodonts, p. 62) in the male anal structure, fin formule, and coloration. iP braunert has 7. Os Nee Ow bla. L: reticulatus has D. 6-7; A. 10; V. 6; P. 12. In P. branneri both sexes have a single vertical oblong spot at the base of the caudal; in L. reticulatus only the males possess spots, these number two or three, vary in location, and are usually circular. In the single male of P. branneri, the last two rays of the dorsal are greatly prolonged and extend over the middle of the caudal. In males of L. reticulatus, the dorsal is normal. Head 3.8; equal to depth at origin of dorsal; caudal peduncle 5.4 in length. Eye about 3 in head. Dorsal origin posterior to that of anal, about in the middle of total length. Ventrals lanceolate (in females), reaching almost to origin of anal. Caudal rounded. Genus LEBIsTEs Filippi. Lebistes Fitrppi, Arch. Zo6l. Anat. Fisiol., Vol. I, 1861, p. 69. Acanthophacelus EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXII, 1907, p. 426, OFF Ate 30. Lebistes reticulatus (Peters). Pecilia reticulata PETERS, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 1859, p. 412; Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodél., Vol. XIX, 1895, p. 62. Lebistes reticulatus REGAN, Proc. Zo6él. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1008. Through the kindness of the late Dr. S. E. Meek, of the Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago, I have been enabled to ex- amine the specimens recorded by him as Girardinus vandepolli (Van Lidth de Jeude) from Curagao, an island of the Dutch West Indies (Pubs. Field Col. Mus., 1909, Zoél. Series, Vol. VII, No. 7, p. 209). HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PacILiD FISHEs. 135 These agree in all respects with typical specimens of Lebistes reticulatus from Barbadoes. Genus MOLLIENISIA Le Sueur. Mollienisia Le SuEur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. II, 1821, p- 3; REGAN, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1010. This genus is very closely related to Pecilia, from which it differs in having an obtuse downward point at the end of the first prolonged ray of the anal and another segment, directed dorsally, as in Lebistes at the tip of the fourth prolonged ray. The chief difference between Pecilia and Mollienisia is the longer dorsal in the latter. Pecilia, Mollienisia, and Lebistes might be considered members of the single comprehensive genus, Pecilia. : 40 Fic. 15. Mollienisia latipinna Le Sueur. Distal end of anal of male. X a No. 9201, I. U. M. Baldwin Lodge, Mississippi. The anal of the male is shorter than the head and slightly more than one-fifth of the total length. The ventrals are set close to the anal; the second ray, or the ray next the outer one, is prolonged into a club- shaped filament, which is almost as long as the anal and extends to or beyond the middle of that organ. The ventral part of the tip of the fin has a prepuce or dermal hood as in Pecilia and Lebistes. Type of the genus M. latipinna Le Sueur. 136 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 31. Mollienisia sphenops (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Pecilia sphenops Cuv. & VAaL., Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 130, pl. 526. Mollienisia sphenops REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1913, p. 1013, text-fig. 173F. 6699 a-c, C. M.; 13617, I. U. M., six. 47-57 mm. Brackish water at Cartagena, Colombia. C. H. Eigenmann. In addition to these examples, the University of Michigan possesses a few specimens from fresh waters at Santa Marta and the Rio Manzanares near Santa Marta and Mamatoco, in the Santa Marta Mountains of Colombia. 32. Mollienisia caucana (Steindachner). Girardinus caucanus STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. XLII, 1880, p. 87, pl. VI, figs. 4, 5 (Caceres, Colombia); STEINDACHNER, ibid., LX XII, 1902, p. 146 (Baranquilla). 5826a,C.M. Asingle female 34 mm., Cienaga at Calamar, Colombia. Eigenmann. A male, 22 mm., from Fundacién is in the collection of the University of Michigan. The tip of the anal fin of this specimen is shown in Fig. 16. D¢7=85) A.VOs PL TOssVe Grille 26-27. ° This species is very closely related to M. sphenops and seems to differ chiefly in coloration. It has the basal half of the dorsal broadly banded with intense black, thence a clear portion, which is again : te) Fic. 16. Mollienisia caucana (Steindachner). Distal end of analof male. x = Fundacién, Colombia. margined with black. The base of the last rays of the anal in the female is also covered by a black spot. There are faint indications. of a number of transverse lines on the sides. HENN: SOUTH AMERICAN PGCILIID FISHES. 837/ The structure of the anal of the male seems also to differ in the lesser number of segments with ventral hooks in the first prolonged ray and in the absence of spinous or dorsal processes on these seg- ments. The first and second prolonged rays are more clearly separated in M. caucana. These specific differences in anal structure exist between specimens of the same size. i Genus LimIA Poey. Limia, Pory, Memorias Cuba, Vol. I, 1855, p. 383; REGAN, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, IQ13, p. IOT4. Type, Limia cubensis Poey= Pecilia vittata Guichenot. This genus, while closely related to Pecilia, Mollienisia, and Lebistes, is distinguished from these genera by the absence of forward- projecting spines on the ventral portion of the segments in the first prolonged ray of the anal. This ray is club-shaped and without Fic. 17. Limia hollandi Henn. Distal end of anal of male. X = No. 4640, Carnegie Museum. Boqueirdo, Brazil. serrations. The third prolonged ray bears the usual dorsal serrations. In most of the species, but not in the present, there is an antrorse spine on the ventral surface near the extremity of the first prolonged ray. The anal of the male is shorter than the head; the ventrals are equal to the head in length and are lancolate in shape. A dermal hood or prepuce occurs near the extremity of the fin. This genus includes eight species, seven of which are from Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica, and one from the mainland at La Guayra, Ven- ezuela. The present new species is from the basin of the Rio San Francisco and neighboring streams of Brazil. 138 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 33. Limia hollandi Henn, sp. nov. (Plate XIX, fig. 3.) 4643, C. M., type, female, 34 mm.; 4643 b-d, C. M., paratypes, three females, 13-34 mm. From Penedo, Rio San Francisco. Haseman. Other specimens collected by Haseman are: 4635, C. M., seven females, 26-29 mm. Lagoa, Barreiras, Rio San Francisco. 4636, C. M., five females, 15-32 mm. Baixa Grande, Rio Paqui. 4637, C. M., one female, 21 mm. Joazeiro, Rio San Francisco. 4638, C. M., two females, 27-28 mm. Cachoeira de Pirapora, Rio San Francisco. 4639, C. M., eleven, three males, eight females, 19-24 mm. Lagoa de Porto, Rio San Francisco. 4640, C. M., twelve, two males, eight females, two young. 16-26 mm. Boqueirao, Rio Grande, Rio San Francisco. 4641, C. M., twelve females, 18-27 mm. Santa Rita de Rio Preto. 4642, C. M., five females, 18-33 mm. Rio Itapicuri near Timbo, Bahia. 4644, C. M., one female, 28 mm. Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo. 4645, C. M., three females, 41-43 mm. Rio Pilaéo near Santos, Sao Paulo. Head 3.8-4.2; depth at origin of dorsal about equal to length of head; caudal peduncle 6.5—6.8 in length, 1.6-1.7 in head. Eye equal to narrowest width of interorbital and 2.6-3 in head. Profile highly arched or humped. Head depressed and broad. D. 7; A. 8-9; P. 10; V. 6; scales 27-29 in lateral line; 7 in transverse series. Origin of dorsal over last rays of anal. In females the distance from the tip of the snout to the origin of the dorsal about equals that from the origin of the anal to the middle, or end, of the caudal. Ventrals lanceolate, middle rays longest, barely reaching the vent. In males the ventrals arise on a prominence directly under the pectorals. They are greatly produced, bear processes near their tips and are about as long as the head. The anal is about 1.5 as long as the head. The fins are without color. A single male from Barreiras has the lower portion of the dorsal heavily pigmented and an oblong spot at the base of the caudal. The posterior dorsal rays are not produced. A female from Rio Pilao, 42 mm. in total length, contained twenty- four embryos, curled, but seemingly ready for expulsion. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN PCILID FISHES. 139 Color in spirits, golden yellow. Margins of scales outlined with darker. A conspicuous dark zig-zag line of chocolate pigment is formed by the heavily pigmented upper margins of the scales in the sixth lateral series, counting ventrally and transversely from the dorsal. Then ext series of scales below forms a clear streak without pigment. The keel of the caudal peduncle is also slightly pigmented. Named for Dr. W. J. Holland, whose interest and support has made possible the extensive collections of South American fishes in the Museum of which he is Director. Genus Fitzroyia Giinther. Fitzroyia GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VI, 1866, pp. 299, 307 (multidentata),. Jenynsia GUNTHER, ibid., VI, 1866, pp. 300, 331 (lineata). Type of genus by monotypy Lebzas multidentata Jenyns = Lebias lineata Jenyns. The dentition consists of an outer series of compressed, slightly recurved, tricuspid incisors, immediately behind these a band of much smaller tricuspid teeth. Intestine about equal to, or less than, the length of the fish. Anal fin of the male modified to form a tube. Anal rays separate, but enclosed in a loose sheath, forming the tube. The tip of this organ, as pointed out by Garman, turns either to the right or left, the males are thus rights and lefts. The genital orifice of the female is sym- metrical. This fact seems to indicate that the male dextrality and sinistrality, at least in this genus, has no especial significance. The male organ of this genus is much simpler than in Anableps. In Anableps the anal rays are indeterminable, are heavily ensheathed in fleshy pads and are scaled. The anal tubular structure may thus have arisen independently in the two genera. Several young males of F. maculata show the development of the tube. An epidermal flap appears, surrounding the foremost anal rays, and eventually enclosing all of them. The anal tube of adult males is about equal to the length of the head. Body slightly depressed; snout short and blunt; cleft horizontal; lower jaw not extending beyond upper. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FITZROYIA. a. Scales less than eighteen between occiput and dorsal. b. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of anal. c. Lateral line 29-30, a series of regular, longitudinal lines on the flank. 32. lineata (Jenyns). 140 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. cc. Lateral line 32-33, no lines or dots, large irregular blotches, ventral half of Ibodwadarkeny ar yeterces sha. 206 33. eigenmanni Haseman. bb. Origin of dorsal about opposite anal. A series of longitudinal rows of oblong :spotshaaere pci Meise skin tia ove.e Sle 34. maculata (Regan). aa. Scales more than 18 between occiput and dorsal. Lateral line 32-35. 35. pygogramma (Boulenger). 34. Fitzroyia lineata (Jenyns). Lebias lineata JENYNS, Beagle Zodél., Fishes, 1842, p. 116, pl. 22, fig. 2. Lebias multidentata JENYNS, ibid., 1842, p. 117, pl. 22, fig. 3. Fitzroyia mulltidentata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VI, 1866, p. 307. Jenynsia lineata GUNTHER, ibid., 1866, p. 331; GARMAN, The Cyprinodonts, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., XIX, 1895, p. 69, pl. VIII, fig. 2-3; VoN IHERING, Siisswas- serf. v. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, p. 28; LAHILLE, Revista Mus. de la Plata, VI, 1895, p. 275 (Arroyo del Gato); BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Torino., X, No. 279, 1897, p. 4; REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XI, 1913, p. 232. Jenynsia multidentata BOULENGER, Boll. Mus. Torino, X, 1897, p. 4 (Lesser, Tala.). Fitzroyia lineata BERG, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 291. Fitzroyia lineata EIGENMANN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, p. 430; Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 457. 4670, C. M., seven, one male, six females, 44-66 mm. Rio Guahyba at Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Range: La Plata to Rio Grande do Sul. Head 4—4.3; depth at origin of dorsal 4—4.5 ,depth of caudal peduncle 7 in length to base of caudal and 1.8 in head. Eye 3 in head, equal to interorbital. Snout 1.3 in eye. D. 8-9; A. 8; P. 14; V. 6; scales 14 between occipital and dorsal; 29-30 in lateral series; 8 in transverse series. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of middle of the total length; anterior to origin of anal in both sexes. General form elongate. Pectorals large and round, caudal subtrun- cate. All fins usually without color. A series of from four to six continuous horizontal lines, formed by contiguous marks on overlapping scales. The largest specimen, a femalein the I. U. M., is69 mm. long. Of the males, which range from 25-45 mm. in length seven have the anal tube of the male turned to the right and fifteen to the left. 35. Fitzroyia eigenmanni Haseman. Filizroya eigenmanni HASEMAN, Ann. Carnegie Museum, VII, torr, p. 385, pl. EXeEXSTT. Jenynsia eigenmanni REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XI, 1913, p. 233. HENN: SouTH AMERICAN Pa@cILtiD FISHEs. 141 2866, C. M., one, the type, 43 mm. 2867, C. M., thirteen, paratypes, 17-45 mm. Rio Iguassi system, near Serrinha Parana, Brazil. Haseman. Head 4-4.5; depth at origin of dorsal about equal to head; depth of caudal peduncle 7.6—7.8 in length to base of caudal and 2 in head. Eye 3.3 in head. Interorbital 1.5 in eye. D. 8-9; A. 7-9; P. 14; V. 6; scales 16-17 between occipital and dorsal; 32-33 in lateral line; 8-9 in transverse series. The posterior 18-21 scales in the lateral series have a conspicuous central pit, or pore, the only approach to the usual lateral line pores, I have seen in any Peeciliid. The dentition is composed of an outer series of compressed tricuspids, an inner series partly of smaller tricuspids and partly of spike-like incisors. This species differs from the other members of the genus in being more elongate and more compressed. It differs also in coloration. A broad, horizontal, purplish lateral band formed by continuous blotches. In young specimens this is a narrow broken line. Ventral half of body darker. Belly prominent, yellowish in color. Fins with- out color, caudal truncate. 36. Fitzroyia maculata (Regan). Jenynsia maculata REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVIII, 1906, p. 154 (Cachi, Salta, Argentina); zbid., (8), XI, 1913, p. 233. 4667, C. M. Eleven, five males, 20-31 mm., six females, 20-52 mm. Arroyo Miguelete, Montevideo. Haseman. 4668, C. M. Twenty, 13-20 mm. Monté, Argentina. Haseman. 4669, C. M. Fifteen, three males, nine females, three young. 11-55 mm. Near Colorado, Rio Colorado, Argentina. Haseman. Range: Uruguay and Argentina. Head 3.4—4; depth at origin of dorsal 4-4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.5-7 in length to base of caudal and 1.8—-2 in head. Eye prominent, 3.4-4 in head; about equal to interorbital. Interocular width about 2.4 in head. D. 8-9; A. 9-10; P. 14; V. 6; scales 12 between occipital and dorsal; 28-30 in lateral line; 8 in transverse series. Origin of dorsal about opposite that of anal, sometimes slightly anterior. In males the anal is sometimes slightly in advance of the dorsal. Fins without color; pectoral large and round, caudal sub- truncate or slightly rounded. 142 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Closely related to F. lineata, from which it differs in having the continuous lines broken up into a series of large oblong spots. A female (48 mm.) taken at Colorado on March 6, 1909, contained forty-eight embryos, averaging in length about 9 mm. They are straightened out and are evidently almost ready for expulsion. A large number of chromatophores are present and the lateral line is well-marked by a conspicuous row of these. 37. Fitzroyia pygogramma (Boulenger). Jenynsia pygogramma BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), IX, 1902, p. 336 (Cordova, Rio Cruz del Eje, Argentina); REGAN, ibid. (8), vol. XI, 1913, p. 233. Fitzroya pyrogramma EIGENMANN, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exp. Patagonia, III, IQIO, p. 457. No specimens were secured by Mr. Haseman. ‘“‘ D. 8-9; A. 9-10; L. lat. 32-35.’’ This species appears to differ from F. lineata in the x ims smaller scales ‘‘ 18 to 25 transverse series between the occiput and the dorsal fin”’ and in coloration. ‘‘ Golden yellow above, speckled and spotted with black, white beneath . . . distinct black lateral streak . . . female with a large V-shaped, purplish-black marking, edged with orange, on the belly, the point on the vent.” I have examined one of the paratypes, received from Rosenberg. It most resembles F. ezgenmanni in coloration, but differs in the numerous series of small predorsal scales. Genus ANABLEPS Artedi. Anableps ARTEDI, Gen. Pisc., 1738, p. 25. 38. Anableps anableps Linneus. Anableps anableps LINN&US, Syst. Nat., Ed. 9, 1756, p. 55; GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, 1895, p. 77. 4618, C. M., one, 178 mm., Rio Caeté, Para. Haseman. 4619, C. M., one, 98 mm., Para. Haseman. 39. Anableps microlepis Miiller and Troschel. Anableps microlepis MULLER & TROSCHEL, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 1844, p. 36; GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XIX, 1895, p. 78. 4620, C. M., two, 125-143 mm. Rio Caeté, Para. Haseman. 4621, C. M., two, 94-108 mm. Belem, Paré. Haseman. 4622, C. M., two, 52-190 mm. Para.. Haseman. ‘adensy ‘wu 6€ "WD ‘tgor oN *(jasuaTzT) suynynIDMopnD? SOAPIONDYT "% “OY ‘sovueyWy ‘uu SS$ “Wwsy‘6rgS ‘oN ‘addy ‘uuazy snssauduos SnINwIYy "Il OTA . Ww (OpuEnTy, Ory WME OL Wi): vegs oN “odéjereq 46.9 “uuery SUDSIII DIAPUDAIJAYOI NJ “OI ‘Opueniy Ory “WS Or “WD ‘€zgS ‘oN ‘adAL °*9 -uuazy sunSaza DidpuDddaayOIN “bOI ‘opsueg ‘wurrve "Wes ‘trov on ‘adAy ‘UUdH 2punjyjoy pimiqyT = -*€ -o1Yy ‘uenf ues jo eUTTTeD ORY ‘uM SS “Poy ‘6rgez ‘ON ‘odAjeieg * 6 ‘uuaTyY szsug02049 pyjuDIDKYydiq ‘tO ‘uenf ues jo eulyeD ory ‘wu Tf “wy cy] ‘SIQEI ‘ON ‘odAT *9 ‘uuazy SISUQZOIOYI DYIUDIDKYGIG “I “OY ar a oe ‘seyulosely ‘wuré6e “WseO ‘S9gvoN ‘odAL +4 ‘uuazy ‘TUUDULUas1a snYyIK{Go]DYd “© OA ‘SeyUOSe]W “WUT OzZ “WD ‘9990p ON ‘odAleIeg *9 ‘uUaZ] suuDWuUasia SnyIKGo]DYT "tO ‘ZOIENS OJIN “wuroz Wy ‘oor ON ‘odd ‘uuazy inpwmaspy DIApUDAIIIAF “I “OIA XiXeetE ld YY ‘JOA 'WAASNW JIDZNYVD STIVNNV “Ayoreosef mur S-gz "WeD ‘YPSLE ‘oN ‘adAyereq + ‘uUaH SMDlo1ISDf sNUKAOJOYDYT *% ‘OW ‘Ayoreoef ‘uuroz "Wed ‘zShL€-oN ‘odsSy +O -uuazy SNIDIOIISD{ SNUKAOJODYT "I “OT "IYy 2alel4 AO Or ry © na TON otis accra on oe ean crep xX. A NEW SPECIES OF APATOSAURUS. By W. J. HoLianp. In the Carnegie Quarry, near Jensen, Utah, the Carnegie Museum among other specimens has recovered a remarkably perfect skeleton, which is provisionally referred to the genus A patosaurus. The specimen consists of a series of vertebre, complete from the atlas to nearly the end of the tail. From the anterior dorsals to the posterior caudal vertebre the bones were found lying in situ, but slightly dislocated. Possibly eight or ten posterior caudals are missing. The tail is very long and contains at least seventy-three vertebre,.of which sixty-four were recovered. The cervical vertebrae had been separated from the dorsals and shifted, but the entire series was found articulated in regular order. The limb bones were found approximately in place, one of the femora being articulated in the acetabulum. The entire left fore limb was found with the bones articulated. The femur, tibia, and fibula of the right hind limb the left femur and the left hind foot were also found. The foot was articulated. The ribs were approximately in position. The whole specimen has been mounted, save that the skull has not as yet been supplied. A skull, which, judging from its location, belongs to the specimen, was found within eleven feet of the atlas. It does not differ greatly in form from the skull which belongs to Dzplodocus, but is much larger than any skull of the latter genus known to the writer. I have already in a previous article (ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, Vol. IX, p. 273) called attention to the uncertainty which exists as to the skull of A patosaurus, and will not renew the discussion in this paper, believing it more prudent to await the result of excava- tions which are now being carried on, and which promise perhaps to yield positive information as to this matter. Mr. Douglass is at present taking up the remains of another specimen, somewhat smaller than the one which has been mounted in the Carnegie Museum, and which seems to be lying im situ. He has not yet reached the region of the cervicals, but is not without hope that the head of this specimen may be found attached to the vertebre. It seems prudent therefore 1438 144. ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to refrain from further remarks as to the nature of the skull of A pato- saurus, in the hope that more light may be soon thrown upon the subject. It should be stated that the writer has in preparation a large mono- graphic paper relating to the genus, based in part upon the speci- men specifically described in this paper, the publication of which has been held back, partly in order that the plates and illustrations which are to accompany it may be prepared. Apatosaurus louise, sp. nov. Type: No. 3018, Carnegie Museum Catalog of Fossil Vertebrates. Locality: Carnegie Quarry, near Jensen, Uinta County, Utah. Horizon: Upper Jurassic (Morrison Beds). The differences between the present species and Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus) excelsus, which reveal themselves in many of the minor details of structure, such as the position and form of the lamine supporting the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebre, are multitudinous, but may perhaps in part be attributed to individual variation. Of these differences I shall not speak in the present paper. A few of the specific characters which will facilitate the recognition of the species are the following: 1. The lateral cavities in the centra of the dorsals do not have their openings situated at the middle of the centrum, as in A. excelsus, but they are located higher up, at the base of the pedicle of the neural arch, and open inwardly and downward, forming deep pocket- like cavities. 2. The round hemispherical articulating surface of the anterior ends of the centra, which are well-developed in the first five dorsal vertebre of A. excelsus, appear only in the first two dorsals of A. louise, being feebly indicated in dorsal No. 3, after which all the centra in A. louise have their anterior articulating surfaces platyan. 3. Whereas in A. excelsus Marsh, and in another specimen belonging to the Carnegie Museum, referred to excelsus by Hatcher, and coming from the same horizon in Wyoming from which Professor Marsh obtained the type, there is a large foramen piercing the lateral trans- verse laminz on either side of the anterior three caudals above the level of the neural canal, such openings do not occur in the type speci- men of A. louise. This causes the bones to present a very different appearance from those of the type of A. excelsus when viewed either from before or behind. * HoLLanD: A New SPECIES OF APATOSAURUS. 145 4. The facets for the attachment of the capitulum of the ribs in the dorsals are much lower down in A. excelsus than in A. louise. This fact also imparts to the vertebree when compared with each other a very different appearance. 5. The neural spines of the caudals at the middle of the tail in A. louise are more erect, more nearly approaching the perpendicular, than in A. excelsus, as represented in the specimen in the Carnegie Museum, as well as in the type preserved in the Peabody Museum, so far as the material there represented permits comparison. There are numerous diagnostic characters which the writer does not take up in the present paper, but which he hopes to be able shortly to present in the larger publication already referred to. The type is fully adult, as is shown not only by its great size, but by the complete codéssification of the pubic and ischial bones where they unite in forming the acetabulum, and also by the codssification of the pubic and ischial bones at their distal extremities. The species is named in honor of Mrs. Andrew Carnegie. Miwa bhR DS OF THE ISLE OF PINES: By W. E. CLypDE Topp. INCORPORATING THE SUBSTANCE OF FIELD-NOTES BY GuSTAV A. LINK. (PLATES XXII-XXVII.) INTRODUCTION. Although the West Indian Islands were among the first regions of the New World to be visited by explorers with a scientific turn of mind, their fauna thus early becoming known to the naturalists of Europe, and although subsequent researches have greatly increased our knowledge, it is only in comparatively recent years that systematic attempts have been made to investigate the islands from the stand- point of the zodgeographer, and with the same painstaking care as has been used in the case of certain sections of continental America. The West Indian Islands present a most inviting field for further investigation and, indeed, so far as their avifauna is concerned, an exhaustive treatise on the subject remains to be written. The im- portance of a study of island-life, considered in its bearing upon the various problems connected with the evolution of species, and their present distribution and relationships, has during the past four decades come to be realized. It is more and more felt that the study of the organism in relation to its environment, constituting the new science of ecology, is of equal importance with the study of form and function, and that carefully recorded data as to the habits and life- history of a given species are often more valuable, even from the stand- point of the pure systematist, than a large series of finely prepared and accurately labelled specimens. It is with such considerations as these in mind that the present paper has been prepared, and is submitted as a contribution to a faunal survey of the West Indies, along lines similar to those followed by the writer in an earlier paper on the ornithology of the Bahama Islands (ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VII, 1911, 388-464). It is primarily based on a collection of birds made in the Isle of Pines by Mr. Gustav A. Link, of the taxidermic force of the Carnegie Museum, 146 Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 147 during his residence there for a year, beginning in June, 1912. Mr, Link is entitled to great credit for making such a fine collection, working as he did under unusual embarrassments, due in part to ill health, on account of which he had been ordered by his physician to a warmer climate. Although he succeeded in covering the island fairly well, it is to be regretted that he was unable to devote more time to the investigation of the southern coast and the eastern part of the Cienaga, or Central Swamp, the avifauna of which sections proved to be unusually interesting. Unfortunately, too, because of inexperience in recording observations, his field-notes are somewhat meager, and leave much to be desired. In many cases they have been supple- mented in the preparation of this paper by the published observations of other parties, particularly those of Mr. Arthur C. Read, a local observer, and the late Mr. Walter R. Zappey. Under each species all published references have been collated, so far as they relate to the Isle of Pines. In addition to the material brought back by Mr. Link, the writer has had the opportunity of examining many of the more interesting specimens collected by Mr. Zappey in 1904, for which privilege he is indebted to Mr. Outram Bangs. The critical study and comparison of this new material has served to fix with greater certainty a number of doubtful cases of status and relationships among the forms involved, while it has also incidentally revealed the existence of some additional geographical variants in the adjoining island of Cuba. It is evident that much remains to be done even in Cuba before a full and accurate understanding of its ornis can be reached. For the loan of specimens from the West Indies for use in this connection the writer is indebted not only to Mr. Bangs, as mentioned, but also to Mr. Charles T. Rams- den, of Guantanamo, Cuba, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American Museum of Natural History, Mr. Charles B. Cory, of the Field Museum of Natural History, and Dr. Charles W. Richmond, of the U. S. National Museum. He is further under obligations to Messrs. William Palmer and Joseph H. Riley for the use of their field-notes made during a visit to the Isle of Pines in 1900, and to Mr. Riley and Dr. Richmond for additional data and information. Mr. Robert Ridgway has very generously permitted him to describe here the new form of Columba inornata from the Isle of Pines in advance of the appearance of the forthcoming part of that author’s Birds of North and Middle America, while Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Dr. Louis B. Bishop, and Mr. Henry 148 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. W. Henshaw have kindly furnished measurements of certain specimens from collections under their care. Miss Sophie G. Keenan, of Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, has courteously supplied some much needed information concerning sundry localities, together with an authentic map of the island. Dr. Otto E. Jennings, Curator of Botany in the Carnegie Museum, is responsible for that part of the present paper which deals with the physiographic and major botanical features of the island. And finally, acknowledgments are due to Mr. Arthur C. Read, of Santa Barbara, Isle of Pines, for a set of his articles on birds published in a local newspaper, and for his cheerful compliance with requests for information concerning his work. : GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY. The Isla de Pinos, or Isle of Pines, lies off the southern coast of Cuba, to which it belongs both politically and geographically. It is situated about midway of the concavity formed by the western end of that island, from the nearest point of which it is distant only about thirty-five miles, while the channel between is dotted with numerous small islands or cays. Its area is approximately eight hundred square miles, and its outline roughly rectangular, with the corners cut off. On the west coast there is a deep indentation, known as Siguanea Bay, and a smaller one on the east coast, directly opposite. Between these two inlets stretches an immense fresh-water morass, the Cienaga de Lanier, which divides the island from east to west into two parts, the southern portion being approximately one-half the size of the northern. The latter is irregularly oblong in shape, about twenty- five miles in an east and west direction by twenty miles north and south. The southern portion is about thirty-five miles long and not over eight miles across at the widest part, with its western end curving to the northwest, around Siguanea Bay, for a considerable distance beyond the westernmost point of the northern portion. The “ south coast,’ as it is called, is almost uninhabited and very imperfectly known, but the northern portion of the island has been laid out into tracts of greater or less size, some of which have been cleared and given over to the cultivation of citrus-fruits, pineapples, etc. The total population is said to be about four thousand, and Nueva Gerona, in the north-central part of the island, is the principal town, between which and Batabané, Cuba, there is regular communication by steamer. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 149 The surface of the northern portion of the island consists of an essentially level plain, from which rise abruptly a number of isolated mountain ridges and peaks, constituting prominent landmarks. Of these ridges the best known are the two in the neighborhood of Nueva Gerona, running parallel with each other in a general north and south direction, on either side of the town. The ridge lying to the westward is known as the Sierra de Casas or Casas Mountains (Pl. X XII, fig. 1), while the eastern and longer ridge is the Sierra de Caballos or Caballos Mountains, which extend out into the sea to the northward in a high rocky promontory, Punta del Colombo. The Caballos Mountains reach a height in some places of about a thousand feet, the Casas Mountains being considerably lower. Geologically speaking, these ridges are composed mainly of a crystalline marble, the strata dipping to the east-northeast, so that the western slopes are generally steeper than the eastern, with precipitous cliffs exposed in many places. Elsewhere the slopes are covered from base to summit with a dense tangle of partly deciduous vegetation (PI. XXII, fig. 2). Among the prominent forest-trees are Casearia sylvestris, Trichilia hirta, Amyris balsamifera, Banisteria laurifolia, Spondias Monbin, and Guazuma Guazuma. Everywhere the trees are looped with vines, while their upper and more exposed branches are covered with air-plants of various kinds, and the ground beneath is choked with bushes and herbaceous growths. In these woody tangles, especially near the foot of the mountains, the most characteristic bird is perhaps the Isle of Pines Lizard Cuckoo, while among the other species partial to this particular habitat may be mentioned the Ani, Red-legged Thrush, Black-whiskered Vireo, Cuban Tody, Cuban Spindalis, Ricord Emerald, and Isle of Pines Pygmy Owl. A little higher up on the slopes the Isle of Pines Trogon becomes fairly common, while among the cliffs near the summit, where the trees begin to thin out, the Cuban Cliff Swallow and Turkey Buzzard are accustomed to nest. Besides the two ridges just described, there is another, the Sierra de la Cafiada or Cafiada Mountains, in the southwestern part of the northern section of the island, a few miles east of Los Indios. This is almost as high as the Caballos ridge, but unlike it is composed of an impure mica schist, the southwestern exposure being quite steep and precipitous. Itis covered with a sparse growth of pines ( Pinus caribea) and star-palms ( Cocothrinax Miraguano), and from its foot a level sandy or gravelly plain, supporting a similar open pine-forest, stretches away 150 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to the western coast. Indeed, this sandy, pine-covered plain occupies the entire southwestern portion of the northern island, as far north almost as Santa Barbara. Excepting for a fringe along the streams, where the prevailing vegetation is of a different kind, denser and more jungle-like, the pines are very characteristic of this section (PI. XXIV, fig. 1). The bird-life here, however, is neither rich nor varied. These open pine-lands are the favorite haunts of the Cuban Crane and several species of pigeons and doves, but barring the La: Sagra Fly- catcher, Gray Kingbird, and certain winter-resident species of warblers in their season, birds are rather scarce. Over the greater portion of the northern island, however, the soil is largely the Mal Pais Gravel, a yellowish red or brownish red gravelly clay, which becomes very firm during the dry season, and which in depressions is replaced by a light yellow or somewhat gray sandy loam. Over much of this part of the inland plain, as for instance in the vicinity of Nueva Gerona and Santa Fé, the land has been in use at least for grazing purposes for a long time, and the original vege- tation has been greatly modified. Bush-fires have frequently been started as a means of clearing the land, and at the present time con- siderable areas are under cultivation. In these cultivated tracts are found the Cuban Meadowlark, Isle of Pines Lizard Cuckoo, and Isle of Pines Woodpecker, with an occasional flock of the Isle of Pines Grackle, but few other of the woodland species have occasion to venture into such situations. Outside of these cultivated areas the vegetation is mainly a palmetto-pine scrub (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1), partly deciduous in the dry season, and in the lower spots quite dense and difficult to penetrate. Asa rule this straggling shrubbery is from eight to fifteen feet in height, and among others the following species are represented: Curatella americana (sandpaper leaf), Byrsonima crassifolia, Tabe- bouia lepidophylla, Brya ebenus (known locally as ‘‘ majagua,’’ and forming dense thorny thickets), and several kinds of palmetto. Mixed ‘ with these, but rising considerably above the general level of the shrubby vegetation, are varying numbers of Pinus caribea (Carib- bean Pine), Muntingia calabura, Cocothrinax Miraguano (star-palm), Sabal parviflora (cabbage-palm), Paurotis Wrightit (bottle-palm) (Pl. XXIII, fig. 3), and Copernicia Curtisii, and in the lower places Oreodoxia regia (royal palm) (Pl. XXIII, fig. 2). The Isle of Pines Parrot, Isle of Pines Woodpecker, and Cuban Sparrow Hawk are characteristic birds in this sort of country, while certain other species, Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 151 such as the Cuban Quail, Cuban Oriole, Cuban Mourning Dove, Cuban Ground Dove, and three species of flycatchers—the Cuban Petchary, Gray Kingbird, and La Sagra Flycatcher — are also more or less com- mon here, as well as in the thickets on the mountain side. Inthe more open situations, and along the edges of the scrubby growth, are found the Cuban Meadowlark and Yellow-faced Grassquit. The rivers of the northern island diverge in every direction from the central plain, from which to the seacoast there is a fall of about two hundred feet. The Rio de las Nuevas, or New River, is the largest of these streams, and drains an extensive area in the northwestern part. All the rivers are very low in the dry season, some of them, indeed, being reduced to a mere succession of pools, the channels then being called ‘‘ arroyos.’’ ‘‘ There appears to have been in recent times an elevation of the island sufficient to have enabled the streams to cut down steep channels, at least in the lower part of their courses, so that subsequent depression to the present level has resulted in submerging the lower courses of the rivers, thus making them subject to tide-water for often eight or nine miles from the mouth. The forests of the man- grove formation have at the same time advanced upon the lower parts of the depressed plain 131). This mangrove-swamp, which is so characteristic a feature of ” (Jennings, American Fern Journal, I, 1911, numerous other islands and coasts about the Gulf of Mexico, forms a fringe around the greater part of the Isle of Pines (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2), and extends inland along the river-courses for several miles, or until the water becomes fresh. Two species are represented, Rhizophora mangle, the true mangrove, and Avicennia nitida, the white mangrove, growing together in a dense and tangled mass, extending well out into the water. There is a chain of islands lying off to the northwest from Punta del Potrero on the east coast which are composed entirely of this mangrove growth, while the islands in Siguanea Bay are also of the same formation. The Cuban Yellow Warbler is entirely confined to the mangroves, and they are the favorite haunts of the Isle of Pines Clapper Rail, and several species of herons and other water- birds. Above tidewater the river-bank fringe of mangroves gives way as the land rises to a jungle-like growth with considerable low vegetation and many vines. The trees are mainly evergreen species, among which are Anona squamosa, Hirtella mollicoma, Morinda Roioc, Eugenia punictfolia, etc. This same jungle, with modifications, extends also 152 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. along the banks of the arroyos, becoming less dense and less evergreen on the drier ground. Here occur such trees as Xylopia grandiflora, Pithecolobium arboreum, Dendropanax cuneifolium, Tetrazygia bicolor, and Ternstremia obovalis. On the low plain back of the mangroves, as for instance along the coast north of Nueva Gerona, there is a con- siderable seepage even during the dry season from the higher ground, so that this same fresh-water jungle occurs in many cases as an inner fringe to the mangrove forest, and may even be found also along the north side of the Cienaga de Lanier. It is in this dense tropical jungle that bird-life is most abundant and varied. Here occur as representative species the Isle of Pines Green Woodpecker, Cuban Wood Pewee, Black-whiskered Vireo, Isle of Pines Pygmy Owl, Isle of Pines Trogon, Ricord Emerald, Red-legged Thrush, and Cuban Spindalis, in addition to numerous other less common kinds, while several species of winter-resident warblers find here congenial haunts in their season. Lagoons and marshes are not infrequent in certain parts of the northern island, especially near the coast, and several of the larger of these were visited on one or more occasions by Mr. Link. A large lagoon on the Bibijagua tract, near Punta Primera de Salinas, proved to be a favorite resort for several species of shore-birds, its sandy and muddy southern beach being a great attraction. So much of the ac- tual coast-line of the island is taken up with the mangroves that there are comparatively few stretches of beach, one of the most extensive of which lies to the east of Punta de la Bibijagua. The lagoon just referred to, known locally as ‘‘ Rincon ”’ Lagoon, lies a little way behind this beach, parallel with the shore-line. It is quite shallow, and the water is brackish, supporting in places a growth of aquatic plants, and fringed in others with the inevitable mangroves. The El Bobo Lagoon, which lies just east of the mouth of the Nuevas River, is of a similar character, being an area of shallow, brackish water closed in by man- groves and receiving an overflow from the sea at very high tide. Santa Rosalia Lagoon, which is situated just south of the Caballos Mountains not far from the town of Columbia, is of a different character, the water being fresh, the shores muddy, and with a rank growth of marsh-grasses farther back. All these lagoons become very low in the dry season. They are favorite resorts for the various species of herons and certain other aquatic birds. The Cienaga de Lanier, the great marsh which extends across the Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 153 southern part of the Isle of Pines, virtually dividing it into two islands, partakes largely of the character of the coast for some distance from its western end, and probably at its eastern end also. The water is more or less brackish, and the mangroves follow up this condition. To- wards the central portion, however, the water becomes fresh, and even atthe Paso de Piedras, the only available crossing-place, it is two or three feet deep in the dry season. In its general character this great swamp closely resembles the Florida Everglades (Pl. XXV, fig. 1). Marshy areas with grasses and sedges alternate with open shallow pools filled with water-lilies, or, on the other hand, with island-like ‘‘ hum- mocks,”’ supporting a dense growth of broad-leaved shrubs, low trees, and palms. As might naturally be expected, the Cienaga has a very characteristic bird-fauna of its own, some species, as for example the Cuban Red-wing and Purple Gallinule, being practically confined to its limits. Herons of several kinds, the White Ibis, Cuban King Rail, Limpkin, Antillean Tree Duck, and West Indian Jacana are among the birds commonly observed here. It is to be regretted that there was not sufficient time to give this interesting region a more thorough investigation. South of the Cienaga lies the ‘‘ south coast ’’—a region quite dif- ferent in character from the main island, consisting of a fairly level coral-limestone formation, the overlying soil being thin, but rich, supporting in places a tangle of broad-leaved, partly deciduous trees, shrubs, and vines, suchas Pithecolobium arboreum, Tecoma pentaphylla, Metopium toxtferum, Bucida Buceras, and Lysiloma bahamensis, some of which are not known from the northern island. There are no pines here, and barring a few cocoanut and royal palms along the coast near habitations, the only palm noticed was Thrinax Wendlandiana, which is particularly abundant along the tops of the cliffs facing the sea. Seattered through this section there are numerous good-sized lagoons, only one of which, however, the Laguna de Piedras, a short distance south of Pasadita, was visited by Mr. Link, who reports that it was of the same general character as the Cienaga itself. He was able also to make an overland trip from Bogarona, on Siguanea Bay, to Caleta Grande, and thence to Caleta Cocodrilos. Along this portion of the coast the surf beats against jagged perpendicular cliffs, which in some places were perhaps eighty or ninety feet in height. A narrow shelf, with numerous projecting jagged rocks, extends out from the coast for a short distance, beyond which the water deepens 154 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. very rapidly, the thousand-fathom line lying only about seven miles offshore. Unfortunately it was not possible to explore any of the long stretch of coast-line between Caleta Cocodrilos and Punta del Este (Pl. XXV, fig. 2), which part is considered too dangerous for small vessels to approach, and this remains, ornithologically speaking, a terra incognita which is bound to repay future investigation, judging from the indications afforded by the western end. The Cuban Bull- finch was not encountered elsewhere in the island, and the Cuban Crow, Helena Hummingbird, and certain species of shore-birds were also quite numerous. The islands in Siguanea Bay proved to be favorite resorts for certain sea-birds, particularly one known locally as “ Bird Island,’’ where is a large colony of Man-o’-war Birds and Florida Cormorants. CLIMATE. ‘The climate of the island is, of course, oceanic and quite equable. [This is due to its comparatively small size, exposed position, and level contour, without any high or extensive mountain ridges, such as exert a modifying influence in Cuba, for example.] The latitude being but about twenty-one degrees north, the extreme range of the thermometer lies between about 50° and 100° F. The temperatures experienced by the writer during his sojourn on the island in May, with the sun exactly overhead at noon, were from 82° to 92° F. during the day, while at night, temperatures as low as 70° F. were rarely experienced. The temperature of the ocean water on the beaches was 80°-82° F., while a mineral spring at Santa Fé was said to register 88° F. The well and spring waters, so far as tested, ranged generally from about 68° to 80° F. as they came from the ground. The island has a dry season, with showers very rarely, from November to May, while during the latter month, or about the first of June, there begins a wet season, with torrential rains, which fill to the brim the sharply cut channels of the rivers, and flood portions of the low-lying plains ”’ (Jennings, American Fern Journal, I, 1911, 132). Hurricanes visit the island at intervals, doing immense damage to buildings and crops. The island is free from both yellow and malarial fevers, but the hordes of insect-pests make life in the open almost unendurable, except to those inured to such persecution, and are one of the causes for the tardy development of its natural resources. Most of the land is in the hands of companies of promoters, whose roseate representations Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 155 are leading many an unwary bona fide settler into an unprofitable venture, the potential capacity of the soil being by no means the only factor entering into the case. PREVIOUS WoRK. The well-known Cuban naturalist, the late Dr. John Gundlach, was in January, 1854, apparently the first ornithologist to visit the Isle of Pines. For a period of forty years thereafter his notes, published in various periodicals and sometimes at second-hand, remained our only source of information concerning its avifauna. According to Mr. Cory, to whom he furnished a manuscript list of the birds observed, Gundlach again visited the island in April, 1892, but whether in the inter- mediate period does not appear. Gundlach, however, failed to recog- nize the importance of a comparative study of the bird-life of the island, which he evidently regarded as not essentially different from that of Cuba, and while his latest work abounds in references to the Isle of Pines, in almost every case it is merely to mention incident- ally the occurrence there of certain Cuban species. In 1900 Messrs. William Palmer and Joseph H. Riley of the U. S. National Museum, made a brief collecting trip to the island, from June 27 to July 13 inclusive. Practically all of their work was done in the vicinity of Nueva Gerona, except for part of two days which Mr. Palmer spent at Manigua, a plantation about ten miles west of that town, in the pines. A list of fifty-one species was made on this trip; all well-known forms. In March, 1902, the late Mr. Walter R. Zappey visited the island: and made a small collection of birds, which went to the Rothschild: Museum at Tring, England, where up to date they have not been reported upon. In 1904, however, the same collector visited the island again, remaining from April 18 to June 4 inclusive. His route appears to have been from Nueva Gerona, Bibijagua, etc., to Santa Fé, El Hospital, and Pasadita to the south coast at Playa Larga, and he seems to have been the first naturalist to visit the Cienaga. His material, amounting to two hundred and sixty-seven specimens, went into the collection of Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs (now in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy), and together with his field-notes was the basis of the first systematic account of the birds of the island. In this paper, published in 1905, Messrs. Bangs and Zappey pointed out for the first time the distinctness of several of the birds from the Isle 156 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. of Pines, and later Mr. Bangs characterized a few additional forms from the same collection. In December, 1908, Mr. Arthur C. Read, an enthusiastic amateur ornithologist of Toledo, Ohio, went to the Isle of Pines, where he has ever since resided. He soon began to send back notes for publication, mainly to the Odlogist of Albion, New York. Many of his articles are merely lists of species seen at various times and places. Unfortunately, however, in some instances Mr. Read’s earlier identifications were erro- neous, as is shown by the corrections which he himself makes. Some of the records, which up to the present he has allowed to stand, appear doubtful to the writer, and to have been admitted to his lists on insufficient grounds. In reply to an inquiry addressed to Mr. Read he writes that some of these records which seem open to question were based on the actual capture of specimens, but that the specimens were not in every case preserved; moreover, that he lost his entire collection of skins in the flood and hurricane of 1910, and has not started a mew one since. This circumstance is very unfortunate, as it makes it impossible to authenticate the correctness of his determinations in cases of doubt. The list of a part of Mr. Read’s collection, and a copy of some of his field-notes, have been kindly loaned by him for exami- nation, and have been freely used in the preparation of the present report. THE EXPEDITION OF I912-I13. In May, 1910, a party of four from the staff of the Carnegie Museum was engaged for a few weeks in making collections of the plants and reptiles of the Isle of Pines. No particular attention was paid to the birds on this expedition, but, as the island seemed to promise good results for work in this line, Mr. Gustav A. Link of the taxidermic staff of the museum was detailed in 1912 to undertake the making of a representative collection of the birds of the island, and left in June of that year, accompanied by his son, Mr. John Link, as assistant. Beginning work at Nueva Gerona on June 26, he continued until July 12, when interference from the Cuban officials caused a suspension of his activities for over two months. He then went to Los Indios, in the southwestern part of the main island, which he made his head- quarters until January 25, 1913, making in the meantime several trips *southicoast.. «a llues ‘ from there to points on Siguanea Bay and the Indios and its vicinity proved to be a much better collecting-ground than the country about Nueva Gerona, this latter section being so Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 157 much more extensively cleared and cultivated than the other. Inter- mittent work was carried on at Nueva Gerona, however, from January 26 until April 9, the mountains in the vicinity being repeatedly visited, and several side-trips being made to certain lagoons on the north coast in search of water-birds. Returning to Los Indios on April 10, Mr. Link made a second trip to the “ south coast,’ and also put in some time at the western end of the Cienaga, near Siguanea. May 10 to 21 was spent at Nueva Gerona, after which he undertook a trip to the eastern end of the Cienaga, at Pasadita, where he collected from May 23 to 28, returning to Nueva Gerona the next day, and leaving the island on June 5. The collection of birds brought back amounts to eight hun- dred and forty-two well-prepared specimens, representing one hundred and three species, including all of the forms peculiar to the island, and a larger series of aquatic forms than most collectors would think of taking. SEASONAL OCCURRENCE. One hundred and forty-two species are admitted to the present list of the birds of the Isle of Pines, or twenty-two more than were given by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey in 1905. For nearly all of these ad- ditions the work of Mr. Link is responsible, and theré are specimens to support most of the new records. In every case the evidence for the occurrence of a given species has been carefully weighed, especially with reference to its known status in Cuba, and doubtful records have been relegated to the hypothetical list. A few species have been ad- mitted to the list solely on the basis of Gundlach’s records as given by Mr. Cory. The voluminous notes made in the last few years by Mr. Arthur C. Read have somewhat perplexed the writer. Published in an amateur journal, the scientific names in many cases not being given, or else so mangled by the printer as to be almost beyond recognition, and with no indication that the author was aware of the very unusual character of certain of his observations, or of the necessity for their full authentication, there would seem to be ample justification for ignoring them entirely in a paper like the present. Nevertheless in spite of the defects, which are evident, it is plain that the good faith of Mr. Read cannot be called into question, and that there is much of interest and value in his notes. An effort therefore has been made to sift them, utilizing such as seem to rest on a sound basis, and calling attention to such as seem dubious, so that they may either be verified or corrected in the future. 158 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. As might be expected in the case of a locality lying so far within the Tropical Zone as the Isle of Pines, its avifaunais composed mainly of two classes of species as regards seasonal status, permanent resi- dents and winter visitants. Ninety-two species are included in the first category, all of which are known, or presumed, to breed in the island, and to remain (as a species) the year around. Nota few of the species in this list, however, are known to be more or less migratory, some of them being more numerous in the dry season, when their numbers are augmented by winter migrants from the north; while others are regularly more abundant, or at least more frequently observed, in the breeding season, most of the individuals retiring at its close to other parts. Some of these forms are more or less local in their distribution. Following is the list: Colymbus dominicus dominicus Urubitinga gundlachit Podilymbus podiceps Falco sparverioides Anhinga anhinga Polyborus cheriway Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus Pharacrocorax vigua mexicanus Pandion haliaétus carolinensis Colinus cubanensis Pelecanus occidentalis Rallus elegans ramsdeni Fregata magnificens Ixobrychus exilis exilis Ardea occidentalis repens Ardea herodias adoxa Herodias egretta Dichromanassa rufescens Florida cerulea Egretta thula thula Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis Butorides virescens cubanus Butorides brunescens Nycticorax nyclicorax nevius Nyctanassa violacea Ajaia ajaja Guara alba Mycteria americana Phenicopterus ruber Dendrocygna arborea Cathartes aura aura Rostrhamus sociabilis Rallus longirostris leucopheus Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Ionornis martinica Aramus vociferus Grus mexicana nesiotes Sterna maxima Sterna antillarum Himantopus mexicanus Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia Jacana spinosa violacea Starnenas cyanocephala Geotrygon chrysia Geotrygon montana Chemepelia passerina aflavida Zenaida zenaida zenaida Zenaidura macroura macroura Columba leucocephala Columba squamosa Columba inornata proxima Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. Ara tricolor Aratinga euops Amazona leucocephala palmarum Crotophaga ant Saurothera decolor Glaucidium siju vittatum Gymnasio lawrencii exsul Asto stygius Tyto perlata furcata Setochalcis cubanensis Todus multicolor Xiphidiopicus percussus insule- pinorum Centurus superciliaris murceus Priotelus temnurus vescus Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons Tachornis phenicobia yradii Calypte helene Riccordia ricordii ricordii Tyrannus dominicensis domini- censis 159 Tyrannus cubensis Tolmarchus caudifasciatus Myiarchus sagre sagre Blacicus caribeus Mimus polyglottos orpheus Myadestes elisabeth Mimocichla rubripes rubripes Corvus nasicus Vireo gundlachii gundlachii Petrochelidon fulva fulva Teretistris fernandine Dendroica petechia gundlachi Sturnella magna hippocrepts Agelaius assimilis Icterus hypomelas Ptiloxena atroviolacea Holoquiscalus caymanensis dispar Spindalis pretret Melopyrrha nigra Tiaris olivacea olivacea Tiaris canora Of true summer residents there appear to be only three species, as follows: Chordetiles virginianus minor Vireosylva calidris barbatula Progne cryptoleuca This makes a total of ninety-five species known, or reasonably pre- sumed, to breed in the island, or two-thirds of its known ornis. There are forty-two species which occur as winter visitants from continental North America. Further work in the island should result in adding a considerable number to this list, judging from the many records of this class from Cuba and the other Antilles. That practic- ally all the migratory birds which regularly or casually visit Cuba should likewise reach the Isle of Pines seems entirely probable. Several of the birds in the following list have been observed more fre- quently during the season of migration than through the winter months. Querquedula discors Chen hyperborea nivalis Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Botaurus lentiginosus 160 Circus hudsonius Falco peregrinus anatum Falco columbarius Fulica americana Sterna sandvicensts acuflavida Gallinago delicata Limnodromus griseus griseus Pisobia minutilla Totanus melanoleucus Totanus flavipes Cato ptrophorus semipalmatus semi- palmatus Actitts macularia Squatarola squatarola Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Charadrius semipalmatus Arenaria interpres morinella Antrostomus carolinensis Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon Sphyrapicus varius varius ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Mimus polyglottos polygioutos Dumetella carolinensis Poliobtila cerulea cerulea Vireo griseus griseus Seto phaga ruticilla Geothlypis trichas trichas Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Seiurus aurocapillus Dendroica palmarum palmarum Dendroica discolor Dendroica dominica dominica Dendroica virens Dendroica coronata Dendroica cerulescens cerulescens Compsothlypis americana usnee Mniotilta varia Passerina cyanea Ammodramus savannarum aus- traits Passerculus sandwichensis savanna The remaining five species belong to the class of transient visitants, appearing only during the migrations in spring and fall, on the way to and from their breeding-grounds. number of species to this list also. Hirundo erythrogastra Dendroica striata Tringa solitaria Future research may add a Chordetles virginianus virginianus Dolichonyx oryzivorus FAUNAL AFFINITIES. Geographically speaking, the Isle of Pines is so closely related to Cuba that a rise of only about fifty feet would suffice to connect the two islands. Even now the channel between is dotted with numerous cays, forming a chain of islands which would surely present no especial difficulties to the passage of birds, even those of weak flight. It does not appear whether the Isle of Pines received its bird population from Cuba in this manner, or before its separation from that island took place; in either case we would expect to find their respective avifaunas closely related. An analysis shows that of the one hundred and twenty-six species on the list of breeding birds for western Cuba, no Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 161 less than eighty-five are common to both islands, while eight others are represented in the Isle of Pines by recognizably distinct forms, at least one of which is so different from the original-stock form as to merit (in the writer’s judgment) the rank of a species. These Cuban forms, with their respective representatives in the Isle of Pines, are as follows: WESTERN CUBA. ISLE OF PINES. Rallus longirostris cubanus Rallus longirostris leucopheus Columba inornata inornata Columba inornata proxima Amazona leucocephalaleucocephala Amazona leucocephala palmarum Saurothera merlini Saurothera decolor Glaucidium siju siju Glaucidium siju vittatum Xiphidiopicus percussus percussus Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinorum Centurus superciliaris superciliaris Centurus superciliaris murceus Priotelus temnurus temnurus Priotelus temnurus vescus On the other hand, there are at least thirty-one species of western Cuban breeding birds which have not as yet been recorded from the Isle of Pines, as follows: * Sula leucogastra * Sterna anetheta * Phaéthon americanus * Sterna dougalli * Plegadis autumnalis * Larus atricilla * Erismatura jamaicensis * Hematopus palliatus * Nomonyx dominicus Geotrygon caniceps * Aix sponsa * Melopelia asiatica asiatica * Pecilonetta bahamensis Campephilus bairdii Chondrohierax wilsonit Nesoceleus fernandine Buteo borealis umbrinus Colaptes chrysocaulosus chryso- Buteo platypterus cubanensis caulosus Accipiter gundlachi Nephecetes niger niger Accipiter striatus fringilloides Corvus minutus Limnopardalus maculatus inop- Dendroica pityo phila tatus Cyanerpes cyaneus ramsdeni * Porzana flaviventris Agelaius humeralis * Anous stolidus stolidus Ammodramus savannarum subsp. * Sterna fuscata Almost half of the species in this list (designated by an asterisk) are of more or less wide distribution, so that their absence is of no especial significance. No doubt in due time a number of them will be found in the Isle of Pines. Just how far a like probability may be 162 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. assumed for the remaining forms is an open question. At all events, negative evidence must count for little at present, and the chances are that, other conditions being equal, the majority of the species of this latter category extend their range to the Isle of Pines. Some of them, indeed, have even been reported therefrom, on what appears at present, however, to be insufficient grounds. The avifauna of Cuba itself, it may be noted in passing, is not en- tirely homogeneous, there being at least six cases (two of which are pointed out for the first time in the present paper) where the eastern and western parts of the island respectively are inhabited by different although closely allied forms of certain birds. Without exception in such cases the Isle of Pines bird is like that of western Cuba. So that, while we might perhaps be inclined to accept the theory of iso- lation as the dominant factor in the development of the distinctive races of the Isle of Pines, it is evident that such an explanation will not account for the differentiation of two distinct forms in Cuba. It is altogether likely, therefore, that the actual difference in environmental conditions in the Isle of Pines, as evidenced in its peculiar physio- graphic and climatic features, as compared with those of Cuba, has had more to do in the evolution of its several indigenous forms of birds than mere segregation. List oF LOCALITIES. In order to facilitate the use of the map which accompanies this report in studying the local distribution of the avifauna, all the locality names appearing in the text are here duly listed, with a brief indication of their position and application. The American invasion of the island is responsible for the confusing mixture of English and Spanish names. Certain names appearing in Messrs. Bangs and Zappey’s paper, too, are incorrectly spelled, while others are of more or less uncertain application. A map furnished by Mr. Link, showing his route and collecting-stations, happily puts his work on a much better basis in this respect. Almacigos——More properly Los Almacigos, which see. Arroyo del Pino (Pine River) —A river in the western part of the main island, visited by Mr. Read on a few occasions. Arroyo (‘‘ Rio”’) Santiago.—A small river or creek flowing into the Cienaga near its eastern end, referred to by Mr. Zappey. Bibijagua (or Vivijagua)—A town-site, with a hotel and several Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 163 concrete houses, situated on the north coast about a mile and a half southeast of the point of the same name. There is a sandy beach about a mile long at this place, while immediately to the westward a wooded ridge, which reaches a height of two hundred and fifty feet, runs parallel with the shore-line. The slopes of this ridge were well explored by Mr. Link, and proved to be quite rich in bird-life, and the locality was visited by Mr. Zappey also, who incorrectly spells the name ‘‘ Bibeyhagua.”’ Bird Island—A small mangrove island in the southern part of Siguanea Bay, so called because of the presence there of nesting colonies of the Man-o’-war-bird and Florida Cormorant. Visited by Mr. Link on two occasions, and more recently by Mr. Read. Bogarona.—A landing on the south coast of Siguanea Bay, used by vessels plying to and from Los Indios. Mr. Link collected a few specimens at this place. Caballos Mountains.—See Sierra de Caballos. Cabo (Punta) Frances——The western extremity of the “ south coast,’’ at the entrance to Siguanea Bay. Caleta Cocodrilos (Crocodile Inlet)—A small inlet, fringed with mangroves, on the western part of the ‘“‘ south coast,” visited by Mr. Link. Caleta Grande (Grand Inlet)—A small bay or inlet on the ‘‘ south coast,’’ near its western end, visited by Mr. Link. A sandy beach all around makes this a favorite resort for several species of shore-birds in season, while Brown Pelicans also find it a good place to pursue their fishing. ‘‘ Callebonita.’’-—A misspelling for Cayo Bonito, which see. Catiada Mountains——See Sierra de la Canada. Casas Mountains.—See Sierra de Casas. Casas River-—See Rio Sierra de Casas. Cayo Bonito—An old plantation, lying along a river of the same name, within a mile of the town of Santa Fé. Erroneously given as ““ Callebonita ’’ by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey. Cayo Frances——A small island just off Cabo Frances, where Mr. Link once made a brief stop, collecting a few birds. It is almost surrounded with mangroves, but has a stretch of sandy beach. Cerro de Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara Mountain).—An isolated hill in the western part of the island, about two hundred feet high, referred to by Mr. Read. 164 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Cienaga de Lanier.—Usually referred to merely as the ‘‘ Cienaga.” An immense swamp or morass, running from east to west across the southern part of the island, and separating it into two portions. See description on page 152. Columbia.—An American colony or town in the northeastern part of the main island, west of the Rio Jucaro. Crocodile Inlet—See Caleta Cocodrilos. El Bobo Lagoon.—A good-sized salt-water mangrove lagoon near the coast, east of the mouth of the Nuevas River. A favorite resort for various species of herons and shore-birds. Visited by Mr. Link on March 14 and 15, 1913. El Canal.—A tract of land in the southern part of the main island, traversed by Mr. Link in his trip to the Cienaga in May, 1913. El Hospital—A tract of land adjoining El Canal on the south, traversed by both Mr. Zappey and Mr. Link. Ensenada de la Siguanea (Siguanea Bay).—A large but compara- tively shallow bay indenting the western part of the island, and opening to the northwest. It is about ten miles wide by fourteen miles long, and its shores are almost everywhere fringed with man- groves, while mangrove islands line its southern shore. Grand Inlet-—See Caleta Grande. : Guanabana.—(Misspelled ‘‘ Guanawana” by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey). The name applied toa small tract of land just east of Santa Rosalia Lagoon, visited by Mr. Zappey. Hato.—The site of a house on the trail about midway between Bogarona and Caleta Grande, on the “ south coast,’’ south of Siguanea Bay. A few birds were collected here by Mr. Link, who reports that the surrounding country is all jungle. Hospital—More properly El Hospital, which see. Jacksonville—The name applied to a small settlement on the “ south coast,’ about midway between Caleta Grande and Caleta Cocodrilos, visited by Mr. Link. Jucaro.—A landing on the south bank of the river of the same name, used by the steamer plying between the Isle of Pines and Cuba. Visited by Mr. Zappey. La Ceiba.—A fine plantation, about four miles west-southwest of Santa Fé, referred to by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey. The name is applied also, in a larger sense, to the original tract of which this is a part. Topp: THE BrirDs OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 165 Laguna de Piedras.—A large lagoon, in character much resembling the Cienaga, situated in the southern portion of the island not far from Pasadita, and visited by Mr. Link on one occasion. Laguna Grande.—The exact position of this lagoon, which was visited by Mr. Zappey, is not ascertainable, but it is evidently near Santa Fé, since birds were shot at both places on the same day, April 21. La Vega.—A contraction, used by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey, of San Francisco de la Vega, which see. Los Almacigos.—An extensive tract lying west of the town of Santa Fé, the name being more particularly applied to the old plantation situated near the center of the tract in question. Referred to by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey merely as ‘‘ Almacigos.”’ Los Indios.—A town-site along the lower course of the river of the same name, in the southwestern part of the main island. This locality was very thoroughly worked by Mr. Link, it being his headquarters, from which excursions were made to surrounding sections, during the greater part of his stay in the island. There are extensive marshes in the vicinity, also areas of dry pasture-land, jungle, pine-woods, etc., with growths of mangrove along the river for a considerable dis- tance from its mouth, and lining a larger salt-water lagoon which les just back of the coast to the southward. This diversity of conditions makes the locality an ideal one for collecting birds. Los Tres Hermanos Mountains —A name applied by Mr. Read to the three northernmost peaks of the Casas range, close to Nueva Gerona. Majagua River.—See Rio de la Majagua. Mal Pais.—The name applied to the region along the river of the same name, visited by Mr. Zappey. “‘ Managua.’’—A misspelling of Manigua. Manigua.—A famous plantation along the Rio de las Nuevas, a few miles above McKinley, visited by Mr. William Palmer in 1900, in which year it was abandoned. Mc Kinley.—A town-site, with a number of scattering houses, along the Rio de las Nuevas, a few miles from its mouth. It is a locality frequently mentioned in Mr. Read’s articles. Morrillo del Diablo—An island off the north coast, east of the high promontory, Punta del Colombo, and famous as a resort of the Florida Cormorant. 166 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. New River.—See Rio de las Nuevas. Nueva Gerona.—The capital, port of entry, and chief town of the island, situated in the northern part, on the west bank of the Rio Sierra de Casas. It was officially founded in 1830, and now has a population of about twelve hundred. The land in the vicinity of the town is cleared for the most part and some of it is under cultivation, but there remain considerable wooded areas at the base of the Casas Mountains immediately to the westward. Most of the specimens labeled by Mr. Link as coming from ‘‘ Nueva Gerona”’ were really secured on the slopes and bases of the Casas and Caballos Mountains, or else along the river above the town. The locality was worked also by Messrs. Palmer and Riley during their visit in 1900, and by Dr. Gundlach in 1854. Nuevas River.—See Rio de las Nuevas. Pasadita.—The site of a house which formerly stood on the south shore of the Cienaga, just west of the Paso de Piedras. This house was destroyed in the hurricane of 1910, and at the time of Mr. Link’s visit in 1913 the owner had built a new one on the other side of the Cienaga. Mr. Zappey did some collecting here in 1904. Paso de Piedras~—The name given to a stretch of ground about midway of the Cienaga de Lanier, where only it is possible to cross from the main island to the southern part. Even during the dry season the water here is from one to three feet deep, with occasional dry islands. Pine River.—See Arroyo del Pino. Placer de Playa Larga.—The name applied to an extensive area of beach and shallows on the southeastern shore of the “ south coast.” Called ‘‘ Plaza Larga’’ by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey. “Plaza Larga.’’—See Placer de Playa Larga. Port Mc Kinley.—A landing a few miles above the mouth of the Rio de las Nuevas, referred to by Mr. Read. Pueblo Nuevo.—The name given to the inferior ‘‘ native’ on the western outskirts of Nueva Gerona. Referred to by Messrs. suburb, Bangs and Zappey. Punta del Colombo.—A high promontory jutting out into the sea, forming the termination of the Sierra de Caballos. Punta del Este-—The easternmost point of the “ south coast.’”” There is an area of sandy beach here, while on the south exposure the same in general. ” coral rock prevails as is found all over the “ south coast Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 167 Very few birds, however, were noticed here on the occasion of Mr. Link’s visit, March 22 and 23, 1913. Mr. Zappey seems to have penetrated thus far on his second expedition, since the locality is mentioned once in his report. : Punta del Potrero—The easternmost point of the northern or main island. Punta de la Bibijagua.—A point on the northeastern coast of the island. Punta Primera de Salinas.—A point on the coast, east of Punta de la Bibijagua, which is probably the locality referred to by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey under the name “ Salina.’’ It is probably the same as Rincon Lagoon, so called by Mr. Link. Punta Frances.—See Cabo Frances. Rincon Lagoon.—A large lagoon adjacent to the coast, east of Bibi- jagua, visited by Mr. Link, and probably the same as the locality called ‘“‘Salina’’ by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey. For a fuller de- scription see page 152. Rio de la Majagua (Majagua River).—A small river in the south- western part of the main island, northwest of Los Indios, visited by Mr. Link on several occasions. Like all the rivers of this part, its lower course is fringed with mangroves. Rio de las Nuevas ( Nuevas or New River).—The longest river in the island, draining a large part of the central and northwestern sec- tion. Itis too shallow, however, to permit the ascent of any but small vessels, and is fringed with mangroves as far up as the town of McKinley, beyond which the jungle comes to the water’s edge. Rio del Mal Pais.—One of the tributaries of the Rio Jucaro, rising near the center of the main island, and flowing in a northeast direction. Rio Jucaro.—A good-sized river in the northeastern part of the main island, formed by the junction, near Jucaro, of several smaller streams. “ Rio” Santiago.—See Arroyo Santiago. Rio Sierra de Casas (Casas River).—A river in the northern part of the main island, navigable for small steamers for about two miles from its mouth, or to the town of Nueva Gerona. “Salina.” —See Punta Primera de Salinas. San Francisco de la Vega.—An unsurveyed tract adjoining the Cienaga, visited in 1904 by Mr. Zappey, who refers to it merely as “alas Vega.” 168 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. San Juan.—An extensive tract of land in the eastern part of the main island. The name is also applied, in a more restricted sense, to the old Garcia homestead, the former headquarters of the tract. It is mentioned by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey as a collecting-station. Santa Ana.—A tract of land about four miles west of Santa Rosalia, where Mr. Link found a few species of water-birds at a small lagoon on one occasion. Santa Barbara.—The name originally applied to a tract of about fifteen thousand acres, lying west of the Rio de las Nuevas, but more recently given to a settlement in its south-central part. As used by Mr. Read, the name refers to the tract, but both the tract and the town were formerly called West McKinley by the promoting land- company. Santa Barbara Mountain.—See Cerro de Santa Barbara. Santa Fé.—The oldest settlement on the island, situated on the river of the same name, in the east-central part. Santa Rosalia.—A town-site in the northeastern part of the island, about halfway between Nueva Gerona and Santa Fé. Santa Rosalia Lagoon.—A large fresh-water lake, situated a short distance northwest of Columbia, close to the Caballos Mountains. The water is shallow, and during the dry season the lake is of course much reduced in extent. The shores are muddy, and support a rank growth of grasses and sedges. Several species of water-birds were encountered here by Mr. Zappey and Mr. Link. Santa Sevilla——This locality, mentioned by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey, cannot be found on any map consulted. Possibly it is an error for ‘‘ Santa Cecilla.”’ Sierra de Caballos ( Caballos Mountains) —A mountain ridge in the northern part of the main island, east of Nueva Gerona, running north and south, parallel with the Rio Sierra de Casas, and terminating in a headland on the coast known as Punta del Colombo. For a fuller description see page 149. Sierra de Casas (Casas Mountains).—A ridge lying west of the town of Nueva Gerona, and about two and one-half miles in length, from north to south. See description on page 149. Sierra dela Catada ( Cafiada Mountains).—An elevated ridge in the southwestern part of the main island, rising to a height of nine hundred and eighty-five feet (fide O. E. Jennings). For a further description see page 149. Visited by both Mr. Read and Mr. Link. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 169 Siguanea.—A town-site at the southwestern extremity of the main island. As the name is used by Mr. Link, it covers the coast in the immediate vicinity, and the western end of the Cienaga for a distance of several miles. Siguanea Bay.—See Ensenada de la Siguanea. Vivijagua.—See Bibijagua. West Mc Kinley.—A name used by the promoting land-company for the tract and settlement on the west side of the Rio de las Nuevas, later on called Santa Barbara, which see. Many of Mr. Read’s observations were made here. List OF SPECIES. The order of the present list follows that laid down for the higher groups by Mr. Robert Ridgway in the first volume of his Birds of North and Middle America. The actual sequence of the species, however, so far as it has appeared in the body of that work, has been reversed, and in the groups not yet treated by that author arranged as well as may be to correspond. In matters of nomenclature the aim has been to follow the latest and best authorities, save only where the facts seem to justify a different course. While certain of the rulings of the International Commission on Zodlogical Nomenclature, as for example the one which requires the original spelling to be followed in the duplication of the final ‘‘i’’ in patronymic names, are decidedly objectionable to the writer, he proposes to waive his personal preju- dices for the sake of uniformity. Such species as in the judgment of the writer are not fully authenticated as birds of the Isle of Pines are included in their proper places, but are printed in smaller type, and without a number prefixed. All measurements are in millimeters, and in every case the length of the bill is that of the exposed culmen. Free use has been made of Mr. Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color Nomenclature in discussing color variations and preparing descrip- tions. As regards the names in the reference lists under the several species, it should be explained that variations in orthography or abbreviation do not appear under separate entries, all such having been combined under one head, so long as the intention of the author is clear. The formal citation of vernacular names in this connection is of course defensible, in a faunal paper such as this, on the ground of tending to completeness. The locality names in the references have for the most part been given in corrected form. 170 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 1. Colymbus dominicus dominicus Linneus. SAatint DOMINGO GREBE. “Least Grebe’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVII, I910, 15, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines, Dec. 25, 1909); XXVIII, 1911, 114 (West McKinley). Colymbus dominicus READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, to911, 13 (I. of Pines). One specimen: Caleta Grande. This example, the only one observed, was shot in a small lagoon on November 28. It is an adult male in full winter dress, with a white throat. In size it agrees with Cuban specimens, measuring as follows: wing, 96; culmen, 26. Mr. Read has recorded the species in the northwestern part of the island, and writes that he shot a specimen April 14, 1910, along the Nuevas River. It is evidently not a very common bird on the island, and by reason of its secretive habits readily eludes observation. 2. Podilymbus podiceps (Linnzus). PIED-BILLED GREBE. Podilymbus podiceps BANGS & ZappEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 184 (Nueva Gerona, breeding, fide Palmer & Riley; Laguna Grande, March).—Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 11 (1. of Pines). ‘‘Pied-billed Grebe’’ REaAp, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 102 (I. of Pines).—REaAD, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, May 7).—ReEap, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 113 (West McKinley). One specimen: Los Indios. Recently Mr. Outram Bangs has described the Pied-billed Grebe of the Antilles as a distinct subspecies, Podilymbus podiceps antillarum (Proceedings New England Zoélogical Club, IV, 1913, 89). After an examination of the type-specimen and certain other material I find myself unable to indorse this separation on any grounds whatever. The type is no smaller than a female specimen from northern Brevard County, Florida, in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, taken at just about the same date. Females of this species, besides being smaller, seem to have on an average a more restricted black throat- patch than males, and I have reason to believe that the black marking on the side of the bill is a variable character, dependent largely upon season, and not especially correlated with locality. A breeding speci- men from Great Inagua, Bahama Islands, is certainly in nowise dis- tinguishable from continental examples. According to Baird, Brewer, & Ridgway (Water Birds of North America, II, 1884, 441), South American examples are not tangibly different, contrary to what might be expected in the case of such a wide-ranging species. Topp: THE BIRDs OF THE ISLE OF PINES. WA There are only a few records for this species for the Isle of Pines, where it is evidently not a common bird. Mr. Link did not meet with it at all, the single example recorded above having been forwarded to the Carnegie Museum by Mr. Frederic F. Baggesen, who secured it at Los Indios on October 16, 1913. Mr. Zappey saw none in 1904, and but two in March, 1902, at Laguna Grande. That the species breeds on the island, however, is attested by Mr. Riley, who says that he found an adult and three downy young of fair size at Santa Rosalia Lagoon, southeast of Nueva Gerona, early in July, 1900. ‘‘ One of the downy young was secured, but the other two and the adult eluded me, as they could swim and dive faster than I could wade.”’ Mr. Read enters this species on his list as a rare resident. 3. Anhinga anhinga (Linneus). WATER TURKEY. Anhinga anhinga Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 84 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 310 (I. of Pines).—BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (Nueva Gerona [ fide Palmer & Riley] and the Cienaga). —ReEAD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 165 (Nuevas River; habits); XXVIII, ro11, It (1. of Pines).—ReEAD, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 20, 1913 (descr.; habits). “ Anhinga’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines)—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, 1911, 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines). Although recorded by almost all the observers who have studied the avifauna of the Isle of Pines, the Anhinga or Water Turkey does not seem to be a very common bird there. Mr. Zappey found it only in the region of the Cienaga, where he says that individuals might be seen almost any day, perched on dead branches of trees. A single adult bird, still retaining some of the lengthened feathers of the crown and nape, was shot by Mr. Link on the Los Indios River on December 18. He saw others also on the Majagua River, and near Siguanea, at the eastern end of the Cienaga. There are, however, numerous records from the northern part of the island as well, to which may be added those of individuals seen near Bibijagua and Santa Ana by Mr. Link. Mr. Read has given us an entertaining account of the fishing habits of this species as observed by him on the Nuevas River. The natives consider the flesh of this bird very palatable. 4. Phalacrocoraxauritus floridanus(Audubon). FLORIDA CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax floridanus Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—GuNDLACcH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 305 (I. of Pines). 172, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 85 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—BaNncs & ZAppEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (I. of Pines, coastwise).—(?) READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines).—ReEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Bird I., Siguanea Bay). “Florida Cormorant” (?) READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, Dec. 6).—(?) READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); (?) XXVIII, rot, 10 (Nuevas River, May 17), 146 (Morrillo del Diablo); XXX, 1913, 123 (north coast, off Nuevas River), (?) 125 (Santa Barbara), (?) 130 (I. of Pines), (?) 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). Nine specimens: Los Indios. Only two of these are adults in full black glossy plumage, neither of which, however, although taken in the breeding season, show any sign whatever of lateral crests. One specimen is abnormal in possess- ing fourteen rectrices. Cormorants of this species are common all along the coast and about the outlying cays; in fact, it isin such situations one of the most abun- dant and characteristic water-birds. It breeds in colonies at certain points, the nests being built in the mangroves at a low elevation, and composed merely of a few sticks. Two eggs are the usual comple- ment; they are dull bluish green in color, with rough, chalky shells. The species seems to have an extended breeding season, eggs and downy young having been found at a colony in Bird Island, in Siguanea Bay, at such widely separated dates as October 18 and April 16. At another colony, in a lagoon south of Los Indios, eggs were secured on October 7, and a month later downy young, possibly two weeks old. The island of Morrillo del Diablo, on the north coast, off Punta del Colombo, is another favorite resort of this species. Although partial to the salt water, individuals occasionally ascend the rivers for a little distance, one having been shot on January 21 on the Los Indios River, three miles from its mouth. It is possible that some of Mr. Read’s records above quoted may refer to the following species. 5. Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus ( Brandt). MEXICAN CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax vigua mexicana (sic) BANGS & ZAppEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (Pasadita, May; meas.; crit.). One specimen: Bibijagua. The only one observed by Mr. Link was shot near the coast at Bibijagua on July 4. Mr. Zappey secured a specimen at Pasadita in May. ‘These two occurrences are at present the only certain records Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. aly for the island, where it evidently is not common. Unlike P. auritus floridanus, it is wont to frequent fresh as well as salt water. Speci- mens are indistinguishable from typical examples from Mexico. Its distribution in the West Indies is apparently restricted to Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Watlings Island of the Bahaman group. 6. Pelecanus occidentalis Linneus. BROowN PELICAN. Pelecanus fuscus POEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 85 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BAnGS & ZApPEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (‘‘south coast’’). “Brown Pelican’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 10 (Nuevas River), 13 (I. of Pines); XXX, 1913, 131 (‘“‘south coast’’). Pelecanus occidentalis READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Caleta Grande). Six specimens: Caleta Grande. Four different plumages are represented. There are two in juvenal dress (November 26), with white under parts and grayish heads and necks. Two others taken at the same time are obviously immature, showing the neck-pattern of the adult in brownish gray instead of chestnut, the under parts, however, being dark-colored. The series available for study being insufficient to illustrate the sequence of plumages in this species, I am a little uncertain as to the exact age of these two examples, but believe them to be in first nuptial dress, assuming that the species breeds in the second year, or, if it does not, in a plumage which corresponds to this in time. Both of these speci- mens show fresh gray feathers mixed with the worn brown ones char- acteristic of the juvenal plumage, the moult affecting the rectrices. also. There are two spring specimens (April 18 and 23), one of which has the back of the neck chestnut, while in the other the head and neck all around are white. This latter corresponds to the description of the adult in winter plumage, and compares favorably with non- breeding specimens from Costa Rica and Colombia. Mr. Ogilvie- Grant (Catalogue Birds British Museum, X XVI, 1898, 478), however, says that ‘ nearly mature ”’ birds ‘‘ do not assume the dark velvety- brown neck in the breeding-season, these parts remaining white like those of the adult in winter-plumage.’”’ But, if I am correct as to the stage of plumage represented by the immature birds described above, it would be strange indeed to find them assuming the pattern of the adult for the first breeding-season, only to lose it for the second. It is well known that this species has an extensive breeding-season, nesting along the Cuban coast, according to Gundlach, from June to 174 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. September, while on Pelican Island, Florida, two broods are said to be raised, one in May and one in September. The difference in the time of nesting would readily account for the presence of birds in winter or non-breeding plumage at the same season as those in full nuptial dress. Although the Brown Pelican has been occasionally noted in the northern part of the Isle of Pines, it is far more numerous about the “south coast.” Mr. Link found it to be very common at Caleta Grande on November 26 and 27, and again in April, fishing in the shallow water. Individuals were noted also at Cabo Frances, Los Indios, the Majagua River, and at Punta del Este, at the southeastern corner of the island. It is evident that the breeding-place of these birds must be somewhere along this coast, but it was not discovered, nor did any of the natives seem to be aware of its location. Probably it is in some retired inlet or lagoon, or perhaps on one of the isolated cays not yet visited by any ornithologist. 7. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 85 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.), 136 (I. of Pines, ex ?).—-Bancs & ZappEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (I. of Pines, ex Cory). The claim of the White Pelican to a place in the present list rests solely on the authority of Mr. Cory, as above. I have been unable to discover upon what grounds his record is based. There is but one authentic record for Cuba, and if it occurs in the Isle of Pines at all it can only be as a very rare and irregular winter visitor. 8. Fregata magnificens Matthews. MAN-0’-WAR-BIRD. Fregata aquila Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 85 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— Bancs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 185 (Manigua, fide Palmer & Riley, Santa Fé, and ‘‘south coast’’). ‘Frigate Bird’? Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 13, and XXX, 1913, 130 (1. of Pines).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Siguanea Bay). Fifteen specimens: Bird Island. This species, although apt to be seen flying over on occasion almost anywhere in the island, inland as well as coastwise, is not known to breed locally, except on a small mangrove cay near the head of Siguanea Bay, known as Bird Island. Here a colony of several hundred indi- viduals is established, occupying an extensive area on the south side of the island, while the Florida Cormorants are confined to another lod Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 175 part. This colony was first visited on October 18 and 19. The adult birds proved to be rather shy on this occasion, but a series of young in juvenal plumage was secured, some still showing remains of the natal down in places. Although practically fully grown, some of the young birds were still confined to the nest, and could only be forced to leave by the use of considerable persuasion. Numerous dead young were noticed, caught by the neck in the fork of a branch, where they had fallen out of the nests, which are so small and frail that one wonders how the young contrive to remain in them at all. Should they drop into the water below they at once fall victims to the waiting crocodiles. A second visit to this same spot, made on April 16 and 17, found the birds with eggs and downy young, some of which were secured, as well as a series of adults. Both sexes incubate, and the brooding birds are very loath to leave their eggs or young. The half of the birds off duty at any given time are wont to keep swinging about overhead in graceful circles, when not actually engaged in fishing. g. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). BITTERN. Botaurus lentiginosus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 89 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—GUNDLAcH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 192 (I. of Pines).—BaANncs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 188 (I. of Pines, ex Cory and Gundlach).—Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 26 (I. of Pines, ex Gundlach).—ReEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines [ex Cory and Gundlach]). A winter visitant, apparently rare, the only records being the in- definite ones cited above, which doubtless all rest on the authority of Gundlach. The species has been recorded as a casual or accidental visitant to Jamaica and Porto Rico, and according to Gundlach is rot rare in western Cuba, so that further records from the Isle of Pines may be anticipated. 10. Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin). LEAsT BITTERN. Ardetia exilis BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 188 (Cienaga). “Least Bittern’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, 58, and XXVII, 1910, 15, and XXVIII, rort, 7 (I. of Pines); XXVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, rorz, 113 (West McKin- ley). Ixobrychus exilis Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, Igri, 11, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines).—READ, Bird- Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). One specimen: Siguanea. April 28 is the date of capture, which at least raises a strong presump- tion of this being a breeding bird, contrary to what Messrs. Bangs and 176 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Zappey indicate. The specimen, an adult male, is rather smaller than the average (wing, 110 mm.), although it is in fresh plumage; its posterior under parts are much whiter, in fact, pure white medi- ally down to the under tail-coverts. Examination of a considerable series of this species, however, shows that such pale birds are not localized in their distribution, but occur at such widely separated points as Sacramento, California (No. 33,353, Collection Museum Compara- tive Zodlogy), Fort Snelling, Minnesota (No. 189,493, Collection U. S. National Museum), and Lake Harney, Florida (No. 152,913, Collec- tion U. S. National Museum), so that they can have no geographical significance. One other individual was seen by Mr. Link, at Los Indios early in October, while Mr. Read sets it down in his list as a common winter resident. In a letter from Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, of Guantanamo, Cuba, he expresses the opinion that it would be very difficult to distinguish breeding examples from winter-resident birds (if, indeed, the northern birds come to Cuba at all), for the reason that he has found partly incubated eggs on December 10, while it is improbable that a specimen shot May 10 was other than a breeding bird. Mr. Zappey found the Least Bittern common in the Cienaga in March, 1902. Jamaica seems to be its southern breeding limit in the Antilles. 11. Ardea occidentalis repens Bangs and Zappey. CUBAN GREAT WHITE HERON. Ardea repens BANGS & ZappEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 186 (Cienaga and cays off coast; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.).—ALLEN, Auk, XXII, 1905, 329, in text (review).—EpiTors, Ibis, 1905, 631, in text (review). —ReEap, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 11, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines, rare).— Reap, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines, rare; descr.). ““Great White Heron”? READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 75 (I. of Pines).—READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, Mar. 13). “‘Cuban White Heron”’ READ, Odlogist, XXVII, 910, 5, and XXVIII, 1911, 10 (Nuevas River), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines, Mar. 13). Ardea herodias repens BANGS, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 484, part (I. of Pines; crit.). One specimen: El Bobo Lagoon. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. r3e24T OF (Cienaga, Tol Pines). 22 trent eee re coreke 440 156 144 72) 412052 9 El Bobo Lagoon, I. of Pines........... 413 152 I2I 154 1 Collection E. A. and O. Bangs. Type. 2 Collection Carnegie Museum. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. iLY(7; The measurements of this, the second specimen of this rare bird re- corded from the Isle of Pines, show that it is smaller than the type. Although apparently fully grown, it is certainly immature, as indicated by the shreds of downy filaments still adhering to some of the feathers of the occiput, and by the dark-colored upper mandible. The type-speci- men, which has been examined in this connection, also looks like an im- mature, or at least a non-breeding bird, having a dark upper mandible, and lacking any trace of occipital, scapular, and jugular plumes. It is of course to be expected that fully adult males in breeding dress would average somewhat larger, and resemble the Florida bird in their ornamentation. The smaller size being apparently the only char- acter separating it from the latter, I prefer to let it stand as a sub- species. My views regarding the specific distinctness of Ardea occi- dentalis coincide with those of Mr. Oberholser (Proceedings United States National Museum, XLIII, 1912, 541), but it may be worth while to point out that in the matter of size A. occidentalis occi- dentalis bears exactly the same relation to A. occidentalis repens as does A. herodias wardi to its West Indian representative, A. herodias adoxa —a circumstance which may or may not be significant. Additional specimens of the present form are naturally very desirable. The iris in the specimen taken by Mr. Link is marked as “‘ straw-color.”’ This heron is rather rare throughout the island, and very shy and difficult to approach. It is found mostly in the open marshy country, where there is not enough cover to conceal the movements of the hunter. The individual secured was surprised near El Bobo Lagoon, northeast of McKinley, on March 7. Another was repeatedly observed in October and November along the Majagua River, but eluded all efforts to approach it within gunshot. Towards the western end of the Cienaga as many as three were observed together on one occasion (November 14). One was noted flying overhead near Nueva Gerona. Although it may readily be distinguished in life from the Egret by its superior size, it is possible that some of Mr. Read’s records above quoted may refer to the latter species. Messrs. Palmer and Riley 3 This was written before the appearance of Mr. Bangs’s recent paper (Auk, XXXII, 1915, 481-484), in which he contends that Ardea occidentalis is merely a white phase of Ardea herodias wardi. Although he presents no new evidence bearing on the case, it must be admitted that the presumption in favor of his view is by no means weak, reasoning by analogy. But it would seem to be a matter which can be settled only by further and detailed observations in the field. 178 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. saw a few about the cays, and it is probable that the species breeds on some of the more retired of these islands. 12. Ardea herodias adoxa Oberholser. West INDIAN BLUE HERON. Ardea herodias (not of Linnzeus) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1851, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 89 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) BANGS & ZAppEY, Am. Nat. XX XIX, 1905, 186 (cays off coast and the Cienaga; crit.).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines, not common; descr.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). “Ward's Heron” (error) READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 102, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines, rare); XXVIII, ror1r, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West unre rare); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River). Ardea herodias adoxa OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLIII, to12, 544 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—CookeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, ae. Ais, uous Si) Us Oi Pines; crit.). ‘‘Great Blue Heron’”’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 168 (Los Indios).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Pine River). Ardea herodias wardi? READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines); XXX, 1913, 132 (Nuevas River). Ardea herodias repens (not of Bangs and Zappey?) BANGs, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 484, part (I. of Pines; crit.). One specimen: Los Indios. This bird, shot November 23, is in immature dress, with much more rufescent suffusion below thanin any of the specimens of A. h. herodias and A. h. wardi of the same age available for comparison, although no especial difference in the color of the upper parts is observable. The middle wing-coverts are old and worn, while the greater and most of the lesser series are fresh. Without additional material I do not at- tempt to discuss the claims of this particular form to recognition, further than to state that it certainly cannot be confused with A. h. wardt. Great Blue Herons are rather common throughout the island, and were noted at almost all the localities visited by Mr. Link, wherever there was water. They unquestionably breed on certain of the out- lying cays, whence young in the downy stage brought back by fisher- men were examined. No nests were discovered on the mainland, although there is no reason why the birds should not breed there upon occasion. Mr. Read has also observed them frequently in the course of his peregrinations in the northern part of the island, but his identi- fication of the individuals seen as belonging to the Florida form is obviously in error. He writes that he took but one specimen, which he shot at Pine River on July 12, I9I1T. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 179 13. Herodias egretta (Gmelin). EGRET. Ardea egretta Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 89 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Herodias egretta GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 181 (I. of Pines).—Bancs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 186 (I. of Pines, inland and coastwise; Nueva Gerona, fide Palmer & Riley; La Vega; formerly abundant).—REaD, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines).—ReEapD, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines, rare; descr.). ‘“‘American Egret’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines) —READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 124, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). Three specimens: Pasadita. Only one of these (No. 41,405, May 28) is in (worn) breeding dress. The other two, shot on May 23, may also be adults, but they show no signs of dorsal plumes. On the Isle of Pines, as elsewhere throughout its range, the Egret has suffered sadly from the persecution of the plume-hunters, until its numbers are now but a fraction of what they formerly were. The few birds which remain, although protected by law, are shot at by the natives surreptitiously at every opportunity, until they have become so shy that it is now only by chance that they can be approached at all. As many as seven together were seen on one occasion at a lagoon east of the mouth of the Nuevas River, but they easily eluded the efforts of four gunners to get within range. It is not known precisely where the local breeding-grounds of this species are at the present time. Mr. Zappey speaks of seeing Egrets on the coast as well as inland, but Mr. Link did not observe any except about fresh water. 14. Dichromanassa rufescens (Gmelin). REDDISH EGRET. Ardea rufescens PoEyY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). A single individual of this species was identified by Mr. Link in a salt-water marsh at Los Indios on October 7, but eluded capture. Poey’s record above quoted seems to be the only other known instance of its occurrence on the island. 15. Florida cerulea (Linneus). LitrtLeE BLUE HERON. Ardea cerulea PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gund- lach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 90 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Florida cerulea GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 186 (I. of Pines). “Little Blue Heron”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, OGdlogist, X XVI, 1909, 75, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines, common); XXVII, 1910, 5,and XXVIII, torr, 6, 10, and XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, 1911, 113 (West McKinley), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara). 180 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Florida cerulea cerulescens BANGS & ZAppEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 187 (Guanabana, the Cienaga, and seacoast, common).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, IQII, 11, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines)—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley).—ReEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines; descr.). Eleven specimens: Los Indios and Majagua River. The series comprises seven white and four blue birds, but only one of the latter is without any scattering white feathers. These blue individuals, together with another from Porto Rico, are quite indis- tinguishable from Florida examples, so far as I can see. Mr. Riley (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1904, 279) has adopted the name cerulescens of Latham, based on birds from Cayenne, as the subspecific appellation of the Little Blue Herons of the Greater and Lesser Antilles and of Central and South America, alleging that they are much darker than those of Florida and farther north. I have not seen any Cayenne examples, but can find no characters to distinguish Colombian birds, while the series of Florida specimens studied certainly shows a considerable degree of individual variation in depth of coloration. But as such variation in the West Indian birds is fully as great, there is no reason for thinking that it has any geographical significance. All observers agree that the Little Blue Heron is the commonest species of its tribe in the island, both on the coast, cays, and in the inland districts, wherever there is water. It is particularly numerous in the Cienaga, however, and is also partial to the brackish lagoons along the coast. According to Mr. Link’s experience, the blue and white phases are about equally common at all seasons. He found several nests in process of construction early in May, all in the man- groves along the Los Indios River. Except in the breeding-season, the species was frequently observed in small parties, wading about on the edges of lagoons, the margins of rivers, and the open marshes. Not being persecuted as are some of the other herons, it is as a rule not nearly so shy. 16. Egretta thula thula (Molina). SNowy EGRET. Leucophoyx candidissima BANGS & ZAppEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 187 (Jucaro and the Cienaga). ‘‘Snowy Heron’”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, 58, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, r911, 6 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona). Herodias candidissima READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines). Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 181 Egretta candidissima READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines). Ardea candidissima READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines; descr.). Messrs. Bangs and Zappey state that ‘‘ the Snowy Heron is now very tare on the Isle of Pines, having been killed off for its plumes. One was seen in the Cienaga, and at Jucaro a native had a wounded bird that was kept alive in confinement.’’ Aside from this, the only records are those by Mr. Read, above quoted. He writes that he took a specimen December I, 1909, on the Nuevas River, and that he has since seen several along this same stream. But the possibility of confusing this species with the white phase of the Little Blue Heron is so great that it is very doubtful if it occurs as frequently as a perusal of Mr. Read’s notes would lead us to believe. Mr. Link, indeed, made a special search for this species, going in pursuit of every small white heron that he saw, but all turned out to be Little Blue Herons in the white phase. 17. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). LOUISIANA HERON. Ardea leucogaster PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Ardea tricolor ruficollis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 89 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 183 (I. of Pines).— Bancs & ZApprEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 187 (seacoast, Cienaga, etc.).— HeELLMAyR, Nov. Zodl., XIII, 1906, 50 (I. of Pines,; meas.).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines).— READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines; descr.). “Louisiana Heron’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, I9gIrI, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, I913, 125 (Santa Barbara). Hydranassa tricolor (not of Miiller) REAp, Bird-Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Four specimens: Los Indios and Bird Island. Two of the Los Indios examples, dated October 1 and 4 respectively, are in worn breeding dress, while a third, taken May 8, is in full nuptial plumage. The specimen from Bird Island, shot on October 18, is in juvenal plumage, the neck and breast being deep rufous, and the pileum, hind neck, and flanks still bearing remains of the natal down. All of these specimens have rather more rufous on the throat than the average Florida bird, possibly indicating divergence in the direction of the subspecies rufimentum, described from Trinidad by Mr. Hell- mayr. 182 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Although not so common in the Isle of Pines as the Little Blue Heron, this bird is still fairly numerous. It is seldom found away from the salt and brackish waters of the coastal lagoons and the lower courses of the rivers, where it may often be found in company with the Little Blue Heron. Mr. Zappey secured a single specimen in the Cienaga, but the species was observed there by Mr. Link only at its western end, near Siguanea. No nests were found, but it prob- ably breeds in May, as does the Little Blue Heron. 18. Butorides virescens cubanus Oberholser. CUBAN GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens (not of Linnzeus) PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Butorides virescens maculata (not of Boddaert) BANGS & ZApPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 188 (Bibijagua and Santa Fé; crit.) —THAYER & BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., XLVI, 1905, 142 (Bibijagua and Santa Fé; meas.; crit.).— READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, tot1, 44 (McKinley).—REap, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, II, and XXX, 1913, 132 (I. of Pines).—REApD, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (1. of Pines, common; descr.). ‘“Green Heron’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, OGdlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, ro11, 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River). “Southern Green Heron’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVII, r910, 5, and XXVIII, ro11, 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 3 (McKinley), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines). “Little Green Heron’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.). Butorides virescens cubanus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLII, 1912, 557 (Santa Fé, Bibijagua, and Nueva Gerona; meas.; crit.). Butorides virescens brunescens (not Ardea brunescens Lembeye ?) BaANncs, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 484, part (I. of Pines; crit.). Six specimens: Los Indios, Nueva Gerona, Jacksonville, and Si- guanea. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus, 412714 2 Jacksonville MeofmPinesme emcees see eee 166 61 64 48 ATZO840 1Gh © ESiglanea, gl Oieineseiemmrii ciate si cer 165 61 64 47 Zope vor (Cqbehighaakzih letoyqtoyIeUiclo) 4 Gochoaueben ven I79 61 58 53 30205. eGo ACilIntas) PontoukdCcomem aenrieie cri 175 64 54 47 393053 92 Wituado;,, LortoeuRicOneeaeiieaie ces aor 164 58 56 45 286035. A(cur) pe vlantinigiescccrre nena tiene ecko oe 181 70 61 49 280045" (Cour) svlartiniqte: as. miieieee tee 179 64 56 53 Eight adult males from eastern U. S., average.......... 179 65 6r 51 4 Collection Carnegie Museum. 5 Collection Museum Comparative Zodélogy. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 183 Only two of the above are fully mature; the others all show more or less brownish suffusion on the posterior under parts, a condition very well marked in No. 39,932 (Nueva Gerona, December 31), which approaches B. brunescens very closely in this respect, and is moreover entirely purplish brown above. The two adults, together with a few examples from other localities, included for comparison, measure as shown in table on page 182. In discussing the relationships of the Bahaman form of Butorides virescens not long since (ANNALS CARNEGIE MUuSEuM, VII, 1911, 410), I ventured the opinion that the West Indian bird was scarcely or not at all separable from the typical form. More recently, since the receipt of the specimens above recorded, I have been led to look into the question anew, in the light of the rather startling conclusions reached by Mr. Oberholser in his late revision of the races of this species (Proceedings U. S. National Museum, XLII, 1912, 529-577). It is not my purpose at this time to critically review the paper in question, lacking as I do sufficient material to serve as a basis for a full discussion, but merely to call attention to several points suggested by the study and comparison of these specimens. Mr. Riley (Smith- sonian Miscellaneous Collections, Quarterly Issue, XLVII, 1904, 278) was apparently the first to note the somewhat smaller size and slightly different coloration of the Green Heron of the West Indies, for which he adopted the subspecific name maculata Boddaert. Later Mr. Clark (Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, XXXII, 1905, 234) and Messrs. Thayer and Bangs (Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, XLVI, 1905, 143) confirmed Mr. Riley’s observations as to the smaller size from independent investigation. Mr. Oberholser now proposes to split up the birds from the Greater and Lesser Antilles into no less than ezght different races, based on slight variations in color and relative proportions, the only alternative (so he claims) being to merge all the West Indian birds, including even those from the Bahama Islands, with true wirescens. Our present concern is with the bird of the Isle of Pines, which, together with those of Haiti and Porto Rico, Mr. Oberholser refers to the Cuban form, which he calls cubanus. This is described as smaller than true virescens, with the neck and sides of the head usually lighter, more rufescent, less purplish, and the abdomen also averaging paler. From maculatus, which name is restricted to the bird of Martinique, it is said to differ in its smaller size (except the bill), and in its darker, less purplish neck 184 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and sides of head. The natural inference would be, therefore, that maculatus and virescens approximate each other in their characters! Through the courtesy of Mr. Bangs I have before me the two adult specimens from Martinique upon which Mr. Oberholser has based his comparisons. They prove to be very poor skins, with necks unduly stretched—a feature which makes the colors of the feathers of this part appear lessintense. “The measurements (which I have confirmed), it will be noted, are fully up to those of true wrescens, and, although the neck and sides of the head are slightly paler, it is true, than the average specimen of that form, it is easy to match their colors in a series. Even on the assumption that additional material from Martinique would bear out the trifling differences indicated, formal separation would seem scarcely justifiable. Admitting that Green Herons from the West Indies (collectively considered) average slightly smaller and paler than those from eastern North America, and are thus possibly worthy of subspecific recognition, it is confusing to find the only specimens from the type-locality of maculatus, the earliest name available for the birds of this region, differing so little. Two male examples from Porto Rico, also, are larger, instead of smaller, than the average. In short, the variation in size seems so great, on the whole, and the range in color so subtle and inconstant in character, - even in specimens from the same locality, that it is only provisionally, and with great reluctance, that I here recognize the Cuban and Porto Rican bird as distinct subspecifically. In any case, it is certainly far less trenchantly defined than the Bahaman race, contrary to Mr. Oberholser’s implication. After a study of his paper it is difficult to avoid the impression that he has carried subdivision too far. Surely the use of trinomials, for which the American school of ornithologists has contended so long, was never designed to cover such a case as this. Even admitting that this is largely a matter of individual opin- ion, it would nevertheless seem true as a general proposition that a certain amount of variation ought to be allowed a given species without thereby subjecting it to formal division. There are limits in refinement beyond which it does not seem profitable to go, and while, as previously remarked, I am not now in a position to go into further details in this particular case, I suspect that the acquisition of fresh material may eventually necessitate a revision of present conclusions.® 6 In this connection I may add that Dr. Thomas Barbour has advised me that it is absolutely certain, from repeated and extensive observations, that neither the Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 185 The Cuban Green Heron is one of the most abundant of its tribe in the Isle of Pines, where it prefers the fresh or brackish water of the rivers or lagoons to the seacoast. In its habits it is not especially different from the bird of the United States. Messrs. Palmer and Riley found a nest near Nueva Gerona on July 8, containing two eggs on the point of hatching. Nests in process of construction, believed to belong to this species, were found by Mr. Link at Los Indios and Sigu- anea in March and April, built in the mangroves over the water. 19. Butorides brunescens (Lembeye). CUBAN BROWN HERON. Butorides brunescens BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 188 (Nueva Gerona, fide Palmer and Riley).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXV, 1912, 53 (Nueva Gerona; descr.; crit.)—CoOKE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 60 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, I31 (1. of Pines), 132 (West Coast Section, 7. e., Santa Barbara).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (Los Indios and west coast, fairly common; rare in interior; descr.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). ““Cuban Green Heron’”’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 13 (I. of Pines), 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara). Butorides virescens brunescens BANGS, Auk. XXXII, 1915, 484, part (I. of Pines; crit.). Five specimens: Los Indios and Nueva Gerona. Two of these are adult males (October 9 and 28), one with many of the scapular plumes glaucous gray, while in the other they are almost entirely bottle-green. The other three specimens are young birds in various stages of the postjuvenal moult, which involves only the body- plumage and wing-coverts. In two specimens shot September 30 this moult is just beginning, but in a third, taken February 1, it is far advanced. The iris is marked as “ light yellow.” For a full account of this species the paper by Mr. Oberholser, above quoted, should be consulted. While I agree with his conclusions as to the status of this form it may be well to call attention again to the brown-bellied specimen of Butorides virescens cubanus noted under the head of that species, and which suggests an approach to the present form. Described originally from Cuba, where it was said by Gundlach to be very rare, it has long been suspected to be merely a color-phase Green Heron nor any other heron breeds on Swan Island, in the Caribbean Sea, the few individuals which have been observed there being unquestionably migrants, remaining for but a few days at a time. This circumstance of course disposes definitely of Butorides virescens saturatus as a resident form peculiar to the island in question. 186 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. of the Green Heron of that island, and as very little seems to have been put on record concerning its habits, and as so few specimens have found their way into collections, its true status has been open to con- siderable doubt, the more so as dichromatism in this family is of such frequent occurrence. Two specimens were taken by Messrs. Palmer and Riley near Nueva Gerona, and after comparing these and a few others from Cuba with examples of the various forms of Butorides virescens, Mr. Oberholser is satisfied that they are specifically distinct. Quite recently, however, Mr. Bangs, in a paper to which the reader is referred above, re-asserts his views to the contrary, putting forth some new and interesting evidence on the point at issue. So far at least as the Isle of Pines is concerned, the present species is far from being the rare bird it has hitherto been supposed to be. Mr. Read has noted what he believes to have been this form on several occasions, and Mr. Link found it not uncommon at Los Indios. Its favorite haunts were in the mangroves along the seacoast, where it contrived to keep well concealed, slipping through the roots when disturbed in the manner of the Clapper Rail, instead of seeking to escape by flight, as does the Cuban Green Heron under similar circumstances. Its alarm-note or ‘‘ squawk,”’ too, is so different from that of the other species as to be unmistakable. All of these points in its life-history are interesting, tending to confirm its claim to specific distinctness. 20. Nycticorax nycticorax nevius (Boddaert). BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax vulgaris PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, /ide Gundlach). Nycticorax nycticorax nevius Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 90 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —Bancs & Zappry, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 188 (Bibijagua; Poey’s record).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (I. of Pines; descr.). —READ, Bird-Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Nycticorax ne@vius GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 193 (I. of Pines). ‘‘Black-crowned Night Heron’? READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). One specimen: Los Indios. This species is apparently not nearly so common as the Yellow- crowned Night Heron in the Isle of Pines. Although recorded by both Poey, Cory, and Gundlach, it seems to have been noted but infre- quently by Mr. Read, while Mr. Link secured only one specimen, a Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 187 young bird, much tinged with rusty on the upper parts and wing- coverts, shot at Los Indios on October 2. However, he found it rather numerous, but for some reason very shy, in the Cienaga near Sigu- anea in November and April. Mr. Zappey saw a flock at a fresh- water lagoon in the northern part of the island in March, 1902, and two others at Bibijagua. Nothing is known at present regarding its breeding haunts in the island. 21. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnzus). YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax violaceus PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 90 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Dec. 27, 1913 (J. of Pines; descr.). Nyctherodius violaceus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 194 (I. of Pines). Nyctanassa violacea BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 188 (I. of Pines, ex Poey, Cory, and Gundlach).—REeEap, Odlogist, XXX, I913, 132 (‘‘south coast’’). “‘Vellow-throated [sic] Night Heron” REAp, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 6 (Nuevas River). ““Vellow-crowned Night Heron” REaAp, Odlogist, XXVIII, I9rI, 13, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines), 123 (Pine River), 125 (Santa Barbara). Six specimens: Los Indios, Majagua River, and Caleta Grande. All but two of this series are in juvenal dress, and even these two are not fully mature, as shown by the brownish feathers of the pileum and the dusky tinge of the back. These were secured in late October and early November. The individual from Caleta Grande, although otherwise in immature dress, is acquiring the long white occipital plumes. The series of this species examined shows much variation, which, however, is quite independent of locality. Needless to add, I can see no ground for assuming a color-change in the feathers themselves to account for any of this variation, as suggested by Baird, Brewer, & Ridgway (Water Birds of North America, I, 1884, 63). In addition to the localities above quoted, Mr. Link saw this species at Bibijagua on the north coast, while at the western end of the Cienaga, near Siguanea, it was quite common (but very shy) in No-~ vember, occurring sometimes singly, but more often in small parties, about the edges of the marsh or in the mangroves. Nothing was. learned concerning its breeding haunts or habits. 188 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 22. Ajaia ajaja (Linneus). ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Platalea ajaja Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gund- lach).—GUuNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 195 (I. of Pines). Ajaia ajaja Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 88 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— Bancs & Zappey, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 189 (I. of Pines; Poey’s record).— Cooke, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 12 (I. of Pines, ex Poey). “Roseate Spoonbill’ REApD, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines, fide G. A. Link). One specimen: Los Indios. Mr. Link was so fortunate as to secure a fine adult of this species, shot in the swampy country near Los Indios, October 3, 1912. Within a few days of this date a few others were seen in the vicinity, all very shy, however. Poey recorded the species many years ago, but the supposition was that it had been extirpated, so that the present record becomes of more than usual interest. The natives say that it breeds in the island, which seems not unlikely. 23. Guara alba (Linneus). WHITE [BIs. Ibis alba Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Guara alba Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 88 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— GuNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 199 (I. of Pines).—CookgE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 14 (I. of Pines, ex Bangs and Zappey). Eudocimus albus BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 188 (Pasadita and the Cienaga; habits). ““White Ibis’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 6, 10, and XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, rorr, 13, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines), 125 (Santa Bar- bara), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). Twelve specimens: Los Indios, Bibijagua, and Siguanea. According to Baird, Brewer, & Ridgway (Water Birds of North America, I, 1884, 90), this species exhibits a range of individual vari- ation in size not exceeded by that in any member of the family. The examination of a series of carefully sexed specimens from various sections shows that this difference is not individual, but sexual, males being decidedly larger than females, the bill especially. Audubon (Ornithological Biography, 111, 1835, 176) remarks that the male has five outer primaries tipped with black, while the female has but four thus marked, these figures holding good with but four exceptions in a series of one hundred individuals examined (the exceptions being very old females, which were like the males). Not one of the speci- mens before me, however, shows more than four primaries with dark tips, while two specimens, both females, have but three. Most of the Isle of Pines series are immature birds, with the dusky-spotted head Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 189 and neck and dark back and wings characteristic of this stage. In- dividuals in first nuptial dress are like the adults except for the dusky mottling of the head and neck, which persists from the juvenal plumage, and similar indications on the subterminal portion of the cuter primaries. Several of the immature birds above recorded show scattered white feathers in the dark areas, but I am not sure that such indicate the onset of a moult; they were more probably acquired at the same time with the others, showing as they do the same degree of wear. This is one of the commonest and most characteristic water-birds of the island. Although of course not found in the dry parts of the interior, it is generally distributed wherever there is water, particularly about the coastal lagoons and the larger streams, where it affects the mangrove growths. It is naturally very abundant in the Cienaga, flocks of forty or fifty having often been seen near Pasadita by Mr. Zappey. This observer says that the inhabitants sometimes catch and tame the young birds, which will associate with the domestic fowls and feed on table scraps. Mr. Link found the White Ibis very numerous at the western end of the Cienaga, near Siguanea, in October and April, at both of which seasons it was observed in flocks. No nests were found, nor yet any very young birds. Its food consists of crabs, snails, frogs, and lizards. Its flesh is regarded as very good. 24. Mycteria americana Linneus. Woop IBIs. Tantalus loculator Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 89 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 189 (I. of Pines, ex Cory). Mycteria americana COOKE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 22 (I. of Pines, ex Cory). There is of course no reason why the Wood Ibis should not occur in the Isle of Pines as well as in Cuba, but the only published record is the very indefinite one above quoted. It was described to Mr. Link by one of his guides as having been seen on one occasion near the Casas Mountains shortly after the close of the Spanish War, but none have been observed for many years. 25. Pheenicopterus ruber Linneus. FLAMINGO. Phenicopterus ruber Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 88 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —-GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 255 (I. of Pines)—Bancs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 189 (Punta del Este and Bibijagua).—CooxkeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 45, 1913, 10 (I. of Pines, ex Gundlach). Although the Flamingo is attributed to the Isle of Pines by Mr. Cory, presumably on the authority of Gundlach, as well as by Gundlach 190 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. himself, the first definite and circumstantial record is that given by Messrs. Bangs & Zappey: ‘‘ A few Flamingoes inhabit Punta del Este and Bibijagua. None were seen alive, but one morning the tracks of about a dozen were found in the mud, and on another occasion three individuals that had just been shot by a native were examined.”’ Mr. Link made special search and inquiry for this species, but without south coast’’ and in the Cienaga, however, which still remains a ferra incognita, ornithologically result. There is a considerable area on the speaking, and it is entirely possible that Flamingoes may yet be found breeding somewhere in these parts, since it seems unlikely that they would stray all the way from Cuba. 26. Querquedula discors (Linnezus). BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Querquedula discors BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 189 (Cienaga). Two specimens: Rincon Lagoon. A winter resident in the Isle of Pines, as elsewhere in the West Indies. Mr. Zappey found it in considerable numbers in the Cienaga in March, 1902, although none were seen on his second trip, all prob- ably having already gone north. Mr. Link met with the species but once (February 21), on which occasion he shot two fine adult males from a flock of twelve birds encountered at a lagoon near Bibijagua. 27. Dendrocygna arborea (Linnzus). ANTILLEAN TREE DUCK. Dendrocygna arborea Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 87 (1. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—BANGS & ZAPPpEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 189 (Santa Fé and the Cienaga; habits)—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, I90, and XXVIII, 1911, 11 (1. of Pines). “‘West Indian Tree Duck”’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 6, and XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, torr, 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Six specimens: Siguanea. One shot November 14 is in worn and faded breeding dress, but the other five, taken April 26 and 28, are in perfectly fresh plumage. All were shot at the western end of the Cienaga near Siguanea, where the species was quite common. Mr. Zappey found it numerous also in May, in the eastern part of the Cienaga. ‘*‘ During the day it keeps concealed in the Cienaga, but in the evening, toward dusk, it leaves the swamps to feed in the royal palms, alighting. on the trees and picking off the berries. One night a half a dozen or so alighted in the palms in the plaza at Santa Fe. The call note of this bird is Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 191 much like that of the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa).’’ Mr. Read has noted it several times in the northern part of the island, along the Nuevas River. Mr. Link observed a few at Rincon Lagoon, also along the Los Indios River, and at Pasadita. It was never seen swimming about in the water like other ducks, but usually wading about in the swamps, or perched in the adjoining mangroves. The stomachs of those examined contained grass. The natives sometimes tame the young birds, several of which were seen running about the houses like domestic ducks. No nesting records were obtained. 28. Chen hyperboreus nivalis (Forster), GREATER SNOW GOOSE. Chen hyperborea nivalis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 87 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 189 (I. of Pines, ex Cory and Gundlach).—CookeE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 26, 1906, 67 (I. of Pines [ex Gundlach]). Chen hyperboreus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 257 (I. of Pines). According to Gundlach this species has appeared in Cuba as a winter resident in considerable numbers, and he records it from the Isle of Pines without special comment, although it has not been detected there by any of the more recent workers. It has been recorded from Jamaica, however, as well as from Porto Rico, but according to Prof. Cooke is not common asa rule anywhere south of North Carolina. 29. Cathartes aura aura (Linneus). SOUTHERN TURKEY VULTURE. Cathartes aura PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach; habits).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 98 (1. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, 1905, 122 (I. of Pines; crit.).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, t9r1, 11 (I. of Pines). Cathartes aura aura BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 190 (Santa Fé; crit.; meas.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). (2?) Carrion Crow”’ READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines), 102 (crit.; ‘‘ prob- ably an immature Turkey Buzzard’’). “Turkey Buzzard’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1900, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVII, rt910, 84 (Los Tres Hermanos Mountains); XXX, 1913, 123 (McKinley). ““Southern Turkey Buzzard’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVII, 1910, 5, and XXVIII, rort, 6, to (Nuevas River), 3 (McKinley), 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 7 Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). (?) Catharista uruba [sic] READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 11 (crit.; “‘possibly an immature Turkey Buzzard’’). One specimen: Los Indios. 192 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Mr. Nelson refers specimens of the Turkey Vulture from the Isle of Pines, Cuba, southern Mexico, and Central America to true aura of Linnzus, which he distinguishes from the northern form (C. a. septentrionalis Wied) by its smaller size, narrower and less well- marked brown borders to the feathers of the back, and the usually lighter color of the shafts of the primaries. The Los Indios skin (a female) measures as follows: wing, 495; tail, 245; tarsus, 60. It is appreciably darker and blacker below, especially posteriorly, than any of the northern examples with which I have been able to compare it, and while it has less brown above than the average northern bird, it can be matched very closely by a skin from Colorado. The only other specimen of supposedly true aura at present available is a female from Mamatoco, near Santa Marta, Colombia. This measures as follows: wing, 502; tail, 257; tarsus, 65. It is absolutely the same as northern birds in color, and exceeds several of them in size. Although the series of this species at hand for study is admittedly small, it leaves the impression that the characters relied on to distinguish the two supposed races are too slight and inconstant to justify any such formal separation. At any rate, not one of the individuals measured is as large as those referred to by Mr. Nelson, although several are in fine fresh plumage. No Brazilian skins have been seen; they are said to be decidedly smaller. This is one of the most common and universally distributed large birds of the island. Poey refers at some length to the habits of this vulture as observed on the north coast, and the references above listed will serve as a summary of the numerous published records of later observers. As elsewhere in the tropical regions of the New World, it is numerous in the vicinity of towns and cultivated lands, where it is seldom molested, being valued so highly for its services as a scaven- ger. Mr. Link in the month of June found it frequenting crevices in the rocks near the top of the Casas Mountains, where it was doubtless nesting. 30. Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot). LE VERGLADE KITE. Rostrhamus sociabilis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 98 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —-GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 14 (I. of Pines)—BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 191 (Cienaga and Santa Rosalia Lagoon; food). ‘‘Everglade Kite’’ READ, I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, 1914 (I. of Pines). Gundlach says that this species is very common in the Zapata Swamp in Cuba and in the Isle of Pines. Mr. Zappey found it Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 193 common in the Cienaga, where, however, it was not met with by Mr. Link, although he made special search. It may be of very local dis- tribution, or possibly its numbers have been reduced in the last few years almost to the vanishing point. Mr. Read seems not to have encountered it either, and it is difficult to account for its apparent absence. 31. Circus hudsonius (Linneus). Marsu Hawk. “Marsh Hawk” REap, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 224 (I. of Pines); X XVII, 1910, 15 (I. of Pines; migr.); XXVIII, to11, 7 (I. of Pines, Nov. 26), 114 (West Mc- Kinley, Oct.); XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines, winter). Circus hudsonius READ, OGdlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines); I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, to14 (I. of Pines, winter). One specimen: Los Indios. A winter resident, apparently not very common. Mr. Link saw a few in the marshy country around Los Indios and the Majagua River from October on, securing a single bird on January 13. Mr. Read has observed it several times in the northwestern part of the island, his earliest fall record being October 12 (1909). According to Gundlach it is not rare in Cuba, although not known from any of the Other Antilles. Buteo platypterus cubanensis Burns. CUBAN BROAD-WINGED HAWK. “Broad-winged Hawk’’ REAp, Odlogist, XXVII, 1910, 84 (Los Tres Hermanos Mountains); XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). Buteo platypterus cubanensis BuRNS, Wilson Bull., XVIII, 1911, 148, in text (diag.), 195 ([Los] Tres Hermanos Mountains, fide Read). Buieo platypterus READ, I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, 1914 (I. of Pines). Mr. Frank L. Burns has ventured to separate (provisionally at least) the Broad- winged Hawk of Cuba and Porto Rico under the above name. The only record for the Isle of Pines is based on a field-glass identification by Mr. Read, who says that he saw a pair circling about the crown of Los Tres Hermanos Mountains, near Nueva Gerona, on April 3, 1910. While there is of course nothing intrinsically improbable in the occurrence of this species in the island, it is deemed best not to formally admit it to the present list until more conclusive evidence is adduced. 32. Urubitinga gundlachii (Cabanis). _CuBAN Crap HAwE. Hypomorphus gundlachi Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Urubitinga anthracina (not Falco anthracinus Lichtenstein) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 99 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 18, 19 (I. of Pines; nesting).—BANGS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 191 (I. of Pines, ex Poey; crit.). 194 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Urubitinga gundlachii BANGS, Auk, XXII, 1905, 307 (I. of Pines, ex Gundlach; crit.).—READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 131 (1. of Pines); I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, I914 (Cienaga and ‘‘ south coast;’’ descr.; nesting). “Cuban Crab Hawk” REap, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 168 (Los Indios). Seven specimens: Los Indios and Caleta Grande. Many years ago Poey recorded this species from the Isle of Pines on the authority of Gundlach, which author later speaks of having found a nest there, built in a “ jucaro’’ tree, and constructed of twigs like those of other hawks. ‘‘ The egg was dirty white with a greenish tinge. At the larger end were some very pale lilac spots. The di- mensions were 58 by 45 millimeters.’’ (Translation.) Mr. Zappey failed to meet with the species in the island, however, and in the absence of specimens Mr. Bangs was perforce obliged to follow Gundlach and other authors in considering it the same as the conti- nental species, U. anthracina. Shortly thereafter, however, the receipt of a fine pair of adults from the coast of Cuba afforded the much desired opportunity for comparison, which showed that the Cuban and continental forms were quite distinct. The present series, which includes two adult birds, abundantly confirms this conclusion, although I cannot agree with Mr. Bangs that U. gundlachii is only distantly related to U. anthracina. In form, proportions, and style of coloration the two species are practically alike, but they may be separated at a glance by their different colors. U. gundlachii is chocolate-brown, with a slight purplish gloss, where U. anthracina is black, except the tail, which is about the same color in both. The bases of the remiges are broadly white underneath in U. gundlachii, but merely mottled with white in U. anthracina. With a fairly representative series of the latter before me, I fail to appreciate any constant differences in the position and extent of the white bands on the tail, to which Mr. Bangs calls attention. In fact, this is a variable character in U. anthracina at least, and little importance can be attached to it. The feathers of the upper parts are decidedly paler basally in U. gundlachii than in U. anthracina, and the outer webs of the primaries lighter gray. Immature birds, too, are duller in color than those of U. anthracina, and the barring on the tibie and tail is not so coarse. The iris is given as dark brown in the adults and light brown in the young. Mr. Link met with this species only in the southwestern part of the Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 195 island, at Caleta Grande, Los Indios, and near the mouth of the Ma- jagua River. Invariably it was found among the mangroves, on the lookout for the various kinds of crabs which constitute its main article of diet. It was singularly tame and unsuspecting, and could be approached without special precautions. It was usually observed singly, and never more than two together. About a dozen or fifteen individuals in all were observed, so that it can scarcely be considered acommon bird. Mr. Read claims to have seen it on the Santa Barbara tract. 33. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. Falco peregrinus anatum BANGS & ZApprEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, tot (I. of Pines). *““Duck Hawk” READ, I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, 1914 (I. of Pines). A winter resident in the West Indies. The only Isle of Pines record is that quoted above, which refers to a bird examined in March, 1902, by Mr. Zappey, under somewhat unusual circumstances. It had “struck and killed a hen, and being either unable or unwilling to let go, was chopped to pieces by some natives with their machetes.” 34. Falco columbarius columbarius Linneus. PIGEON HAwk. Falco columbarius Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 99 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Hypotriorchis columbarius GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 29 (I. of Pines). Falco columbarius columbarius BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, I9QI (1. of Pines, ex Cory and Gundlach). Like the last a winter resident, but much more numerous, having been repeatedly observed by Mr. Link at Los Indios in September, following the immense flocks of doves which were frequenting the open country at that season. On one occasion an individual was noted in pursuit of a pair of the larger pigeons (Columba inornata proxima). None were noticed in the spring, however. 35. Falco sparverioides Vigors. CUBAN SPARROW HAWK. Falco sparverius (not of Linneus) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Cerchneis sparveria dominicensis (not Falco dominicensis Gmelin) BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, ror (Santa Fé, San Juan, Jucaro, Laguna Grande, and Los Almacigos; plum.; habits)—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, ror1, 11 (I. of Pines); I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, 1914 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits). “Cuban Sparrow Hawk”’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1900, A521 OF Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58, 102, and XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines); XXVII, 1910, 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, 1911, 3 (McKinley 196 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 6, I0, 123 (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125 (Santa Barbara). Falco sparverioides READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, t911, 44 (McKinley); XV. 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Falco sparverius sparveroides BANGS, Auk, XXXII, 1915, 484 (I. of Pines; crit.)- Thirteen specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Nueva Gerona. Three of the males have the back immaculate, but in the other males it is spotted, and in one case as heavily barred as in F. sparverius loquacula of Porto Rico. The spotting on the sides is prominent in some specimens, but absent in others. The tail-pattern, however, is fairly constant—far more so than in the Porto Rican bird. The rufous crown-spot is barely indicated in a few of the males, but in several of the females it is large and prominent. In only one of the females do the markings of the under surface approximate in intensity the average of those in true F. sparverius. Males taken July 9 and 11 are in the midst of the postnuptial moult. Only one specimen of this series is in the dark phase. If this form is a distinct species, as ranked by most authors, its distribution is certainly most peculiar, occupying as it does an area between that of two other forms which are unquestionably merely geographic races of F. sparverius, the range of which thereby becomes discontinuous. According to Mr. Cory (Catalogue of West Indian Birds, 1892, 139) the Santo Domingo bird ( Falco dominicensis Gmelin) is separable from that of Cuba, differing in having no dark phase, as well as in other respects. Mr. Cory bases his statement on the ex- amination of no less than forty-six specimens from Haiti and Santo Domingo. If he is correct, there can remain no valid reason for refusing recognition to dominicensis as an insular race of sparverius. A due regard for consistency would require also that the light phase of the Cuban bird (to which Mr. Ridgway applied the name leucophrys in 1870), be recognized in a similar way, but complications immedi- ately arise upon attempting to include the dark phase in such an arrangement. The case has been very fully discussed by Mr. Chap- man (Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 1V, 1892, 295), who points out that the dichromatism in this species is unusual in that it involves also certain changes in the pattern of coloration. That such a striking variation should have developed in only a com- paratively restricted portion of the range of the Falco sparverius aA Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 197 group makes the case all the more remarkable and interesting, and suggests that while the light phase is probably subspecifically related to F. sparverius, as already intimated, the dark phase may be in reality a distinct species, which is common in Cuba and rare in the Isle of Pines, but does not extend to Haiti and Santo Domingo. Indeed, this was substantially the view of the case accepted by the earlier authors. As far back as 1855, however, Gundlach (Journal fiir Ornithologie, ‘‘ 1854,’’ 1855, extraheft, p. Ixxxiv), insisted that such could not be the case, since he had found the two supposed species paired together. On the strength of a series of specimens sent by him to the U. S. National Museum Mr. Ridgway (Avwk, VIII, 1891, 113) accepted this conclusion, which so far as I am aware has not been seriously questioned since. It is significant, however, that Mr. Chap- man, in the paper referred to above, says that of all the Sparrow Hawks secured or observed by him in Cuba, light and dark, on no occasion did he find birds of different phases mated. That such unions occa- sionally occur, however, can scarcely be questioned in view of Gund- lach’s testimony, but the fact need in no way militate against the view here advanced that two species may be involved. The variability of the dark birds would then be explainable by what we now know of the laws of inheritance, and even the fact (if it 7s a fact) alleged by Mr. Cory, that light and dark birds have been taken from the same nest, on a similar hypothesis. This is certainly a case demanding further investigation in the field, as in no other way can a final conclusion be reached. While I do not venture at present to make the formal nomenclatural shift indicated, I predict that this will eventually be found necessary. _ The recognition of a genus Cerchneis for the American Sparrow Hawks, while doubtless justifiable, seems to me to involve also the raising of certain other groups of Falco to generic rank, and as I have neither the time nor the material for an investigation of this kind, I follow for the present the nomenclature of the American Ornithologists’ Union Check List of North American Birds. This is the commonest hawk in the Isle of Pines, being generally distributed in the drier parts, back from the coast and the rivers. Nests with young birds were found about Nueva Gerona and Los Indios in April and May, built in holes in dead palm- and pine-trees, twenty or thirty feet up. The birds of this species are wont to follow the fires kindled by the natives in clearing the land of brush and 198 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. grass, feeding on the lizards dislodged by the flames. Mr. Zappey saw but a single individual in the dark phase, Mr. Link only one, and Messrs: Palmer and Riley none at all, which circumstance tends to show how rare it is in the island as compared with Cuba. 36. Polyborus cheriway (Jacquin). AUDUBON CARACARA. Polyborus vulgaris PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Polyborus cheriway Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 99 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BANGS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 191 (Santa Fé; habits).—REaD, OGdlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines)—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara); I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, 1914 (I. of Pines). “Caracara’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (1. of Pines). One specimen: Nueva Gerona. The Caracara is confined in the West Indies to Cuba and the Isle of Pines, where it is not a common bird, and is moreover shy and difficult of approach. Messrs. Palmer and Riley saw one each at both Manigua and Nueva Gerona, and Mr. Link secured a single immature example at the latter locality on January 29. Others were observed at Los Indios and Bibijagua, and on one occasion, near Santa Fé, as many as a half-dozen together, feeding on the carcass of a cow. In- dividuals were repeatedly seen following in the wake of the fires started to burn off the old crop of grass, in search of the bodies of the lizards, snails, etc., which were left behind. The specimen secured by Mr. Zappey near Santa Fé is said to be indistinguishable from Florida examples. 37. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). OSPREY. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 99 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—BANGS & ZAppry, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 192 (I. of Pines, ex Cory). ‘““Fish Hawk”’ Reap, I. of Pines News, VI, May 30, rorq (I. of Pines). This species is recorded by Mr. Cory, but was not observed either by Mr. Zappey or Messrs. Palmer and Riley, nor has Mr. Read ever met with it. The single individual noted by Mr. Link was seen at Caleta Grande on April 21, sailing about high overhead. It is un- accountably rare in this section. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 199 38. Colinus cubanensis (Gould). CuBAN BoB-WHITE. Colinus cubanensis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (I. of Pines, in geog, distr.).—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 171 (I. of Pines)—BANGS & ZAPPEY. Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 192 (Santa Fé, Nueva Gerona, and Cayo Bonito).— READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102, and XXVIII, tort, 13 (I. of Pines).—REap, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, t914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 18, 1914 (I. of Pines; habits). “*Bob-white’’ READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, 57 (1. of Pines). “Quail’”’ REApD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines), 102 (crit.). “‘Cuban Bob-white’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 13 (West McKinley). “Cuban Quail’’ Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 3, 5 (McKinley; nesting), to, and XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). Twelve specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Nueva Gerona. No two of the males in this series are exactly alike. Several have the under surface from the breast down more or less spotted with buffy white in irregular pattern: these are doubtless younger birds in first winter or first nuptial dress, according to season. But even in the case of individuals presumably adult there is much variation as regards the character and extent of the black streaking on the lower breast. Although given by some authors as a subspecies of C. virginianus, this form is clearly entitled to rank as a full species, being indeed closer to some of the Mexican forms than to that of peninsular Florida. The latter, however, has been introduced into Cuba, where it has interbred with the native species to such an extent that in many localities it is now difficult, so Dr. Thomas Barbour tells me, to secure specimens which do not show traces of such mixed ancestry. The Isle of Pines birds, however, are presumably pure-bred. Except in the breeding season, which extends from May to July, the Cuban Bob-white is generally found in coveys or family groups, frequenting the dry pastures, especially where there are low palmettos for shelter. In notes and habits it closely resembles C. virginianus. A nest with ten eggs was found July 10, 1912, on the El Bobo planta- tion northeast of McKinley, and Mr. Read mentions having found young birds just able to fly on August I, near the same place. Indeed he claims that this species breeds more than once in a season. ‘The eggs are pure white, unmarked, like those of C. virginianus. The species is common and generally distributed throughout the dry in- terior of the island, but is of course absent from the region south of the Cienaga. Being one of the recognized game-birds, it is hunted 200 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. by the inhabitants for food and sport during the open season, from September to April inclusive. In spite of this, and of the death of many young birds which perish during the rainy season, it appears to be holding its own fairly well. It is like the Bob-white of the north in being a great destroyer of noxious insects, and a covey on a plantation is an invaluable asset. 39. Rallus elegans ramsdeni Riley. CuBAN KING RAIL. Rallus elegans? (not of Audubon) BANGS & ZAppEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 192 (Cienaga). (?) ‘Virginia Rail?’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 7, 13, and XXX, 1913, 131 (1. of Pines). Two specimens: Siguanea. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. = Tail. Bill. Tarsus 413047 Q Siguanea ye levohsein Csr eter eien I4I 53 46 52 413057 ou, =sisuanea, Te of Pinesscam soe crs oe I50 60 57 54 2234789 iG) a Guantanamo, Cubase weir eis I49 53 57 54.5 Four adult males from eastern U.S.,average....... 166 68 58.5 58.5 Although the King Rail was long ago recorded as resident in Cuba by Gundlach, no specimens seem to have found their way into col- lections until quite recently, when Mr. Charles T. Ramsden sent a small series to the U. S. National Museum for examination. Mr. Joseph H. Riley was thus enabled to prove the correctness of his sur- mise as to the distinctness of the Cuban bird, which he accordingly named in honor of Mr. Ramsden (Proceedings Biological Society cf Washington, XXVI, 1913, 83). As might be expected, the Isle of Pines bird also belongs to the same small, pale race. The two speci- mens above recorded, although not actually compared with the type of ramsdeni, differ from examples from the eastern United States in the chief respects pointed out in Mr. Riley’s diagnosis. Besides being smaller, they have much whiter throats and bellies, and the color of the breast also is decidedly paler, less rufescent, than in the dullest ‘sides of head behind eye paler’’ holds only for the female, the male being different, more like elegans, in this respect, so that this can scarcely ‘ colored skins of true elegans available. The statement be used as a diagnostic character. Besides the pair taken at Siguanea, several others were seen there, 7 Collection Carnegie Museum. 8 Collection U. S. National Museum; measurements as given by Mr. Riley. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 201 all in fresh or nearly fresh water. It was found at Los Indios also, about three miles up the river from the coast, and one was shot at Pasadita, in the Cienaga, the latter part of May, but not preserved. Mr. Zappey secured several specimens at the latter locality in March, 1902, but because he did not chance to get any on his second trip he inferred that the species did not breed in the island. We now know, however, that it is a resident in the fresh-water marshes of both Cuba and the Isle of Pines, and doubtless all the birds seen by Mr. Link were breeding at the time. The ‘“ Virginia Rail’’ mentioned by Mr. Read as having been noted on sundry occasions (in fresh-water sloughs only) is doubtfully referred to the present species, no specimens having been taken. 40. Rallus longirostris leucopheus Todd. ISLE oF PINES CLAPPER RAIL. (?) “Virginia Rail?’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, I911, 146 (Bibijagua). Rallus longirostris leacopheus Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913, 174 (Majagua River; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Museum). Eight specimens: Los Indios and Majagua River. Type, No. 39,717, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Ma- jagua River, Isle of Pines, November 7, 1912; Gustav A. Link. Description.—General color of upper parts deep clove-brown or brownish black with an olivaceous shade, all the feathers margined with neutral gray, giving a streaked appearance, these edgings very broad and prominent on the scapulars and tertiaries; tail like the back; wings dull brown, the “upper coverts strongly shaded with buffy brown, the under coverts and axillaries dusky, narrowly barred with white; crown and back of the neck like the back, but duller, and the gray edgings indistinct; sides of head and neck dull grayish; suborbital spot and supraloral streak dull buffy white; throat white; lower throat and upper breast suffused with ochraceous buff; lower breast and abdomen (medially) dull white, the sides of the latter dusky, barred with white; under tail-coverts mostly white, with indistinct broad dusky barring; “ iris dark brown.” MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing. = Tail. Bill. Tarsus. 39571 Oo «4 TLostindiosnetree sen Giese 144 55 61 54 30084 lm Losilindiosta ence Grok. tis bincaes oe 148 58 62 55 20717, co ~MajapuaRiverss sae asa ceo crc 147 60 61 55 39610 2 TOs Indios era revere ere.< cks Maa eae 132 59 58 48 39627 Q Osi Indioshper meee mice eee G cig aliehs 132 54 55 49 202 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Some individuals show more or less decided traces of white bars on the upper wing-coverts also. Immature birds differ from adults in the color of the under parts, which are much darker, and suffused with grayish buffy. The discovery of the Clapper Rail in the Isle of Pines, and that the birds of this species occurring there represent a new and very distinct form, is of more than passing interest. The new race, while closely resembling R. 1. waynez of the South Atlantic coast in the color of the upper surface, is much whiter below than any of the other known forms of this group. That a sedentary species such as the Clapper Rail, which throughout its West Indian range has a habitat and environment practically the same—the mangrove swamps—should vary to such an extent is surprising enough, but that the Isle of Pines form should differ so widely from that of the neighboring island of Cuba, resembling instead certain other more remote forms, is a problem requiring consideration, suggesting that in the case of the Clapper Rail segregation has been a factor in the evolution of the species. Since I wrote my review of Bahaman birds I have had occasion to alter my views as to the status of the various forms of this group. I now believe they should all stand as subspecies of the South American Rallus longirostris. The present form is based upon a series of five adult and three immature birds, collected by Mr. Link at Los Indios and the Majagua River. It was confined to the mangroves, and seemed to be fairly common there, judging from the number whieh were daily heard. It proved to be very difficult to secure, however, preferring to seek safety when disturbed more by dodging through the thick growth rather than by flight. Young in the down were seen on several occasions along the sea-beach near the mouth of the Majagua River, upon being alarmed disappearing into the mangroves, where they were safe from pursuit. While not actually observed at any other locality than the two above mentioned, the species doubtless occurs at other points along the coast, in salt-water lagoons, wherever the mangroves grow, and it was probably this species which was recorded by Mr. Read from Bibijagua under the name “ Virginia Rail.” Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 203 41. Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. FLORIDA GALLINULE. Gallinula galeata (not of Lichtenstein) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, o1 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) BANGS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 192 (Santa Rosalia Lagoon). “Florida Gallinule’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Mr. Zappey found a few Florida Gallinules in Santa Rosalia Lagoon in March, 1902, but saw none on his later trip. In Cuba, according to Gundlach, it is a regular breeder, so that it is entirely probable that in due time it will be found breeding in the Isle of Pines likewise. It seems, however, to be a rare bird there at any season. Mr. Read says that he saw a pair in the Santa Barbara tract in September, and while Mr. Link did not actually meet with a living bird, he found the remains of an individual at Los Indios in October, doubtless one which had been killed by a hawk. 42. Ionornis martinica (Linneus). PURPLE GALLINULE. Ionornis martinica Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 91 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 192 (Pasadita; meas.; crit.). Four specimens: Pasadita. This is a fairly common species in the Cienaga at Pasadita, where specimens were collected by both Mr. Zappey and Mr. Link. Its local range, however, seems to be quite restricted, since it has not been detected at other points in the island, not even at the western end of the Cienaga, which Mr. Link explored carefully. Messrs. Bangs and Zappey call attention to the large size of the birds collected by the latter as compared with specimens from the southern United States. With only a few specimens from South Carolina and Florida before me, however, it appears that several of these are quite as large as the Isle of Pines birds, the males of which fall below the measurements given by the authors in question. Fe- males are somewhat smaller than males. 43. Fulica americana Gmelin. Coor. Fulica americana Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 91 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 249 (I. of Pines). —BANGsS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 193 (I. of Pines, ex Cory and Gundlach). Gundlach appears to have been the only observer to record this species from the Isle of Pines, and his is merely a casual reference. He 9 Mr. Bangs (Proceedings New England Zoélogical Club, V, 1915, 96) appears to have made out a good case for the subspecific status of the North American form. 204 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. says that in Cuba it comes from the north in large numbers for the winter, leaving in April, but that a few remain to breed. Under such circumstances it is odd that there are no more records from the Isle of Pines, where there are certainly many places suited to its needs. 44. Aramus vociferus (Latham). LIMPKIN. Aramus gaurauna [sic] PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Aramus giganteus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 90 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 237 (I. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, X XVI, I909, 149 (I. of Pines; habits); XXVIII, ro11, 11 (I. of Pines); XXX, 1973, 122 (McKinley; habits)—ReEAp, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 31, 1914 (descr.; habits). Aramus giganteus holostictus BANGS & ZApPpEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 194 (Cienaga; crit.; ex Notherodius holostictus Cabanis). “Limpkin’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); X XVII, roto, 5, and XXVIII, rort, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 127 (Santa Barbara), 130, 131 (I. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona). Three specimens: Nueva Gerona and Pasadita. MEASUREMENTS. No. Sex. Locality. Wing, Tail Bill! Darsus: 4342 of Melbourne Hloridas..- 2s =. 4. eee eee ZOS8m E20 Nielsen 4343 @ Melbourne sHloridaees 42. een eee 302) Vy lS3e Lom mao 2690590 Bebederoy CostasRicaim +-)-.4 eee 325) 046.) 1205 122 27438 Qim. Lower Kissimmee R., Florida......... 300 127 LOAn aeeiet 2) 27458 of iBassenver blonidaei ei eee 319 140 131 126 39410 of Witiad oss PonromeicOr me en erence 306 139 — _ 103 41126 @ NuevarGetronas ote Pinese as ere 310 134 I2I 120 AIIO7 oO INueva Gerona, I. of Pines: .-....----- Slo AO sens emens 41385 ®@ iRasaditainjoi eines aer eee eee 2220 LAA lo Saeeeies From the above table of measurements it must be obvious that West Indian specimens of this species vary in dimensions fully as much as do Florida birds, the variation in both being considerable. Nor, after careful comparison, can I detect any constant difference in color between the two series, such variation as exists seeming to depend largely on season, birds in fresher plumage being generally darker. Florida examples, it is true, seem to have rather more white on the under wing-coverts, but this is such a variable feature that I believe its value would disappear in a larger series. Some individuals have the under tail-coverts distinctly streaked with white, in others these Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 205 feathers are plain. Under the circumstances I am forced to the conclusion that the individual described by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey from the Isle of Pines was an unusually small, perhaps immature, bird, and that therefore their recognition of a subspecies holostictus from the West Indies, on the strength of this specimen, cannot stand. So far at least as Mr. Link’s experience goes, this is not a very common bird in the Isle of Pines. Two were shot at a lagoon north- east of Nueva Gerona, and one in the Cienaga at Pasadita. A few others were seen at the latter locality, as well as at El Canal, on the route between Santa Fé and the Cienaga, where they were observed in the dry uplands, in a plowed field. Mr. Zappey, however, saw none outside of the Cienaga. Messrs. Palmer and Riley heard several in the vicinity of Nueva Gerona, and Mr. Read has noted the species repeatedly at various points in the northwestern part of the island, remarking that it is solitary in its habits, and is oftener heard than seen. The fresh-water snails which abound in the rivers and lagoons constit- tute its principal food. ‘‘ In the night it is a noisy bird, making weird, mysterious cries, from which it gets its name’”’ [of ‘f Crying Bird ”’]. Its ordinary alarm-note in the daytime is a frog-like croak. Nothing is yet on record regarding its breeding on the island. 45. Grus mexicana nesiotes Bangs & Zappey. CUBAN SANDHILL CRANE. Grus poliophea (not of Wagler) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Grus canadensis (not of Linneus) GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 293 (I. of Pines; habits)—GuNDLACcH, Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 143 (I. of Pines). Grus mexicana (not of Miiller) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 90 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 175 (I. of Pines).—CooKE, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., No. 128, 1914, 10 (I. of Pines, ex Gundlach). Grus nesitotes BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 193 (La Vega and Pasa- dita; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodél.; habits; crit.) ALLEN, Auk, XXII, 1905, 329, in text (review).—EpiTors, Ibis, 1905, 631, in text (review).—REaD, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines); XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 7, 1914 (I. of Pines; habits). “Sand-hill Crane’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines), 102 (syn.). “Cuban Crane’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 19009, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, I911, 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West Mc- Kinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), Three specimens: Los Indios. The measurements given in the following table, having been taker by different individuals, are possibly not entirely comparable, although 206 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. doubtless sufficiently so to show the relative size and proportions of the three forms under consideration. Grus mexicana mexicana: No 36115” 162903}! 162904"! 175530 1745138 £745218 175408" 239548" 199018 2464114 1323810 132391° 39675” 39676" 41323” 2112201! Grus canadensis: 21614" 193556"! 58485"! 9937" 1858738 24639"4 330634 3306214 38524" 1935551" 184977" 11 259798 Sex. Locality. Wing. Clee elymouths Ohione essen 490 Culzake rattord. lotidacmemcr pemninee cieiace 505 Cue HOLemnnompson,.blonda meer iene rere 485 Guvake Kissimmee) Mloridarwsere erie cicecne 503 Cub assengererilonicda manner ratte ir eacter 525 Om Bassenger tw hloridamer erection eras 501 Oe Sawerassels, sPolkiCorsHlondame-r cei rae 470 OS MEI River. Minnesotamerian aces nea: 515 OF Downer Cor, NortheDakotaee... eee set 577 OD Manatees Con sHloridae eee eee een 510 Grus mexicana nesiotes: Ge wa Wega, lvofePinese «c,d s eee ees 474 Cum basaditavelolsbintesereprr iis 460 OP Wostindiosy lol Pines cis ae eae el 425 OPP Wospindios lol binesa. shin sree aE Oe Wosendios wl votsbinesme ose ae OF eeuertomernincipeeubarne entireties er 475 Cll Emporia, Iansass sciys cris eee ee 490 Cu hte Resolution, Mackenzienece antec: 480 Coe Bite icenar Alas karat trait io ies eae 485 ou. Nome? Alaskan sc. 5 4m cic pee enone 463 Cue Nomen Alaskal wn eas Rysitreteus once hc oe GIO 487 ou aGarmon, Manitobalee.. -rieeae eee eter 541 Gus Cameron Cory RexaSe na cin setae teenies 512 Of ‘GameronsCo:, Mexase - 2 eA-- ce sea ee 490 OF Hooper Bay, Alaskan. ccc ane teins 475 Q Slave River, 20 mi. above Ft. Resolution, MiackenZienias tusicnc oi togssvecoers Chit tere 444 OF ela Barea, Jalisco, Mexicon +. eas O OMe INT Sha ga kaw All as cae eee re eee 430 OF Mmeith Co: Nebraskakyen ie weciee inher keke eee 458 Tail. 196 200 185 179 174 195 158 154 Bill. Tarsus, I52 230 I31 258 I29 252 L280 2258 142 258 138 237 127 231 130 223 I34 240 127 215 I25 209 123 204 100 188 110 198 107 187 TA eel 118 199 109 227 96 208 82 161 88 202 T2A) ) 27, 107 197 07 200 103 193 97 209 89 198 88 184 90 184 The present series, secured by Mr. Link after strenuous and repeated efforts, has served as a basis for further and independent comparisons 10 Collection E. A. and O. Bangs. 1 Collection U. S. National Museum. 22 Collection Carnegie Museum. 13 Collection Louis B. Bishop. 4 Collection Jonathan Dwight. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 207 in an effort to determine the true status and relationships of the Sand- hill Crane of Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Although known from the latter locality for many years, having been recorded by Poey (on Gundlach’s authority) as far back as 1854, specimens have apparently been wanting in collections. In 1904, however, Mr. Zappey was successful in securing two male birds, which were described the fol- lowing year under the name Grus nesiotes. The smaller size was given as the chief point of difference between the new form and G. mexicana, the differences in color being insignificant. As shown in the foregoing table of measurements, the two birds collected by Mr. Zappey, although in rather worn plumage, average somewhat larger than the three females taken by Mr. Link. Nevertheless, the bird represented by these five skins seems worthy of distinction from G. mexicana of the mainland, being so much smaller that its recognition is easy, but it is a curious fact (and one apparently ignored by the describers) that by this very token it approaches G. canadensis. Even in the small series of these two forms examined the measurements inosculate. But while in general size the two appear to be about the same, the bill in nestotes seems to average relatively longer. The range of variation in this respect is nevertheless considerable in both forms, so much so that it is very doubtful if they can invariably be discriminated by any fixed differences in size or proportions. The status of G. canadensis has indeed been in the past the subject of considerable dispute, into the history of which it is here unnecessary to go; suffice it to say that current usage, as reflected by the American Ornithologists’ Union Check List of North American Birds, accords it specific rank. Author- ities are agreed that G. canadensis and G. mexicana can be distinguished from each other only by size, both species varying greatly in color, this variation affecting mainly the mantle, which is often strongly washed with brown. According to Messrs. Bangs and Zappey this brown wash is characteristic of the breeding-season, at least in the case of G. mexicana. Birds taken in May are quite appreciably browner than those taken in October, although the variation in this respect is not nearly so marked as in the other two forms, and it is of course possible that this difference may prove to be sufficiently con- stant to be used as a diagnostic character. It is of course inconceiv- able that nesiotes is a subspecies of the boreal and western G. cana- densis, its real affinities being rather with G. mexicana, the range of which it approximates. To reduce it to a subspecies of the latter, 208 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. while at the same time keeping G. canadensis specifically distinct, may seem an inconsistent course to pursue; nevertheless, in the writer’s judgment it more nearly expresses the facts of the case than to recog- nize it as a full species or (to go to the other extreme) to sink it as a synonym of G. mexicana. Indeed, Messrs. Bangs and Zappey seem to have been kept from following the arrangement here adopted merely by the consideration that the name mexicana has probably been improperly applied, a question on which I can at present express no opinion. It may be added that future research may show that the bird of Cuba is not the same as that of the Isle of Pines. The measurements of the single Cuban example above given are those of an individual which died in captivity. While the Cuban Sandhill Crane can by no means be considered a common species in the Isle of Pines, it nevertheless is a well-known and generally distributed bird. It has repeatedly been observed in the northern portion of the island by Mr. Read and Mr. Link, and by the latter at Pasadita also, where Mr. Zappey took one of his specimens. Three fine specimens were secured by Mr. Link at Los Indios. The two shot October 24 were taken by the ingenious device of dressing in green clothing and cautiously creeping towards the birds on hands and knees, their attention being distracted meanwhile by the manceu- vers of another party at a distance, in the opposite direction. Fre- quenting the more open situations, as they invariably do, and being such wild and wary birds, it is seldom that they can be approached within gunshot, except by some such subterfuge as that just de- scribed. Their flesh is esteemed as food by the inhabitants, and they are shot for this purpose at every possible chance, but in spite of this persecution they have succeeded in holding their own fairly well. Mr. Link estimates that he saw as many as twenty-five individuals during his stay on the island. On one occasion a group of five were seen together, but as a rule not more than two or three were observed in company. In the latter case he believes that a pair with their young were represented. The Crane lays two eggs, but it is seldom that more than one young bird is raised, owing to the destruction caused by the ants, which often kill the young first hatched, while the one hatched later may escape. No nests were actually discovered, but broken egg-shells were found, and on several occasions young birds were seen in captivity, indicating that the eggs are laid early in May. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 209 When taken young the Crane is easily tamed, and makes a very inter- esting pet. It feeds on worms, insects, lizards, etc., and may often be observed in recently burnt tracts, picking up the lizards which have perished in the fire. It is a very noisy bird, and also has a peculiar way of dancing, strutting around with bill pointed straight up, the wings spread, while all the time it utters its loud discordant notes, 46. Sterna maxima Boddert. RoyAL TERN. Sterna cayennensis PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Sterna maxima Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 82 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BAancs & ZappEyY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 196 (seacoast and cays). Thalasseus maximus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 287 (I. of Pines). ‘Royal Tern”? READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios).— REap, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Punta Frances). Four specimens: Los Indios, Majagua River, and Cayo Frances. Specimens shot September 27 and November 7 show moult of the primaries in progress, while an individual taken November 30 is in full dress. The Royal Tern is found at various points along the seacoast and among the outlying cays. In addition to the localities above specified, it was noted off Punta del Este and about the island known as Morrillo del Diablo, on the north coast. Probably, however, none of these birds were breeding at the time. In May, 1910, a nest with two eggs was found near the sea-beach, east of the mouth of the Nuevas River. 47. Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida Cabot. CasBot TERN. Three specimens: Los Indios. A few were noted at Los Indios on September 27, in company with the Royal Tern, and three specimens were secured. One of these is an adult in winter dress; the other two areimmature birds. The species has long been known from Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, but this is the first record for the Isle of Pines. So far as I have been able to discover there are no breeding records for Cuba, although Gundlach claims to have taken young in the first plumage in August. 48. Sterna antillarum (Lesson). LEAst TERN. About a dozen of these birds were observed in May, I910, about a sea-beach east of the mouth of the Nuevas River, under circumstances which indicated that they were breeding at the time, as were the Royal Terns, with which they were associated. The species was found 210 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. also in some numbers at Cayo Largo, an island some fifty miles east of the Isle of Pines, during a brief visit the latter part of May, and a specimen was secured. 49. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller). BLACK-NECKED STILT. Himantopus mexicanus BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 195 (Bibi- jagua). Mr. Zappey has been the only observer to meet with this species in the Isle of Pines. Two were seen, one of which was secured, in the “Salina ’”’ at Bibijagua on May 15, 1904. According to Prof. Cooke (Bulletin Biological Survey, No. 35, 1910, 20), “‘ the species is a toler- ably common resident of the entire West Indies,’’ a statement con- firmed by Gundlach (Ornitologia Cubana, 1895, 222), so that its occurrence in the Isle of Pines is no more than was to be expected. ” 50. Gallinago delicata (Ord). WILSON SNIPE. “‘Wilson Snipe’’ READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1900, 224 (I. of Pines); XXVII, roro, 15 (I. of Pines; migr.); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Gallinago delicata READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines). The Wilson Snipe is a winter resident in the Isle of Pines, living in fresh-water swamps, where there is always plenty of suitable covert. The brush and marsh-grasses in these situations make shooting much more difficult than in the north, and although individuals were seen from time to time, none were actually secured. The first was observed at Bogarona on October 17, and others were noted in a marshy tract near the Caballos Mountains at intervals through the winter months. Mr. Read has recorded its arrival in fall migration as early as Sep- tember 2 (1913), other records being September 18 (1912), October 3 (1911) and 21 (1909). No spring dates of departure are on record. 51. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). DOWITCHER. Seven specimens: Los Indios, Rincon Lagoon, and El Bobo Lagoon. A single individual, the only one seen at the time, was shot at Los Indios on November 23. Several good-sized flocks were seen at Rincon Lagoon on February 21 and 22, and three weeks later (March 14 and 15) it was found in considerable abundance at El Bobo Lagoon. All of the specimens secured are in full winter dress with the exception of one from this latter locality, in which the prenuptial moult of the body-plumage is in progress, the bird presenting a curious pied ap- pearance. The species is to be set down as a winter resident in the Isle of Pines, as elsewhere in the West Indies. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. Zit 52. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). LEAST SANDPIPER. “Least Sandpiper’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Eight specimens: Los Indios and Siguanea. Three birds taken September 27 are immature, one of them showing signs of moult of the body-plumage. Four others, ranging in date from September 30 to November 22, are in full winter dress, the earliest bird just completing the moult of the remiges. The single example from Siguanea, shot April 30, is in full nuptial plumage. This diminutive species is a common winter resident, mainly on or near the coast, occurring in immense flocks, usually associated with other species of shore-birds. It was one of the most abundant species at Rincon Lagoon in February. September 27 was the earliest date of record for the fall of 1912, although Mr. Read seems to have noted it a little earlier that season, on September 24. In the fall of 1913 the same observer saw it first on September 26. Ereunetes pusillus (Linneus). SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. (?) ‘‘Semipalmated Sandpiper’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 7, 13 (I. of Pines); XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Mr. Read records this species, as above, saying that he saw several on September 4, 1910. Inreply to an inquiry he writes that on the date in question he watched a flock of small sandpipers on a sand-bar along the Nuevas River, which from their partially webbed tracks he felt sure belonged to the present species. While there is no reason why this species should not occur as a winter resident in the Isle of Pines, as elsewhere in the West Indies, its formal admission to the list should await a more positive identification. 53. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. Totanus melanoleucus BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 196 (Bibijagua). —READ, OGdlogist, XX VI, 1909, 190, and XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines). “Greater Yellow-legs’’ READ, Odlogist, XXVII, I910, 15, XXVIII, 1911, 7, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines; migr.). Probably a winter resident in the Isle of Pines, as elsewhere in the West Indies, but the few available records pertain apparently to migratory birds only, or at least to individuals observed during the season of migration. Mr. Zappey secured a single female at the ” “Salina ”’ near Bibijagua on May 15, 1904, and Mr. Read reports having seen a few on September 18, 1909, and September 7, I9IO. Mr. Link failed to meet with the species. iD, ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 54. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). YELLOW-LEGs. Totanus flavipes BANGS & Zappey, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 195 (I. of Pines, March). ‘ “Vellow-legs’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara). Six specimens: El Bobo Lagoon and Siguanea. These specimens were collected on March 14 and 15 and April 30, flocks of considerable size having been met with on each occasion, frequenting the marshes back of the mangroves. On February 21 and 22 large flocks were observed at Rincon Lagoon, near Bibijagua. According to Prof. Cooke (Bulletin Biological Survey, No. 35, 1910, 56, 57) the species is rare as a winter resident so far north, although known to arrive in the Gulf States as early as March, so that the present record becomes of interest. Mr. Zappey also collected some specimens in March, 1902. All of the birds taken by Mr. Link show prenuptial moult of the body-plumage going on, and practically completed in the one shot April 30. One of the March specimens is renewing the outer primaries, and looks more like a bird just going into winter dress. Mr. Read writes that he has taken specimens of both this and the preceding species in fall shooting. 55. Tringa solitaria solitaria (Wilson). SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Helodromas solitarius solitarius BANGS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 905, 196 (Jucaro). “Solitary Sandpiper’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, May 3).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 102 (I. of Pines); XXVII, I910, 15 (I. of Pines, Oct. 27); XXVIII, rort, 7 (I. of Pines, Aug. 20), 10 (Nuevas River), 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Helodromas solitarius READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, r911, 11 (I. of Pines; migr.). So far as known the Solitary Sandpiper is only a transient visitant in the Isle of Pines, although it is entirely possible that it may winter occasionally. Mr. Zappey secured a single bird at Jucaro on May II, 1904, and Mr. Read has noted it (in the ‘‘ West Coast ”’ section) as early as March 25 (1913) and as late as May 18 (1910). Fall migration dates culled from his notes lie between August 20 (1910) and October 27 (1909). 56. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). WUILLET. Totanus semipalmatus PorEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Symphemia semipalmata Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 94 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Catoptrophorus semipalmata [sic] semipalmata BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat. XXXIX, 1905, 196 (I. of Pines, ex Poey). Five specimens: Siguanea. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. Qs; Judging from the measurements, these specimens belong to the typical eastern form. While agreeing well with an example from Amelia Island, Florida, taken May 8, they seem to differ slightly from a small series of breeding birds from Cobb’s and Smith’s Islands, Virginia, in having the under parts rather less heavily marked, and in the barring on the upper tail-coverts being less pronounced, or in one case even obsolete. The Virginia birds, however, vary somewhat among themselves in these respects, and possibly seasonal changes due to wear may be responsible for the observed differences. The dates of collection of these birds (April 30-May 2) would at least suggest the possibility of their being breeding individuals. More- over, the species was noted at Los Indios still later by several days. Gundlach says that he has observed the Willet at Guantanamo, Cuba, in June and july, and believes that a few breed there. Those noted in the Isle of Pines were invariably found in the marshes behind the fringe of mangroves, either singly or two or three together. The only other specific record is that of Poey, above quoted, based on Gund- lach’s observations near Nueva Gerona, which are doubtless the basis for Mr. Cory’s reference also. 57. Actitis macularia (Linneus). SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Actitis macularia BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 106 (I. of Pines, coastwise).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 13 (1. of Pines). ““Spotted Sandpiper’ Reap, Odlogist, XXVII, 1910, 15 (I. of Pines; migr.); XXVIII, torr, 6 (Nuevas River), 7 (I. of Pines; migr.); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Ten specimens: Los Indios, Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Bogarona, and Siguanea. No. 39,699, October 29, is moulting the remiges. No. 39,760, November 16, is an adult completing the postnuptial moult, and still retaining the old wings and tail, as well as numerous black-spotted breast-feathers. Another individual, shot February 18, is renewing the remiges. All the birds taken between April 25 and 30 are in full nuptial dress. A common winter resident, both inland and coastwise, although naturally not observed in the wooded parts of the Cienaga. The first was taken at Los Indios on September 30, but its real arrival evidently took place a month earlier, since Mr. Read has recorded it as early as August 29 (1913), August 31 (1910), and September 1 (1911). It was usually observed singly, although occasionally a small flock was encountered. 214 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Pluvialis dominicus dominicus Miiller. GOLDEN PLOVER. (?) “Golden Plover’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines, Sept. 18). ‘‘On September 17, 1912, I took two specimens which I identified at the time as. Golden Plover.’’ These were ‘‘identified from Cory’s ‘How to know the Shore Birds,’ and had the rudimentary hind toe.’’ [!] The rudimentary hind toe being characteristic of the Black-bellied Plover, and not of the Golden Plover, there is ground for querying the record in question. Although the Greater Antilles are presumed to lie considerably off the regular migration route of the Golden Plover, Gundlach records it from Cuba without special comment, and, if it occurs there, it should also occur in the Isle of Pines. 58. Squatarola squatarola (Linneus). BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. (2?) “ Black-bellied Plover’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara). Seven specimens: Los Indios, Caleta Grande, and Rincon Lagoon. After examining an unusually fine series of breeding and winter adults of this species from various parts of its North American range, together with a few European specimens, I find such a variation in size in both that I do not feel justified in recognizing the birds from the respective continents as subspecifically distinct (at least on the ground of size alone), as proposed by Messrs. Thayer and Bangs ( Proceedings New England Zoélogical Club, V, 1914, 23). Nor does the supposed’ form “‘ hypomelus’’ appear to rest on a much more satisfactory basis.. Two adults shot October 14 have completed the postnuptial moult, with the exception of one and two outer primaries respectively. Two. young birds, dated respectively November 19 and 26, however, are still in juvenal dress, so badly worn that the buffy spotting of the upper parts is mostly scalloped out, and what remains faded to white; but still they show no signs of the onset of the postjuvenal moult. Three specimens shot February 21 and 22, and which look like winter adults, have the body-plumage much worn, while the wings, and also the tail, except in one individual, are quite fresh. The one exception referred to is a bird which is acquiring new feathers of the winter plumage on the back, and may be a young bird undergoing a late postjuvenal moult. The Black-bellied Plover is a winter resident in the Isle of Pines, occurring usually wherever there are rocky or gravelly beaches ex- posed along the coast. Two or three individuals are ordinarily found together. At only one locality, Rincon Lagoon, near Bibijagua, February 21 and 22, was it ever observed in flocks of any size. October 14 was the earliest date recorded for it by Mr. Link, while a few in- dividuals were observed at Siguanea as late as May 2. These latter Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 215 appeared to have some black feathers underneath, but they were very shy, and unfortunately none were secured. Mr. Read records what he believes to have been this species, mentioning that he has seen it feeding in the dry uplands, in pine-apple tracts. 59. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnzeus). KILLDEER. Five specimens: Caleta Grande, Los Indios, Santa Ana, and Nueva Gerona. These specimens, taken at dates ranging from November 27 to February 24, compare favorably with examples from the eastern United States in size and other characters, indicating that they were migrants from that section, come to the Isle of Pines to spend the winter. The species was especially numerous at Caleta Grande, where on one occasion a flock of six or eight was encountered, but as a rule it was met with singly, or two together. 60. Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Riley. West INDIAN KILLDEER. Zé gialitis vocifera (not Charadrius vociferus Linneus) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 95 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Oxyechus vociferus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 231 (I. of Pines). Oxyechus vociferus torquatus (not Charadrius torquatus Pontoppidan) Bancs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 195 (Nueva Gerona, fide Palmer & Riley, Bibijagua, and Laguna Grande; meas.; crit.; ex Charadrius torquatus Linneus). —CookE, Bull. Biol. Survey, No. 35, 1910, 88 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). ““West Indian Killdeer’’ READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, 224, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines), 123 (Pine River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara). “‘Antillean Killdeer’? READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, t911, 10 (Nuevas River). Oxyechus vociferus rubidus READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 11 (I. of Pines). Four specimens: Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Hato, and Jacksonville. These four skins are evidently representatives of the race of the Killdeer which is resident in the West Indies, and which is readily distinguishable by its smaller size and lighter, generally more rusty color of the upper parts and wing-coverts. Measurements are as follows: No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus. AII54 Q Santa Rosalia Wagoonl= nen eee 158 92 20.5 35 Amine eet 9 Senate TRO ILE Noxon g 55 doc Sb oes 149 85 20 33 41258 2 VAG O Raa ures ie ds, whused eee Rees a ene 144 90 20 32 AL27 AL IC) ejacksonvilles= sd cs. sees ecient I4I 82 20 34 All are rather more worn than the specimens of true vociferus. 216 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. In discussing the status of this form as a bird of the Bahama Islands (ANNALS CARNEGIE MuseEvM, VII, 1911, 414), I inadvertently over- looked Messrs. Bangs and Zappey’s record for the Isle of Pines, where it is a tolerably common resident, with habits the same as those of the northern form. Mr. Zappey found a downy young at Bibijagua, and Mr. Read has recorded it frequently, although it is probable that at least some of his records refer to the northern form, which is prac- tically indistinguishable from the other in the open. 61. Charadrius semipalmatus (Bonaparte). SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Twelve specimens: Los Indios. Four of these, shot at dates ranging from September 30 to November 12, show the delayed postjuvenal moult in progress, but it is a curious fact that in the remainder of the series, although taken between the same dates, there is no sign of moult. The bird shot September 30 is shedding the remiges and rectrices, while one shot November 4 is just completing the renewal of the former. Two taken November 12 are in similar case, and in addition are beginning to acquire the black feathers of the neck-band and forehead characteristic of the next plumage. The Semipalmated Plover is a very abundant winter resident in suitable situations, thronging the sandy beaches in immense flocks from September until early in May. It was particularly numerous at Rincon Lagoon the latter part of February, associated with other species of shore-birds. It was not observed anywhere in the interior. 62. Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia (Ord). WumLson PLOVER. Octhodromus wilsonius rufinucha? BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 195 (Playa Larga). Eleven specimens: Los Indios. All are in immature (or winter?) dress, having been shot between September 27 and November 23. Two birds, shot October 14 and November 12, show new black feathers coming in on the breast- band. The remiges seem fresh enough in these, but the body- plumage generally is old and worn. None of the skins show any ap- proach whatever in their characters to the alleged subspecies “ ru- finucha,” the status of which has already been fully discussed in an- other connection (ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VII, I9II, 415), but unfortunately no breeding examples were collected. A series of such will be required to determine the status of the resident birds. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. Dien This is a very common species on the coast, wherever there are sandy beaches, as at Punta del Este, Los Indios, and Rincon Lagoon. Except in the breeding-season, it was usually observed in large flocks, often associated with the Semipalmated Plover. 63. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linneus). RupDyY TURNSTONE. Three specimens: Caleta Grande. These birds were shot on November 26 and April 18 on the coral- beach at Caleta Grande, and were all that were seen. They were found singly, and not associated with any other shore-birds. All are in winter dress, and in the November birds the remiges are very fresh, in one case the outer primary still having the sheath attached. 64. Jacana spinosa violacea (Cory). West INDIAN JACANA. Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linneus) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 92 (1. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Asarcia spinosa BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 196 (Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Laguna Grande, Pasadita, and the Cienaga; habits). Eight specimens: Santa Ana and Pasadita. The examination of a series of forty-six adult specimens of Jacana spinosa, brought together in order to determine the status of the bird of the Isle of Pines, shows conclusively that the sexes differ materially from each other in size, and also to a less extent in color. But unlike most birds, these differences are all in favor of the female, which is decidedly larger and somewhat more brightly colored than the male, and with a larger frontal lappet. The three exceptions to this rule in the series before me are unquestionably wrongly sexed specimens. So far as I have been able to discover, Gundlach (Ornitologia Cubana, 1895, 237) was apparently the first author to note this fact, which is confirmed by Sharpe (Catalogue Birds British Museum, XXIV, 1896, 87) and Salvin and Godman (Biologia Centrali-A mericana, Aves, III, 1903, 343). There is no sexual difference affecting the color of the inner secondaries, however, as intimated by the former author. These sexual differences must constantly be kept in mind when com- paring birds for geographic variation, else confusion is bound to ensue, as was evidently the case with Mr. Elliot (Auk, V, 1888, 299) and with Baird, Brewer & Ridgway (Water Birds of North America, I, 1884, 177), who must have been dealing with incorrectly sexed specimens, and could find no differences correlated with locality. With the material before me, however, I find no difficulty in recognizing no 218 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. less than three geographic races of this species. Average measure- ments are as follows: Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus, NinemalesiiromiMiexico® «. ..: 6. snore II7 4I 29 49 Six males from Central America................ II5 40 30 51.5 Ten males from the West Indies.............. II6.5 40 30 51.5 SixstemalessnromeiVlexico.. - «a aceite error T3355 46 35-3 51 Five females from Central America............ I3I 43.5 32 53-5 Ten females from the West Indies.............. 132 44 33 55.5 Sex for sex, Mexican examples are decidedly duller and darker below than those from the West Indies, in which the maroon color of the under parts is much brighter. In the former series the greenish black of the breast merges more gradually into the maroon of the abdomen, which is often overspread with a shade of brown, while in the West Indian birds the transition is more abrupt, and the brown shade lighter or absent. The color-differences are no less marked above, although their character is reversed, for while the upper parts in the Mexican birds are lighter, more rufescent (nearer Hessian brown of Mr. Ridgway’s Color Standards and Color Nomenclature), in the West Indian skins they are darker and more purplish (nearer maroon). There is also a decided difference in the size of the frontal lappet in favor of the latter series. Taking up now the Central American series, which includes examples from Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, we find them almost exactly intermediate between the Mexican and West Indian birds. With a larger series the slight discrepancy in size between Central American and Mexican birds shown by the above table would doubtless disappear. The frontal lappet, however, certainly averages larger in the former, although not so large as in the West Indian birds. In the color of the upper surface the Central American birds most resemble those from Mexico, while below they are almost as bright as those from the West Indies. In short, if the latter are to be separ- ated at all, as I believe they should be, it will be necessary to recognize three races of this species instead of two. While selected specimens may be very similar, the average collective differences are quite suf- ficient in my judgment to justify subspecific separation, certainly as much so as in some other groups, the Ground Doves for instance. Before the question of names for these three forms can be decided it will be necessary to fix the type-locality of Fulica spinosa Linneus, Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 219 1758. This was based on the figure and description of the ‘ Spur- winged Water-hen ” of Edwards, Natural History of Birds, I, 1743, 48, pl. 48. Edwards gave the locality for his bird as Carthagena, Colombia, but this was almost certainly an error, inasmuch as there are no unquestioned records for the species from anywhere south of Panama, and so far as known Jacana nigra is the only species of this genus occurring on the north Colombian coast. Parra variabilis of Linneus, 1766, has exactly the same basis as his earlier name. Parra gymnostoma Wagler (Isis, 1832, 517), and Parra cordifera Lesson (Revue Zoélogique, 1842, 135) are both based on the Mexican bird, so that to reassign the type-locality on the basis of either of these authors would necessitate a new name for the Central American form. In order to obviate this, and to disturb the existing nomenclature as little as possible, I propose to fix the type-locality of Fulica spinosa Linneus as Panama. This proceeding leaves Wagler’s name available for the Mexican form. Parra violacea Cory (Bulletin Nuttall Ornithological Club, VI, 1881, 130) is the only name so far proposed for the West Indian bird, the type coming from Haiti. The describer failed to compare his bird with continental examples, and neither the description nor the later plate (Cory, Birds of Haiti and San Domingo, 1885, pl. 19) are diagnostic. Indeed, in the latter volume Mr. Cory (page 159) refers. his P. violacea to P. gymnostoma as a pure synonym, but later (Auk, V, 1888, 52) he provisionally restores it to the rank of a species, saying that Cuban specimens agree exactly with the Santo Domingo bird, being ‘‘ considerably larger and brighter than specimens of J. gym- nostoma; the coloration of the wattles is, I believe, also different.” A few months later Mr. Elliot, in reviewing the species of this group (Auk, V, 1888, 299), repudiated the name in question, stating that he could find no differences between specimens of this species from various parts of its range. Unfortunately I have not been able to examine the type (which so far as I know is the only known specimen from Haiti) in this connection, but if the measurements given by Mr. Cory are correct it is evidently a female individual, and somewhat larger than the average, but equalled in this respect (except for length of tail) by an example from Trinidad, Cuba (No. 57,381, Collection Americam Museum of Natural History). Three males from this same locality also average larger than specimens of the same sex from western Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Jamaica, notwithstanding which circumstance I consider them all as belonging to the same form. 220 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The three forms here recognized may be diagnosed as follows: Frontal lappets small; upper parts more rufescent; under parts darker and duller. (QVCO) AEN eS icink £5, ee Rotate eee Jacana spinosa gymnostoma. Frontal lappets medium; upper parts more rufescent; under parts rather brighter. (GentraleAtnent cays. csi os aps sie Sele ene exe aie Jacana spinosa spinosa. Frontal lappets large; upper parts more purplish; under parts decidedly brighter. (QUES Gali dies) Mee ecco ee ois eccle epee lg See ae ewe eee ene Jacana spinosa violacea. It will thus be seen that my conception of a subspecies is essentially different from that of Mr. Hellmayr (cf. Novitates Zoédlogice, XIII, 1906, 53), who considers that J. ‘“‘ melanopygia’’ and J. spinosa should stand as races of J. jacana, although I fully agree with him that the recognition of a separate genus Asarcia for J. spinosa, as proposed by Sharpe, is quite unnecessary. The Jacana is a fairly common bird in the Isle of Pines, being apt to occur in almost any fresh-water lagoon. Messrs. Palmer and Riley shot three individuals in the vicinity of Nueva Gerona, where Mr. Link also observed it on several occasions, securing one specimen at Santa Ana, about three miles distant. It was abundant in the Cienaga in the neighborhood of Pasadita, specimens having been secured there both by Mr. Zappey and Mr. Link. None were observed near the western end of the Cienaga, however, the water being rather too brackish there. 65. Starncenas cyanocephala (Linneus). BLUE-HEADED QUAIL DOVE. Starnenas cyanocephala BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 199 (Caballos Mountains and ‘‘south coast’’?).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines).—REApD, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (1. of Pines, one record). ‘*Blue-headed Quail Dove’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). Messrs. Bangs and Zappey include this species in their list on purely hearsay evidence, stating that while it has never actually been observed by any naturalist, ‘‘ the natives who know it well positively assert that a few inhabit the Caballos Mountains and some point near the south coast.’’ While there is no intrinsic reason why it should not be found in the Isle of Pines, just as in Cuba, this can scarcely be regarded as very satisfactory evidence from ascientific standpoint. Mr. Read, however, reports a single individual as having been secured on August 26, 1909, adding that it was so badly mutilated that no effort was made to save it, and it is mainly on the strength of this record that the species is allowed to remain on the list. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 221 66. Geotrygon chrysia Salvadori. Key West QuaIL Dove. Geotrygon martinica (not Columba martinica Linneus) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Geotrygon chrysia BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 198 (Pasadita).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines)—REap, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (I. of Pines; descr.). “Quail Dove”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—REap, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 102, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, rorr, I13 (West McKinley). One specimen: Nueva Gerona. This is one of the rarer birds in the Isle of Pines. Mr. Zappey took but two specimens, both at Pasadita, remarking that it occurs only on one or two of the mountains and in the dense forest south of the Cienaga. Mr. Read asserts that he has taken specimens of this species, but that it is rare. Mr. Link secured but the one specimen listed above; this was taken on July 32 in the thick jungle on the Casas Mountains, and another was seen there on December 30. The bird secured was an adult female, containing well-developed eggs. It is markedly duller than a male bird from Cuba. 67. Geotrygon montana (Linneus). Ruppy QuaiL Dove. Geotrygon montana Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (La Vega, Pasadita, and Cayo Bonito; habits), 203, in text (Santa Sevilla)—READ, Odlogist, XX VI, I909, 149 (I. of Pines; habits); XXVIII, ror1, 11 (I. of Pines)—ReEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (I. of Pines; descr.). “Ruddy Quail Dove’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —REaD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 75 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, 1911, 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). “The Ruddy Quail-dove occurs in the Isle of Pines in the denser woods only, usually in rather moist places, where the ground is often flooded after heavy rains. It is nowhere abundant. When flushed from the ground it flies but a short distance and on alighting again runs along for a few feet and conceals itself among the vegetation much after the manner of the American Woodcock (Philohela minor), which it curiously resembles when started in the deep woods.” (Bangs & Zappey.) Mr. Read’s account agrees well with the above. Mr. Link failed to meet with this species, although he heard of it on one occa- sion. 222 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 68. Chzemepelia passerina aflavida (Palmer & Riley). CUBAN GRouUND DOVE. Columba passerina (not of Linnzus) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Columbigallina passerina Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Columbigallina passerina aflavida BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (Cayo Bonito, El Hospital, Jucaro, and San Juan).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, IQII, 11 (I. of Pines).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (I. of Pines; nesting). “Ground Dove” READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 57, 58, 75 (1. of Pines). “‘Cuban Ground Dove” REApD, Odlogist, XXVII, t910, 5 (Nuevas River), 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, 1911, 3 (McRinley and Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 5 (McKinley; nesting), 6 (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). “West Indian Ground Dove”’ REAp, Odlogist, XXVII, I91o0, 42 (I. of Pines; nesting). Chemepelia passerina aflavida READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, rto11, 44 (McKinley); XV, I913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1913, 561 (I. of Pines; references), 599 (Jucaro, El Hospital, San Juan, Cayo Bonito, and ‘“‘Nueva Gerona, etc.’’). Twenty-three specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Nueva Gerona. Several of Mr. Read’s records above quoted are additional to those given by the writer under the head of this form in his late review of the present genus (ANNALS CARNEGIE MusEvum, VIII, 1913, 561-562), while other references have been corrected. These were among the few that were not personally verified at the time. A very common species everywhere, except, of course, in marshy country, and in dense woodland. At Caleta Grande, on the south coast, it was the only species of the family observed. It is very tame, not being subject to persecution as are the larger pigeons and doves, nor does it appear to go in flocks as do the latter. Mr. Link found two nests early in May containing eggs almost ready to hatch, while Mr. Read has recorded fresh eggs as early as January 20, and doubtless the species breeds here almost every month of the year, as elsewhere throughout its general range. Young in juvenal dress were taken in July, December, and February. 69. Zenaida zenaida zenaida (Bonaparte). ZENAIDA DOVE. Columba zenaida Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Zenaida zenaida Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —READ, OGlogist, XXVIII, tort, 11 (I. of Pines). Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 228 Zenaida zenaida zenaida BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (Almaci- gos).—REap, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, ror4 (I. of Pines). “Zenaida Dove’’ Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1ro11, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley). Ten specimens: Los Indios and McKinley. These are indistinguishable from Bahaman specimens, although the individual variation is considerable. Females are noticeably duller than males. The Zenaida Dove is generally distributed in the dry country north of the Cienaga, and is often found associated with the West Indian Mourning Dove, although only about half as numerous as the latter. Both kinds are shot for food during the open season. Only a few were seen about Nueva Gerona, but at Los Indios it was fairly common, occurring in good-sized flocks through the fall and early winter months. A nest supposed to belong to this species was found in the mangroves along the Los Indios River late in April. 70. Zenaidura macroura macroura (Linneus). WeEstT INDIAN MourRN- ING DOVE. Columba carolinensis (not of Linneus) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Zenaidura macroura Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Zenaidura macroura bella BANGS & ZApPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 197 (Rio Santiago and El Hospital; habits). ““Mourning Dove’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 19009, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, OGdlogist, X XVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines). “West Indian Mourning Dove”’ READ, Odlogist, XX VII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River), 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, torr, 3 (McKinley), 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (McKinley and Nuevas River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios).—REaD, I. of Pines News, VI, Apr. 25, 1914 (Pine River). Zenaidura macroura macroura READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV> 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Zenaidura macroura marginata (lapsus) READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 11 (I. of Pines). Zenaidura carolinensis marginata READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1g91t4 (I. of Pines, habits). Eleven specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Bogarona. After comparing these with a series from the eastern United States I must confess that I am not very favorably impressed with the claims of the respective forms to recognition as subspecies. The separation 294. — ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. is based on the average smaller size of the West Indian bird, and while this difference certainly exists, it scarcely seems so great as to demand formal recognition in nomenclature. I can discover no constant color-differences, the width of the tail-band, to which Messrs. Palmer and Riley call attention, being a variable character in, birds from both localities. “Throughout the island in the open pine woods, palmetto groves, and especially in old fields grown up to weeds, the Cuban Mourning Dove is an abundant bird. Several nests were found in low trees five or six feet from the ground” (Bangs & Zappey). Mr. Link confirms this statement, and adds that he found several nests in the mangroves along the Los Indios River late in April. In the fall and winter months the species is usually found in flocks, frequently in company with other kinds. 71. Columba leucocephala Linneus. WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON. Columba leucocephala PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 96 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —BAancs & ZAappEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (La Vega).—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, torr, 44 (McKinley).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 11 (I. of Pines). —READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (Bird I., Siguanea Bay). “White-crowned Pigeon”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—READ, OGlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58, 75 (I. of Pines); XXVII, Igro, 15 (I. of Pines; migr.); XXVIII, t911, 3 (McKinley), 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara; migr.), 131 (I. of Pines). ‘‘White-head[ed] Pigeon’’ READ, Odlogist, X XVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River). Seven specimens: Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and Bogarona. 4c ’ Most of the specimens secured show the same “ patchy ”’ condition of the plumage, apparently the result of irregular moult, which I have previously remarked in the case of Bahaman examples (ANNALS CARNEGIE MusEuM, VII, 1911, 416). This is a common species everywhere, except in the Cienaga, ap- pearing in flocks late in February, and remaining until the last of September. Although a few stragglers may be seen through the winter months, the vast majority of the individuals withdraw at that season from their usual range, and according to native report. resort to the ‘“south coast,’’ in great numbers. It is one of the most numerous birds of the various mountain ridges in the interior of the island during the breeding-season, which begins in May. The nest is usually built in the top of a royal palm, but along the Los Indios River the Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 225 birds were found nesting in the mangroves, rather low down. Mr. Read says that it was nesting abundantly in the mangroves on Bird Island in Siguanea Bay at the time of his visit, but Mr. Link failed to find it there in 1912-13. This pigeon is far shyer than the other kinds, with which it seldom associates, preferring as it does thicker covert. It is very fond of the fruit of the ‘‘ cocoa-plum ”’ ( Chryso- balanus Icaco). 72. Columba squamosa Bonnaterre. SCALY-NAPED PIGEON. Columba squamosa BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 197 (Nueva Gerona, fide Palmer and Riley).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 13, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara; migr.; local range).—REApD, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (I. of Pines, local). (?) “El Bobo Pigeon’”’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 3 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.). While this species is reported to be still rather common in Cuba, it is now rare in the Isle of Pines, having been almost exterminated in recent years. Indeed, Mr. Link failed to meet with it at all, nor did Messrs. Palmer and Riley actually see any individuals, although they heard a few. Mr. Read tells us that although it was formerly abundant all over the island, it is now rare and local, being found only at certain points on the west and south coasts. This scarcity has been brought about solely by shooting for food and sport, which bids fair to exterminate, sooner or later, all of the larger pigeons and doves in the island, unless some means can be found to curtail the practice before it is too late. 73. Columba inornata proxima Todd, subsp. nov. ISLE oF PINES PLAIN PIGEON. Columba inornata (not of Vigors) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 97 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—BANGs & ZappEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 196 (I. of Pines; Poey’s record).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 224, and XXVIII, rort, 11 (I. of Pines); X XVII, 1910, 5, and XXVIII, 1911, 6, 10 (Nuevas River); X XVII, 1910, 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, ro11, 5 (McKinley; nesting), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 114 (West McKinley).—ReEap, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).— READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios).—REeEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Feb. 21, 1914 (I. of Pines). Chlorenas inornata GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 416 (I. of Pines).—GuNpD- LACH, Repert. Fis.-Nat. I. Cuba, I, 1866, 29 (Santa Fé).—GuNDLACH, An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. Madrid, II, 1873, 143 (Santa Fé).—GunpLacu, Contr. Orn. 226 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Cubana, 1876, 128 (I. of Pines)—GuNpLacu, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 155 (I. of Pines). (2?) Zenaida zenaida (lapsus) READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1900, 148 (I. of Pines). (?) “Zenaida Dove”’ (lapsus) READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1900, 452 (I. of Pines).—REAaD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines). Columba inornata proxima Topp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 170 (Los Indios; orig. descr.). Thirteen specimens: Los Indios. Type, No. 39,892, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Los Indios, Isle of Pines, December 13, 1912; Gustav A. Link. Subspecific characters.—Differs from typical inornata of Cuba in its decidedly paler, grayer coloration, especially marked in the much less strongly vinaceous shade of the under surface. The white edgings of the median and greater wing-coverts are narrower. Through the courtesy of the authorities of several different insti- tutions I have been able to bring together a small series of this fast disappearing species, representing all the various islands included in its range. Even in this small series geographical variation is evident, each island apparently possessing a separate form with the exception of Haiti, the single bird from which is indistinguishable from Cuban examples. The Isle of Pines race is easily distinguished from the typical Cuban form by the characters above specified. It is of course conceivable that these characters may be shared by birds from western Cuba, a circumstance which might possibly affect the validity of the name here proposed. The Porto Rican form, to which Mr. Ridgway has recently applied the name exsul (Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, XXVIII, 1915, 106), is much deeper in general coloration, while the Jamaican bird is extreme in this respect. The males in the Isle of Pines series, besides being slightly larger, average more “solid ’’ vinaceous below than the females, while the vinaceous area on the wing-coverts is also deeper and larger. Sep- tember specimens are in postnuptial moult. “ Iris white; feet pink.”’ All of the earlier authorities on the birds of Cuba and the Isle of Pines agree as to the abundance of the Plain Pigeon in both islands, but of late years its numbers have become very much reduced in Cuba, and according to the statements of several reliable observers it is practically extinct in many parts of that island. In the Isle of Pines, however, it is still common locally, but, with the persecution to which it is being subjected by the inhabitants, it will be a question of only a few years before it will be as rare here as in Cuba. The Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 227 open season for shooting lasts from September until the end of April, and thus extends well into the breeding-season. Moreover, the birds are so easily shot that large bags are the rule. In the spring and fall months they are found in flocks of greater or less extent, scattered through the pine-lands, feeding on the fruit of the ‘ cocoa-plum.”’ At such times they may be approached with ease, paying little atten- tion to an intruder, even after being repeatedly fired at, whence their common name of ‘‘ El Bobo ”’ (fool) Pigeon.!® Many such flocks were seen at Los Indios for about a week during the latter part of September, after which they disappeared, and only a few odd birds were seen until the end of March, when the flocks began to appear, seeming to come from the south. The natives say that they retire to the ‘“‘ south coast ’’ for the winter months, but this could not be verified. That there is a limited migration in both Columba leucocephala and the present species, however, is beyond question. In other sections of the island it is evidently not so common, Mr. Zappey having secured but a single specimen on his first trip, and none at all in 1904. Mr. Read speaks of finding a nest on April 29, 1910, built in a blown-over tree about twenty feet from the ground, and composed of a few loose sticks, like that of the Mourning Dove. This nest had eggs on May 4 74. Ara tricolor (Bechstein). CuBAN MAcaAw. Ara tricolor Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 101, 127 (I. of Pines) —GuUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 151 (I. of Pines)—BANGs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 200 (La Vega).—CLaArRK, Auk, XXII, 1905, 348 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —ROTHSCHILD, Extinct Birds, 1907, 51 (1. of Pines, in geog. distr.; Bangs and Zappey’s record). The Cuban or Great Antillean Macaw, the range of which at one time included not only Cuba and the Isle of Pines, but also Haiti and Jamaica, has been extinct for many years, having been destroyed by the inhabitants because of its value for food. Gundlach attributes it to the Isle of Pines, and Messrs. Bangs and Zappey remark as tollows: “Tt has been supposed that perhaps the Cuban Macaw still lingered in the Isle of Pines. Unfortunately this is not so. The last pair known in the island was shot at La Vega, near the Cienaga, about the year 1864, and none have been seen since. This information was 15 Mr. Read claims that this name properly belongs to Columba squamosa, but Gundlach applies it to the present species, and Mr. Link indorses this procedure. Mr. Reed seems to have confused one or both of these pigeons with the Zenaida Dove during the early part of his work. 228 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. furnished by the man on whose plantation they were shot.” The fate which has befallen this and other West Indian parrots bids fair to overtake additional species of this family. 75. Aratinga euops (Wagler). CuBAN PAROQUET. Conurus guianensis (not Psittacus guianensis Gmelin) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Conurus euops GUNDLACH, Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 126 (I. of Pines).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, ror (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —GUNDLACH, Orn, Cubana, 1893, 152 (I. of Pines)—Bancs & Zappry, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 200 (I. of Pines).—Crark, Auk, XXII, 1905, 310 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Gundlach, writing some twenty years ago, says that the Cuban Paroquet was formerly very abundant in the Isle of Pines, but at the rate it was being taken for the cage-bird traffic it would be merely a question of a few years more before it would be entirely exterminated. Hundreds of young birds were being exported every year, it seems. This prediction has been fulfilled, for neither Mr. Zappey nor Mr. Link met with the species during their respective visits to the island, nor did they even hear any reports of its occurrence. The outcome in this case will inevitably be that of other species in this family also, unless the traffic in living birds can in some way be stopped. 76. Amazona leucocephala palmarum subsp. nov. ISLE oF PINES PARROT. Psittacus leucocephalus (not of Linneus) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Chrysotis leucocephalus GUNDLACH, Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 124 (I. of Pines?).— GunpbLacu, Auk, VIII, 1891, 189, in text (I. of Pines; plumage).—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 149 (I. of Pines). Amazona leucocephala BANGS & ZapprEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 201 (Pasadita and El Hospital; nesting)—RrEap, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 11 (I. of Pines).— READ, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). “Green Parrot’’ READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1900, 58 (I. of Pines). “Cuban Green Parrot’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XXX, I913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 168 (Los Indios). “Cuban Parrot’? READ, Odlogist, XXVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, T9111, 5 (McKinley; nesting), 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (McKinley and Nuevas River), 125, 129, pl. (Santa Barbara; nesting), 130 (I. of Pines). Twenty-four specimens: Bibijagua and Los Indios. Type, No. 39,630, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Los Indios, Isle of Pines, October 9, 1912; Gustav A. Link. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Amazona leucocephala leucocephala Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 229 (Linneus), but general color darker green; the abdominal purplish red patch averaging darker and more extensive; and the throat some- what deeper red. Measurements —Male (ten specimens): wing, I90-196 (average, 194); tail, 110-122 (116); exposed culmen, 25-28 (26.6); depth of bill, 28-31 (29). Female (ten specimens): wing, 184-194 (187); tail, 102-119 (113.5); exposed culmen, 25-27 (26); depth of bill, 27-29 (2776) With a series of twenty-four specimens of the Isle of Pines Amazona leucocephala before me I find that they differ sufficiently from the average Cuban bird to bear formal separation. While it is true that there is considerable variation in the extent of the abdominal purplish red patch in both series (possibly dependent on age), the average dif- ference between the two series in this respect is fairly well marked, and taken in connection with the other characters above mentioned is in my judgment sufficient to justify the recognition of the form from the Isle of Pines as distinct. Save that the latter seems to havea slightly longer tail, there is apparently no especial difference in size, so far at least as indicated by the series examined in this connection. Numerous individuals in the present fine series show scattered green feathers on the throat and sides of the head, while in others the crown feathers along the posterior line of the white frontal patch are stained with yellow or crimson. A specimen shot July 6 is evidently a young bird in full moult, judging from its small size, differently colored bill, restricted white front, and small amount of red on the rectrices. Another taken September 21 is a very pale bird, in which the tertials are narrowly tipped with crimson, and the abdominal purplish red patch very extensive. _ . Judging from reports of the relative numbers annually exported, this parrot is more numerous at the present time in the Isle of Pines than is its relative in Cuba. One dealer in live birds was shipping about twenty-one hundred young parrots from the Isle of Pines in July, 1912, but in all Cuba had been able to secure only about a thousand birds for this purpose. According to his testimony, they were formerly much more abundant than at present, and of course will continue to decrease indefinitely unless this practice can be checked. So important had the business of trapping parrots become at one time that there grew up in many parts of the island a system of “ parrot lines,”’ to define the hunting rights of different individuals, 230 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and these lines frequently figure in present-day boundary disputes. The parrot-hunters keep taking the young birds at every opportunity, and make a practice of removing the eggs or young of distant nests to nests of other pairs which chance to be nearer their own homes, so as to keep rival hunters from eventually securing them. Three or four eggs constitute the usual complement, but often a pair of birds is compelled to rear twice as many young for the sole benefit of the parrot- hunters. The nests are invariably built in an old woodpecker’s hole in a bottle-palm, usually only fifteen or twenty feet from the ground, and the eggs are pure white. Mr. Link’s first nest was found early in April, and on April 15 a set of three eggs was secured. Mr. Read records a nest still containing young as late as June 27. Parrots are fairly common throughout the drier parts of the island (except in the mountains), affecting the groves of pine and bottle-palms (Pl. XXIII, fig. 3). They feed on the cones and tender shoots of the pines, as well as on the seeds of the royal palm, and it is said that they also damage the cultivated grape-fruit, on which account they are con- sidered a nuisance, and many are shot. Except in the nesting-season, they are found in large flocks, and are at all times very noisy and un- suspicious. The bulk of the individuals seem to disappear in Septem- ber, however, and only a few odd birds are to be seen until the latter part of January. The natives say that during this interim they retire to the ‘‘ south coast,” like the pigeons, but this statement could not be confirmed. 77. Crotophaga ani Linneus. ANI. Crotophaga ani Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 102 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —Bancs & Zapprey, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 200 (Cayo Bonito, Santa Fé, and Jucaro; habits).—Rrab, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102 (I. of Pines; habits); XXVIII, torr, 12 (I. of Pines).—ReEaAp, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). “Black Parrot’? READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines), 102 (crit.). “*Ani’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XOX VIL, TOOo, 223° (I. of Pines) XOOViIl; ono. 5, and) SoeVill orn, OneLo (Nuevas River), 3 (McKinley), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Mc- Kinley and Nuevas River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). Thirteen specimens: Nueva Gerona and Los Indios. These are precisely like specimens from other West Indian localities. There is one bird in juvenal dress, dated June 29. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 23K The Ani was not detected in the Cienaga or in the country to the southward, but to the northward it is a very common and generally distributed species. It prefers the more open country, and is emi- nently gregarious in its habits, often being seen in pastures attending the cattle and other stock. Like the Caracara and some other birds, it is fond of following in the wake of brush-fires, picking up the roasted lizards, snails, and insects. On several occasions flocks were found roosting in the mangroves along the Los Indios River, attracting attention by their habit of huddling close together on the perch, like domestic fowls. 78. Saurothera decolor Bangs & Zappey. ISLE oF PINES LIZARD Cuckoo. Saurothera meriini (not of D’Orbigny) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Saurothera merlini decolor BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 199 (La Vega, Cayo Bonito, and El Hospital; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zodl.; habits; crit.) ALLEN, Auk, XXII, 1905, 320, in text (review).—EDITorRs, Ibis, 1905, 631, in text (review).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1900, 190 (I. of Pines), 223 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits); XXVIII, 1911, 12 (I. of Pines).—REap, Bird- Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Nov. 22, 1913 (I. of Pines; habits). “Lizard Cuckoo”’ READ, Odlogist, XX VII, 1910, 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona). “Isle of Pines Lizard Cuckoo”’ READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, to11, 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125, 130 (Santa Barbara), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). Twenty-one specimens: Nueva Gerona, Bibijagua, and Los Indios. This is a very distinct form, differing so markedly from S. merlini of Cuba that I venture to raise it to the rank of a species. As stated in the original description, it seems in fact to be rather nearer to S. bahamensis in general coloration, resembling S. merlini, however, in having the primaries rufous. The series of adults is very uniform as a whole, the size and shape of the black markings on the tail being perhaps the most variable character. A number of young birds, dis- tinguished by their duller and paler coloration, and by the lack of a subterminal black bar on the rectrices, were taken between June 28 and July 3. Poey appears to have been the only author to record a Saurothera from the Isle of Pines previous to Messrs. Bangs and Zappey, whose specimens proved to belong to a form quite different from that of Cuba. With reference to its habits, they state that it is ‘‘a common 232 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. bird in rough, rocky country, wherever there is a thick growth of scrub and bushes, and is very tame. It has a habit of hopping from one branch to another till it reaches the top of a bush and then sailing down to the ground or the lower branches of another bush. Its usual call-note is a sort of laugh that begins low and slowly, and rapidly ascending, ends in a low chuckle. When two individuals are within sight of each other they often go through a curious performance, which consists in lowering the head and dropping the feathers of the throat which then looks like a large pouch, at the same time spreading the wings and tail to their fullest extent and repeating the loud chuck- ling notes that end the usual call. The stomachs of those taken con- tained the remains of small lizards, beetles, caterpillars, and large moths.’ It is a common species everywhere in the island, except in the Cienaga. Coccyzus americanus (Linneus). YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO. © (?) ‘‘West Indian Vellow-billed Cuckoo” Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 13 (I. of Pines), 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). This is the only species of this genus known to regularly visit Cuba, so that it is presumably this form which is meant by Mr. Read under the above caption. He speaks of having seen individuals on April 29, 1910, and March 3, 1911, but, as some doubt attaches to the identification, the records are open to question. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO. (2) Coccyzus erythrophthalmus READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 12 (I. of Pines). (?) “Black-billed Cuckoo”’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—READ, OGlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, torr, 114 (West McKinley). This species, migrating as it does through Mexico and Central America, is of merely accidental occurrence in Cuba, and unknown in the other Antilles. Mr. Read’s records, above cited, refer to individuals noted on May 11, 1909, and in November, 1910, respectively. In reply to an inquiry he writes that the first one was actually secured, but as the specimen is unfortunately not now extant, and there is no way of confirming the record otherwise, it is deemed unwise to admit it under the circumstances. 79. Glaucidium siju vittatum Ridgway. IsLE oF PINES PyGMy OWL. Noctua siju (not of D’Orbigny) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Glaucidium siju Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 100 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —Bancs & ZAppEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 202 (Santa Fé and Cayo Bonito; habits).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 190; XXVII, 1910, 35 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits); XXVIII, ror1, 11 (I. of Pines).—ReEapD, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 122 (McKinley; habits).—REap, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 24, 1914 (descr.; habits). Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 233 “Cuban Pygmy Owl’’ REAp, Odlogist, X XVII, 1910, 5, and XXVIII, 1911, 10 (Nuevas River), 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines). Glaucidium siju vittatum RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 805 (Nueva Gerona; orig. descr.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Eighteen specimens: Nueva Gerona, Bibijagua, and Los Indios. Messrs. Bangs and Zappey could discover no particular difference between specimens of Glaucidium siju from Cuba and the Isle of Pines respectively, and it remained for Mr. Ridgway to distinguish the form from the latter island. Judging from the series brought back by Mr. Link, which I have had the opportunity of comparing with another series from various parts of Cuba, it is a well-marked geographic race, differing not only in its somewhat larger size, but also in its more grayish, less rufescent coloration, both above and below. There is some variation, it is true, of an apparently individual character, affecting the exact pattern of the markings of the under parts, which in some specimens tend to arrange themselves in bars, and in others partake more of the nature of streaks. Only one of the Cuban speci- mens before me is as gray above as the average Isle of Pines bird, and while half of the Cuban series are in the rufescent phase described by Mr. Ridgway, not a single specimen of the Isle of Pines series shows any approach to that condition of plumage. This little owl is common and generally distributed in the Isle of Pines, and is one of the first birds to attract the attention of a new- comer, coming boldly as it does into gardens and the vicinity of houses, and showing little fear of man. It appears to feed mainly on grasshoppers, beetles, and lizards, although from the treatment it receives from small birds it is evident that these also enter to some extent into its bill of fare. Indeed, Mr. Read records a case in which one of these owls even attacked and killed a Cuban Meadowlark—a species larger than itself—only to be in its turn attacked and driven off by a half-dozen of the latter. In habits it is more diurnal than noc- turnal, and its call, described by Mr. Read as a series of shrill, sharp, short whistles, high-pitched at first, and gradually descending the scale, is apt to be heard at any time of the day or night. It has a peculiar habit of nervously twitching its tail, sometimes even holding it erect, wren-fashion. Nothing appears to be on record concerning its nesting in the Isle of Pines, but Gundlach says that the Cuban 234 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. bird is wont to use the old holes of woodpeckers in palm-trees for this purpose, laying its eggs in March and April. 80. Gymnasio lawrencii exsul Bangs. IsLE oF PINES BARE-LEGGED OWL. Noctua nudipes (not Strix nudipes Daudin) PorEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Gymnasio lawrencii Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, too (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GuNbDLAcH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 35 (I. of Pines).—BANcs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1005, 202 (Pasadita and Santa Sevilla; habits; crit.).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 13 (I. of Pines)—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 679 (Pasadita and Santa Sevilla; meas.).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 24, 1914 (I. of Pines; descr.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Gymnasio lawrenciit exsul BANGS, Proc. New England Zodélogical Club, IV, 1913, 91 (Santa Sevilla; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.; meas.; crit.).—STONE, Auk, XXX, 1913, 453, in text (review). Two specimens: Nueva Gerona. Besides the above, I have before me two of the birds collected by Mr. Zappey, and the type-specimen of Gymnoglaux lawrencii Sclater and Salvin (No. 39,111, Collection U. S. National Museum; Remedios, Cuba, October 30, 1863; N. H. Bishop), as well as six other specimens from Cuba, kindly loaned by Messrs. Bangs and Ramsden. There is some variation in both series, but the general differences between the two, pointed out by Mr. Bangs, are obvious at a glance. The speci- mens from eastern and central Cuba are much more rufescent both above and below than those from the Isle of Pines, while the white spotting on the back and wings, as well as the light barring on the tail, is much less pronounced. There is no especial difference in size, however. A skin from San Francisco de Morales, in western Cuba, agrees better with the Isle of Pines birds than with those from eastern Cuba, so that it is probable that this is the form inhabiting the entire western part of the island. Although Mr. Ridgway sinks exsul as a synonym of Jawrencii, and it is of course possible that with a larger series the characters relied on for their discrimination might break down, or prove to have no especial geographical significance, I have no other alternative than to recognize it for the present. This species is rare in the Isle of Pines, but being strictly nocturnal, this rarity may be more apparent than real. Mr. Zappey secured three specimens in all, at Pasadita and Santa Sevilla, finding a brood of three half-grown young at the latter locality, the nest being in a hole in a Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 235 tree. The pair of birds brought back by Mr. Link were taken in a small cave on the slope of the Caballos Mountains near Nueva Gerona on February 15. The female showed no signs of breeding at this date. 81. Asio stygius (Wagler). STyGIAN OWL. Asio stygius Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, too (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 33 (I. of Pines).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat: Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 658 (La Vega, in geog. distr.; crit.). Nyctalops stygius siguapa BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 201 (La Vega; crit.; ex Otus siguapa D’Orbigny).—REAp, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 24, 1914 (I. of Pines, rare). One specimen: Pasadita. This is a rare bird in the Isle of Pines, and does not appear to be much, if at all, more numerous in Cuba. Mr. Zappey, who was for- tunate enough to secure a fine adult male at La Vega on May 25, 1904, reports that it is found only in the heaviest and densest forests, and because of its strictly nocturnal habits it is extremely hard to obtain. Mr. Link secured a single young bird on May 28, at Pasadita. This specimen, being in moult from the downy stage, is useless for comparison, but Messrs. Bangs and Zappey say that their specimen differs from continental examples in being much paler, and they ac- cordingly adopt D’Orbigny’s name, based on the Cuban bird, as the proper subspecific appellation of the supposed form. But Mr. Ridg- way, while admitting the peculiarities of their Isle of Pines specimen, finds himself unable to satisfactorily divide the species on this basis, and it seems a safer course to follow this conclusion for the present. 82. Tyto perlata furcata (Temminck). WHITE-WINGED BARN OWL. Strix furcata PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gund- lach). Strix pratincola furcata Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 100 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—BANGS & ZApPpEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 202 (Santa Sevilla; food). —REapD, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 24, 1914 (I. of Pines; habits). “Cuban Barn Owl” READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 13, and XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (1. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona). Tyto perlata furcata RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 602 (Santa Sevilla, in geog. distr.; meas.). Six specimens: McKinley, Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and Pasadita. Two of these six skins are very pale above as compared with the others, while the amount of spotting below also varies to some extent. Only one individual shows any dark marking on the tail, and this is 236 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. confined to some brown shaft-spots, and fine mottling at the tips of some of the feathers. Poey recorded this species many years ago from the Isle of Pines, and Mr. Read also has occasionally observed it, a specimen collected by him at McKinley being now in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. The five fine specimens sent in by Mr. Link were secured in every case during moonlight nights, in the vicinity of poultry- houses, where these owls often come in search of their prey. On such occasions they are readily attracted by making any kind of a squeaking noise, when they come up and circle about overhead, presenting a fair shot. They seem to be strictly nocturnal, and for this reason they are seldom observed, and may be far more common than is apparent. Mr. Read says that they are accustomed to spend the day in the thick tops of the bottle-palms, and adds that they are often attracted in the night-time by the brilliant headlights of an automobile, and fly down in front of the machine. The stomachs of all the individuals examined contained feathers, whence it is evident that small birds constitute a larger proportion of the food of this species than in the case of the Barn Owl of continental North America, which feeds so largely on small mammals. The single example shot by Mr. Zappey had been eating a Ruddy Quail Dove. Nothing appears to be on record concerning its nesting habits, so far as the Isle of Pines is con- cerned. 83. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). NIGHTHAWK. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 203 (Santa Fé; meas.).—OBERHOLSER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, 1914, 517 (Santa Fé; crit.)—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 562 (Santa Fé, in geog. distr.). The only positive record for the typical form of the Nighthawk from the Isle of Pines appears to be that above quoted, which refers to a single specimen shot by Mr. Zappey at Santa Fé on May 10, 1904, and which proved to be exactly like examples from New England. Gundlach says that it occurs regularly in Cuba during migration, in October and May, so that it is doubtless a regular migrant in the Isle of Pines also, but may often have been coniused with the smaller resident form. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 237 84. Chordeiles virginianus minor (Cabanis). CUBAN NIGHTHAWK. (Plate X XVI.) Chordeiles minor Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 105 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, ror (I. of Pines). Chordeiles virginianus minor BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 203 (Los Almacigos, Santa Fé, and El Hospital; plum.; habits)—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, ror1z, 12 (I. of Pines).—READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 3, 1914 (habits).—OBERHOLSER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 86, 1914, 82 (Nueva Gerona, El Hospital, and Los Almacigos; meas.; crit.)—RiIpDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 576 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). ““Nighthawk’”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 75 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 75 (I. of Pines). ““Antillean Nighthawk”? READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 7 (I. of Pines; migr.), tz (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 124 (Pine River), 125 (Santa Barbara; migr.), 168 (Los Indios). “Cuban Nighthawk’’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines, summer; migr.). “West Indian Nighthawk”’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 159-162, 4 pls. (Santa Barbara; figs. nest and eggs). Three specimens: Bibijagua, McKinley, and Los Indios. This is the race of Chordeiles virginianus which is a summer resident in the Greater Antilles. It may readily be distinguished by its small size, and is furthermore peculiar in having a rufescent phase of plumage entirely independent of age, sex, or season. In the present series there is one female in this rufescent phase, and another more grayish, also. one male in the gray phase. The significance of this dichromatism is. no more understood than in other cases in which it occurs. Mr. Oberholser has given reasons for believing that C. v. minor is probably the nearest living representative of the “ original-stock ’’ form, and! it is certainly a very strongly marked subspecies, if not indeed worthy of higher rank. A very common bird in the Isle of Pines, the generally open character of much of the country being very well suited to its needs. In its habits it closely resembles the northern form, flying mostly in the morning and evening in dry weather, but throughout the day during rainy weather, at which times scores may be in sight at once. Itisa summer resident only, but arrives very early, Mr. Link’s first specimen, having been taken February 6, while Mr. Read recorded it in 1912 on March 14. It lays its eggs on the ground in open situations, and the young are hatched in May. Plate X XVI shows the incubating bird, and is reproduced from a photograph made by Mr. Read, a cut pre- 238 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. pared from which has been kindly loaned by Mr. R. M. Barnes, the editor of The Odlogist. None were seen after the last of September. Its winter home appears to be still unknown. 85. Setochalcis cubanensis (Lawrence). CUBAN WHIP-POOR-WILL. Caprimulgus vociferus? (not of Wilson) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Antrostomus vociferus? BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 203 (I. of Pines, ex Poey; crit.). Antrostomus cubanensis BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 203 (Cienaga). —READ, Odlogist, X XVII, 1911, 12 (I. of Pines)—R1ipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, t914, 513 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). “Whip-poor-will’’ REAp, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, OGlogist, X XVI, 1909, 124 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, 1911, 113 (West Mc- Kinley). ““Cuban Whip-poor-will’’? Reap, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 131 (1. of Pines). Inasmuch as the common Whip-poor-will is unknown in the West Indies (except for a single accidental occurrence in Porto Rico), it is practically certain that Poey’s record above quoted refers to the present species, which otherwise is known only from Cuba, and seems to be rare in collections. Mr. Zappey shot a single bird in June, in the dense woods south of the Cienaga, but unfortunately it was too much mangled to be preserved. Mr. Link did not meet with this species, but Mr. Read says that he has noted it on a few occasions in the northwestern part of the island, and writes that he has even found it nesting there. 86. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin). CHUCK-WILL’S-WIDOW. Antrostomus carolinensis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 105 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 103 (I. of Pines).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 506 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). According to Gundlach, the present species is not rare in Cuba, occurring every year, presumably as a winter resident. He attributes it also to the Isle of Pines without special comment, this being the only record so far available. It should be looked for in suitable covert at the proper season. 87. Todus multicolor Gould. CuBAN Topy. Todus portoricensis Porky, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Todus multicolor Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 103 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —Bancs & ZapprEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 201 (Santa Fé and Cayo Bonito; Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 239 habits).—REApD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 190 (I. of Pines); XXVII, r910, 62 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits); XXVIII, rorz, 13 (I. of Pines); XXX, 1913, 123 (McKinley).—REap, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Bar- bara).—READ, I. of Pines News, V, Nov. 7, 1913 (descr.; habits)—R1IpGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 443 (Nueva Gerona, Cayo Bonito, and Santa Fé; meas.). “Cuban Tody’’ REApD, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines). Eighteen specimens: Nueva Gerona and Los Indios. Compared with a small series from Cuba, the Isle of Pines birds differ only in having the sides of the neck rather deeper blue, but the difference is slight and not entirely constant. There is some individual variation observable in the color of the breast, which in some in- dividuals is tinged with pink. This brilliant little bird is an inhabitant of the thickets, and is very common in such situations throughout the island, being particularly numerous on the mountain slopes. It feeds on insects, darting out after them like a flycatcher, the wings making a buzzing sound like a hummingbird’s. Its call-note is a rattling sound likened by Messrs. Bangs and Zappey to that made by striking two small pebbles to- gether. It is the reverse of shy, manifesting much curiosity over an intruder into its haunts, and sometimes following for a little distance. It seems to have a special antipathy towards the Ricord Humming- bird, driving it off at every opportunity. Mr. Link did not succeed in finding any nests. 88. Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon (Linneus). BELTED KINGFISHER. Alcedo alcyon Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gund- lach). Ceryle alcyon BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 201 (I. of Pines, winter). —READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, torr, 12 (I. of Pines). “Belted Kingfisher’? READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); X XVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, to11, 7 (1. of Pines; migr.), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines). Two specimens: Los Indios and Nueva Gerona. A winter resident, fairly common along the rivers, but not seen along the coast. A few were noted also in the Cienaga, near Siguanea. It arrives from the north in September, the earliest date recorded by Mr. Read being September 12, 1913. It was observed at Los Indios as late as the first half of April. 240 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 89. Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linneus). YELLOW-BELLIED Woop- PECKER. Picus varius PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gund- lach). Sphyrapicus varius Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 104 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 139 (I. of Pines). Sphyrapicus varius varius BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 206 (I. of Pines; Poey’s record).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 274 (1. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Poey lists this species among: those observed by Gundlach near Nueva Gerona, and it is also given by Gundlach himself from the Isle of Pines. It is a regular winter visitant to Cuba. Mr. Zappey saw a few in March, 1902, but none were noted on his later trip. Neither Mr. Link nor Mr. Read appear to have met with it, so that it cannot be a very common or regular visitant to the Isle of Pines. go. Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinorum Bangs. ISLE OF PINES GREEN WOODPECKER. Picus percussus (not of Temminck) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Xiphidiopicus percussus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 104 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 140 (I. of Pines).—BANcs & ZappEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 206 (Santa Fé, Cayo Bonito, and Jucaro).— READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 124, and XXVIII, ro11, 12 (I. of Pines)—REap, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 17, 1914 (descr.; habits). ‘“‘Cuban Green Woodpecker”? REap, Odlogist, XXVII, rto10, 5, and XXVIII, 1911, 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 3 (McKinley), 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinorum BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 1910, 173 (Santa Fé; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zo6l.; meas.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 185 (Nueva Gerona, Santa Fé, Jucaro, and Cayo Bonito, ex Bangs & Zappey; diag.). Twenty-nine specimens: Nueva Gerona and Los Indios. Not all of the alleged differences pointed out by Mr. Bangs appear to hold good upon comparison, but the smaller size, more restricted red throat-patch, and generally narrower streaking of the under parts are excellent diagnostic characters of this very distinct insular sub- species. Moreover, the median throat-stripe is wholly black, while in the specimens of true percussus examined it is tinged with red almost to the chin. The extent of the streaking on the under surface is a Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 241 variable character, as is also the width of the median black throat-band. Females would seem on an average to have the outer rectrices more decidedly barred than males. Two females in juvenal dress, taken on May 3 and June 28 respectively, have the feathers of the pileum (except anteriorly) tipped with red, as in the adult male. The crimson patch on the breast is lacking, and the general coloration duller, but other- wise they are like adults. Although by no means so abundant as the other native woodpecker, the present species is nevertheless a common bird, preferring the depths of the jungle, however, to the palm-groves. Its call-note is not unlike that of the Yellow-bellied species. It is a much less noisy bird than the Centurus, and thus is more apt to escape observation. The natives accuse it of injuring fruit in the same manner as the other species, but it is very doubtful if the charge is justified, since it is not accustomed to frequent the orange and grape-fruit groves to any great extent. Two nests were discovered, one at Los Indios, the other at Siguanea. Both were excavated in mangroves, and contained young at the time (April and May). Mr. Read, however, says that it usually nests in the pines at the very edge of the jungle. gi. Centurus superciliaris murceus Bangs. ISLE oF PINES Woop- PECKER. Colaptes superciliaris (not Picus superciliaris Temminck) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Centurus superciliaris GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 141 (I. of Pines).—REApD, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, Io2 (I. of Pines; syn.); XXVIII, ro11, 12 (I. of Pines). —READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Nov. 29, 1913 (descr.; habits). Melanerpes superciliaris BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 206 (San Juan, Jucaro, Nueva Gerona, and Los Almacigos; plum.; meas.; crit.). “Red-bellied Woodpecker”? READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines). ““Cuban Red-bellied Woodpecker’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 445 (1. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XX VII, 1910, 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, to11, 3 (McKinley and Santa Barbara Mountain), 5 (McKinley; nesting), 6, 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). Centurus superciliaris murceus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXII, 1910, 173 (San Juan; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp. Zodél.; meas.).— READ, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara).—RipGWaAy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, VI, 1914, 61 (Nueva Gerona, Santa Fé (?), San Juan, Jucaro, and Los Almacigos, ex Bangs & Zappey; diag.). Thirty-six specimens: Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and Santa Rosalia Lagoon. 242 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Save for the changes incident to wear and fading, this series is fairly uniform. The greatest variation observable is that affecting the barring on the outer rectrices, which is very conspicuous in some in- dividuals, in others almost obsolete. The middle rectrices vary some- what also, the outer webs sometimes having a stripe of white along the shaft, and sometimes a row of spots. These variations occur in both sexes. Four nestlings from Los Indios, taken May 8, are interesting as showing that in juvenal dress the female has more or less red on the crown, thus approximating the pattern of the adult male, as in other species of this family. Compared with specimens of true superciliaris from Guantanamo, Cuba, kindly loaned by Mr. Charles T. Ramsden, males from the Isle of Pines are somewhat smaller, but are little different in color, contrary to the claim of Mr. Bangs. The forehead, throat, and sides of the head average more brownish, less whitish, however, and the supraorbital black patch seems to average larger. Females of the two forms are of the same size, and the colors about the same also; in fact, the only distinguishing mark I can find is the much greater width of the black band on the crown in the birds from the Isle of Pines. This woodpecker is one of the most abundant and generally dis- tributed birds on the island, in spite of the persecution to which it is subjected by the inhabitants, because of the damage which it is said to do to grape-fruit, oranges, and guavas. The injury in ques- tion is done by puncturing the fruits to reach the soft, sweet pulp, for which the birds manifest a special fondness. As they are by no means shy, it is a simple matter to kill them under such circumstances, The nest is invariably built in a bottle-palm or royal palm, sometimes as low as four feet from the ground. Two sets, of five and six eggs respectively, were taken at Los Indios on May 3 and 5, while another nest found May 8 contained young not quite ready to fly. 92. Priotelus temnurus vescus Bangs & Zappey. ISLE OF PINES TROGON. Trogon temnurus (not of Temminck) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Priotelus temnurus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 103 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Priotelus temnurus vescus BANGS & ZAppry, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 204 (Los Almacigos, Pueblo Nuevo, Pasadita, and Cayo Bonito, orig. descr.; type now Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 243 in coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.; meas.; crit.; habits)—ALLEN, Auk, XXII, 10905, 329, in text (review).—EpiTors, Ibis, 1905, 631, in text (review).—READ, OGlogist, XXVI, 1909, I90 (I. of Pines), 223 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits); XXVIII, 1911, 13 (1. of Pines)—R1ipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 795 (Los Almacigos, Pueblo Nuevo, Pasadita, and Cayo Bonito, ex Bangs & Zappey; diag.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 122 (McKinley; habits)—REap, I. of Pines News, Nov. 8, 1914 (descr.; habits). “Tsle of Pines Trogon’’ READ, Odlogist, XX VII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, tot, 5 (McKinley; nesting); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). Twelve specimens: Nueva Gerona, Hato, and Los Indios. There is one female in juvenal dress, shot July 2. It resembles the adult, but is of course duller, the pileum with little bluish gloss, and the red of the under parts paler and mostly confined to the under tail- coverts. The tail and wings are not different from those of the adult, except that the white on the tips of the tertiaries is much reduced and confined to an oblong spot on the outer web. MEASUREMENTS. c Priotelus temnurus temnurus: No. Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Bill. 26116 rot Guantanamo Cubase net ae 129 E23 18 77216 fof Guantanamo Gtlbals mere naa eer a 120 II4 17h HORS. Gl wlalolleanbaly Ciiloe.458 > osc oboe oak unee one 120 II5 T4025 Ome ELOlouin @ulbarren niaetae ] = ere acieeitel ate. T2355 120.5 18.5 nom | ot. Lalo eariin, (Cisel.. . o Glance dedueocusbonoee 124 118 19 KOR op Salo) Fapaval, (Ciloy\s oo Gove ood no saeco oarbeF 123 118 17.5 neyo oe Itt Cue, Cie: go naesuvesecegacncdc 124 120 20 Priotelus temnurus vescus: 2047018) —ac | sNueva Gerona, IvofeBinesn. aa. ace: Tn 100 18 AI1I3118 rofl Nueva) Gerona, Icof Pimesm racers eee II5 118 75 4122018 fof INuevarGerona, Uv of Pincshe emacs ere meine} 108 18 A246 Seo, a eos indios; eof Pines ster rieeieie eine 116 109 18 4134018 Cla leos Indiosssl. not eines ete eens cee ers 118 106 7 1325017 CL LosPAlmacigos,. lof BIneshe iii Teng 104 19.5 1325117 Cue oseAlmacigos, U5 of bin Copa ernie II5 104 I9 132541") ot Cayo. Bonito, lof Pines ear irre II4 106 19.5 13255 OL CayOnbonito, lof binesSarerren seater 113 IIo 18.5 1325S enCleeLueblo Nuevo, U. Of Pinesm errr eels II4 108 18.5 16 Collection Charles T. Ramsden. 17 Collection E. A. and O. Bangs. 18 Collection Carnegie Museum. 244 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. After actually comparing a series of specimens in the same seasonal plumage I must confess that I am not very favorably impressed with the claim of the bird from the Isle of Pines to recognition by name. There is certainly not the slightest difference in color, and the average difference in size seems scarcely of sufficient importance to justify formal separation. Mr. Ridgway speaks of the red color beneath being appreciably lighter, but I am persuaded that he was dealing with examples in more or less faded dress. This red area seems to average smaller, however, than in the Cuban birds I have examined, although this may be due to the make-up of the skins. Both Mr. Bangs’ measurements (some of which I have quoted in the above table), Mr. Ridgway’s, and my own, averaging substantially the same as they do, seem scarcely to afford sufficient ground, in my judgment, for the recognition of two subspecies, and I admit such only provisionally. This brilliant species is common in the jungles, or dense tropical forests found in the river valleys and on the mountain slopes. For a perch it chooses an exposed situation, whence it sallies forth after passing insects, yeturning to the same branch, in the manner of a flycatcher. Small wild fruits are also eaten at times. As a rule it occurs in pairs, or occasionally three or four may be seen together. ‘Tt is a stupid sluggish bird and very tame,”’ scarcely deigning to move out of the way when approached. It has a loud call, repeated at intervals, which has given rise to its native name of ‘‘ Tocororo.”’ The nest is doubtless built in hollow trees, as is the case with other species of this group; at any rate, Mr. Read mentions having flushed a bird of this species from an old woodpecker’s hole in a bottle-palm, on June 25, 1910. Nephecetes niger niger Gmelin. BLACK SWIFT. (?) “Chimney Swift’’ (error) Read, Odlogist, XX VI, I909, 58, 102 (I. of Pines). (2?) Cypseloides niger? READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 125, and XXVIII, I91I, 12, and XXX, 1913, 131 (1. of Pines). Although this species has long been known from Cuba, where, however, it appears to be rare and local, the above records for the Isle of Pines are admittedly doubtful, resting as they do on imperfect identifications of individuals noted by Mr. Read on at least two occasions. The actual capture of specimens is the only sufficient ground for the admission of such a species as this to the Isle of Pines list. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 245 93. Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons (Hartert). ANTILLEAN CoL- LARED SWIFT. Hemiprocna [sic] zonaris pallidifrons? BANGS & ZApPpEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 203 (Nueva Gerona, fide Palmer & Riley). Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).—REapD, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 12, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines).—RipGeway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 1911, 701 (Nueva Gerona, ex Bangs & Zappey). Messrs. Palmer and Riley say that ‘‘.a large swift with some white beneath was seen around the [Casas or Caballos] mountains on several occasions.’’ This description will not fit any known species of this family from the West Indies other than the present, which it is fair to presume was the one in question. Mr. Link did not meet with this or any other swift, but Mr. Read claims to have observed it on at least one occasion (January 31, 1909). Its range is known to include Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica, and thus inferentially the Isle of Pines, but specimens from the latter island are naturally very desirable in order to support the present not entirely satisfactory records. 94. Tachornis pheenicobia yradii (Lembeye). CuBAN PALM Swirt. Tachornis phenicobia (not of Gosse) READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1900, 452 (I. of Pines).—Read, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 124, and XXVIII, to11, 12 (I. of Pines). **Palm Swift’’ READ, Odlogist, X XVII, rt910, 5 (Nuevas River); XXVIII, 1911, 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). Mr. Read appears to be the only observer to have noted this species, ‘ which he records as ‘“‘common in summer,” being in evidence just before and just after a rain. In reply to a request for further infor- mation he writes as follows: “‘ I have seen it closely on many occasions and have watched it for a considerable time in clearings along the Nuevas River. I see three or four pairs of these birds almost daily in the Santa Barbara nursery, where they are nesting in the stub of a royal palm. This bird is readily recognized and is very tame, not paying the least attention to an intruder, and although it is always seen on the wing it cannot be mistaken for any other swift because of its small size and very noticeable white throat and rump.”’ Such a cir- cumstantial account as this leaves little room for doubt as to identi- fication, but specimens are still desiderata. Although Mr. Link was constantly on the lookout for swifts during his stay in the island, he did not see a single one. There are numerous Cuban records for the present species. 246 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 95. Calypte helene (Lembeye). HELENA HUMMINGBIRD. (?) “Black-throated Hummer?’’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines)—ReEApD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 75, and XXVIII, 1o11, 12 (I. of Pines), 113 (West McKinley). Ten specimens: Caleta Grande and Los Indios. Mr. Read’s records above quoted, so he writes me, presumably refer to this diminutive species, which has not heretofore been recorded from the Isle of Pines. Mr. Link found it tolerably common in April and May at Caleta Grande and Los Indios, feeding among the red blossoms of the Jatropha glaucovirens. Between this species and the Ricord Emerald a great antipathy exists, the former being driven off from its feeding-grounds by the other whenever they come together. The series secured includes but one adult male, which I am unable to distinguish in any way from specimens collected in eastern Cuba; the females from the two islands are also precisely alike. Most of the published records for Cuba seem to pertain to the eastern part of the island. 96. Riccordia ricordii ricordii (Gervais). RICoORD EMERALD. Orthorhynchus ricordii PorY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Riccordia ricordii BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 203 (Los Almacigos and Santa Fé; habits).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 190, and XXVIII, ro11, 12 (I. of Pines); X XVII, 1910, 61 (I. of Pines; descr.; habits). “Ricord’s Hummer” Reap, Odlogist, XXVIII, ro11, 11 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines). Riccordia ricordii ricorditi RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, V, 19II, 543 (Los Almacigos and Santa Fé, ex Bangs & Zappey; meas.).—READ, Bird-Lore, XV, 1913, 45 (Santa Barbara). Seventeen specimens: Los Indios, Siguanea, and Nueva Gerona. Although at one time (cf. ANNALS CARNEGIE Museum, VII, 1911, 424) I had doubts as to the distinctness of the Bahaman form of Riccordia ricordii, comparison with the present fine series has served to dispel them, so that the trinomial name is very properly employed here. This hummingbird is a very common species in the Isle of Pines, occurring almost everywhere, escept in the swampy country. It is particularly numerous on the wooded slopes of the Casas Mountains, frequenting the flowers which grow so profusely there during the rainy season, and is common also in the country back of Caleta Grande. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 247 “Tt is a noisy little bird and its mouse-like, squeaking note is uttered at frequent intervals, especially when anything attracts its attention.” A nest found by Mr. Link at Los Indios early in May was built in a grape-fruit tree, three or four feet from the ground, and at that time contained two eggs, highly incubated. Another found on the slopes of the Casas Mountains in June, and containing young, was also simi- larly placed at a low elevation. 97. Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis (Gmelin). GRAY KINGBIRD. Tyrannus dominicensis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 108 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, tori, 7, 12 (I. of Pines; habits; nesting).— READ, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 10, t914 (I. of Pines, summer; descr.). Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 207 (Santa Fé, El Hospital, Cayo Bonito, and Jucaro).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 706 (I. of Pines; meas.). “Gray Kingbird’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1900, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVII, 1910, 42 (I. of Pines; nesting), 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, 1911, 7 (I. of Pines), 10 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125 (Santa Barbara; migr.) “‘Cuban Gray Kingbird’’ REAp, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 181 (I. of Pines, summer). Four specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, and Nueva Gerona. This species is well known to be migratory in the northern part of its range, and even in Cuba Gundlach says that it is only a summer resident from March to September. Mr. Read claims a similar seasonal status for the species in the Isle of Pines, but Mr. Link actually secured specimens on December 11, January 18, and February 5, thus showing that its occurrence through these months is at least proven. It is an inhabitant of the more open situations, the pine woodlands, pal- metto-growths, and citrus-groves, where it comes in contact with the Cuban Petchary, which it very closely resembles in habits. Mr. Read mentions having found a nest with eggs on April 11, 1909, placed in a low tree only six feet from the ground, and close to a building. Messrs. Palmer and Riley found a nest near Nueva Gerona on July 8, 1900, containing two eggs on the point of hatching. 98. Tyrannus cubensis Richmond. Grant KINGBIRD. Tyrannus magnirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 108 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 80 (I. of Pines). Tyrannus cubensis BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 207 (Santa Fé, La Vega, Los Almacigos, and Mal Pais).—RipGway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 711 (I. of Pines; meas.).—READ, OGlogist, X XVI, 1909, 124, 248 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. and XXVIII, torr, 12 (I. of Pines), 8 (Nuevas River; habits).—REAp, Bird- Lore, XIII, r911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).—REeEap, I. of Pines News, VI, Jan. 10, 1914 (I. of Pines, summer, not common). “Giant Kingbird’’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, r911, 7 (I. of Pines), to (Nuevas River); XXX, 1913, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Two specimens: Los Indios. All observers agree as to the comparative scarcity of this large flycatcher in the Isle of Pines. Indeed, Mr. Link met with it on but one occasion, securing a pair at Los Indios early in May. These are both in worn breeding dress, and the male is apparently not fully mature, lacking attenuated tips to the outer primaries. Mr. Zappey secured five specimens in the eastern part of the island—all shot in the vicinity of water. Mr. Read says that it is ‘‘ fairly common along the Nuevas River, where it may often be seen catching insects over the water and occasionally minnows which are swimming near the surface, returning to an overhanging branch to swallow its prey after the fashion of a Kingfishei.’’ The stomachs examined by Messrs. Zappey and Link, however, contained nothing but insects and a few berries. Despite Mr. Read’s statement that this species is exclusively a summer resident, there can be no question as to its occurrence in the Isle of Pines throughout the year as in Cuba, since there are no records of its being found to the southward. 99. Tolmarchus caudifasciatus (D’Orbigny). CUBAN PETCHARY. Tyrannus caudifasciatus PoEY, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Pitangus caudifasciatus GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 83 (I. of Pines).—Bancs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 206 (Santa Fé, El Hospital, Jucaro, and Cayo Bonito). Tolmarchus caudifasciatus RipGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 679 (Nueva Gerona; Santa Fé, El Hospital, Jucaro, and Cayo Bonito, ex Bangs and Zappey; meas.).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 7 (1. of Pines; habits); XXX, 1913, 122 (McKinley; habits)—ReEapD, I. of Pines News, V, Oct. 25, 1913 (descr.; habits). (?) “Kingbird’’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (1. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58, 102, and XXVIII, tort, 12 (I. of Pines). “Cuban Kingbird’’ REApD, Odlogist, XXVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River), 84 (Mc- Kinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, t911, 3 (McKinley and Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 5 (McKinley; nesting), 6, to (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 113 (West McKinley), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 168 (Los Indios). Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 249 Thirteen specimens: Bibijagua, Los Indios, Siguanea, and Santa Rosalia Lagoon. This species is subject to much variation from wear and fading, which render the upper parts darker and duller, remove the pale greenish yellow edgings of the remiges, and turn the same color on the under tail-coverts into white. In fresh plumage the back is glossed with olivaceous green. A very common bird throughout the drier parts of the island, fre- quenting the more open situations, where it is usually found in pairs or family groups. In its notes and general habits it closely resembles the Kingbird of the north, and like that species will chase any large bird which happens to invade its territory, even the Turkey Buzzard being an object of its antipathy. It is said to be very fond of the “bibijagua ’’ ant, on occasion alighting on the ground to devour the winged females, as they emerge in swarming time. According to Mr. Read it begins to nest about the middle of April, building a frail structure of twigs and rootlets in a low tree. Two nests found by Mr. Link near Nueva Gerona had eggs in May. too. Myiarchus sagre sagre (Gundlach). La SAGRA FLYCATCHER. Myiarchus sagre BANGS & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 207 (Santa Fé, Cayo Bonito, and Jucaro).—ReEAp, Odlogist, XXVIII, rortr, 8, 12 (I. of Pines; habits).—READ, Bird-Lore, XIII, torr, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). Myitarchus sagre sagre RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 636 (I. of Pines; meas.). (?) ‘“‘Phoebe?’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1900, 452 (I. of Pines).— READ, Odlogist, XX VI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVIII, torr, 13 (1. of Pines), 113 (West McKinley). “Cuban Crested Flycatcher’? REApD, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 224 (I. of Pines), XXVIII, r911, 6, 11 (Nuevas River), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 114 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (1. of Pines). Nine specimens: Los Indios, Majagua River, Cayo Frances, and Nueva Gerona. ; These birds agree well with specimens from eastern Cuba. Both series differ from the Bahaman form (lucaysiensis) not only in the respects pointed out by Mr. Ridgway in his diagnosis, but also in having less rufous on the rectrices, the outer one (in all but two speci- mens) having practically no rufous apparent, except at the base. Mr. Zappey did not meet with this flycatcher, except in the pine- woods, where it was common in April, May, and June, but according 250 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. to Mr. Link’s experience it is by no means confined to such situations, being apt to occur in almost any kind of woods, where it is not swampy: Near the mouth of the Majagua River, as well as on Cayo Frances, it was even found in the mangroves, while at Los Indios it frequented the same dense thicket where the Cuban Wood Pewee was so much in evidence. Until now no nests appear to have been discovered in the Isle of Pines. 101. Blacicus caribeus (D’Orbigny). CuBAN Woop PEWEE. Muscipeta caribea Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Blacicus caribeus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 109 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —-GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 87 (I. of Pines)—BANcGs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 207 (San Juan and Santa Fé).—RuipGway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 533 (San Juan and Santa Fé, ex Bangs and Zappey; meas.; crit.).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, 1911, 9, 12 (I. of Pines; habits).— ReaD, Bird-Lore, XIII, 1911, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara). : ‘*Cuban Wood Pewee”’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, OGlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVII, to10, 5 (Nuevas River). ‘‘Cuban Pewee’? READ, Odlogist, X XVII, 1910, 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, 1911, 3 (McKinley), 5 (Santa Barbara Mountain, etc.), 7 (Cafiada Mountains, etc.), 11 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (Nuevas River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 131 (I. of Pines). Twelve specimens: Los Indios. The specimens measured agree well with those from this island handled by Mr. Ridgway in being slightly smaller than Cuban examples. They all came from Los Indios, where the species was found to be common in a dense thicket at the edge of a pasture. Some were also seen near Nueva Gerona, while Mr. Zappey’s and Mr. Read’s records pertain to other sections of the island, so that the species appears to be quite generally distributed, except in the swampy country. In its general habits it resembles the common Wood Pewee, usually perching rather low down, however, and being very tame and unsuspicious. There appear to be no actual records of its nesting in the Isle of Pines, but according to Gundlach it builds a nest on a horizontal branch, much after the style of the common Wood Pewee. Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (2) “‘ Yellow-bellied Flycatcher’? REAp, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, Apr. 28).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 102, and XXVIII, r1o11, I2, and XXX, 1913, 131 (I. of Pines). This species is generally believed to migrate entirely through Mexico, avoiding the West Indies. The above records published by Mr. Read are therefore open to question. Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 251 102. Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnzus). MOCKINGBIRD. One specimen: Nueva Gerona. A single specimen, unquestionably referable to the continental form, was shot by Mr. Link at Nueva Gerona on December 30. This is a female, comparing favorably in size, grayish coloration, and color-pattern of rectrices with birds of that sex from Florida, and it doubtless is a winter migrant from that State. In this specimen even the outer webs of the outer rectrices are somewhat blackish, and the flanks show obsolete streaks. 103. Mimus polyglottos orpheus (Linneus). JAMAICAN MOCKING- BIRD. Mimus polyglottos orpheus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 121 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.).—RipGWway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 231 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). Mimus orpheus BANGS & ZappEy, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 207 (I. of Pines, ex Cory; ‘“‘south coast’’). One specimen: Nueva Gerona. Mr. Cory records this species from the Isle of Pines without comment, and this record, doubtless given on Gundlach’s authority, has been quoted by Mr. Ridgway and Messrs. Bangs and Zappey. The latter authors add that ‘‘ the mockingbird is said by the natives to inhabit the south coast in small numbers.”’ Whether or not this state- ment is true, nothing is more certain than that the bird is rare on the island, so that Mr. Link’s record, pertaining to an individual shot in a palmetto growth near Nueva Gerona on March 10, is valuable as the first circumstantial record. The individual taken was a’ male, perfectly typical of this form. More recently Mr. Read writes that he has seen four individuals, two together at La Ceiba at the foot of the mountains, and the other two singly in Santa Barbara proper. One of the latter was secured, and through the courtesy of the U. S. National Museum, to which the specimen was sent, is now before me for examination. It was shot April 8, 1915, is marked as a male, b] ‘shot while singing,’’ and measures as follows: wing, 100; tail, 101. In size it thus agrees best with orpheus, but in color-characters it is. quite indistinguishable from true polyglottos, so that I am at a loss as to which form it should really be referred. 252 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 104. Dumetella carolinensis (Linneus). CATBIRD. Turdus carolinensis PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 121 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 51 (I. of Pines).—BaANcs & ZappEY, Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 207 (I. of Pines; Poey’s, Cory’s, and Gund- lach’s records).—RiIpDGWay, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 218 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —READ, OGdlogist, XXVIII, r911, 12 (I. of Pines). ““Catbird’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines, December) —REaD, Odlogist, XXVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XX VII, 1910, 15, and XXVIII, 1911, 7 (I. of Pines; migr.), 118 (West McKinley); XXX, 1913, 123 (McKinley), 130 (J. of Pines, winter). Two specimens: Caleta Grande and Los Indios. A common winter resident, arriving from the north, according to Mr. Read, in October (October 16, 1909; October 27, I910) or even earlier (September 19, 1913), and remaining until May at least. Mr. Link saw a few near Nueva Gerona the middle of May, while a straggler was noted at Pasadita as late as May 25—a date when the bird has eggs in Pennsylvania. Mr. Read writes that he saw flocks of twenty-five or thirty birds on April 17, 1915, these being the first migrating flocks noticed that season. During its winter sojourn in the island it inhabits the same general kind of situations as in its summer home—bushy thickets, where it keeps well concealed, although its presence is usually revealed by its characteristic notes, uttered when its haunts are invaded. Its spring song was not heard at any time. 105. Myadestes elisabeth (Lembeye). CUBAN SOLITAIRE. Myiadestes elisabeth GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 2 (I. of Pines [error; cf. GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 429, and STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 27]).—Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 122 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr. [error])—GuNpDLAcH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 89 (no valid record from I. of Pines). Myiadestes elisabeth retrusus BANGS & ZAppEy, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 208 (Pasadita; orig. descr.; type now in Mus. Comp. Zoél.; habits) —ALLEN, Auk, XXII, 1905, 329, in text (review).—EpiTors, Ibis, 1905, 631, in text (review; crit.).—_RiIpGWay, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 173 (1. of Pines; descr.; syn.). Mr. Charles T. Ramsden has sent me a small but very interesting series of Myadestes elisabeth from eastern Cuba, which I have been able to compare directly with the type and only known specimen of the alleged subspecies retrusus. Three of these Cuban specimens are Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 253 decidedly olivaceous brown above and shaded with grayish below. Two of these are completing the postnuptial moult (August 29), and the third is in comparatively fresh plumage (March 22). A fourth specimen, however, although taken only a day later than the last, is a precise counterpart in all respects of the type of retrusus. This latter individual is somewhat worn (May 25), and I believe that its pale coloration is due to fading rather than to any geographical vari- ation. At all events, until its characters can be substantiated by ad- ditional specimens in fresh plumage, I cannot see my way clear to accord recognition to the form it is supposed to represent. The Solitaire was reported from the Isle of Pines by Gundlach many years ago, on what he discovered later was unreliable authority, The capture of a single specimen by Mr. Zappey at Pasadita therefore constitutes the first authentic record for the island. ‘‘ The Isle of Pines Solitaire is very rare and occurs in the densest forests only, where, on account of its retiring habits and dull coloration, it is very hard to shoot. Its loud, ringing song can be heard a great distance. and is almost startling in the still forests in which the bird lives. The stomach of the only specimen taken contained a few berries and the remains of insects.’’ A bird believed to have been of this species was seen by Mr. Link at Hato, on the “‘ south coast,’ on October 17, 1912, but was unfortunately not secured. The natives here appear to be acquainted with the bird, but say it is very rare. 106. Mimocichla rubripes rubripes (Temminck). RED-LEGGED THRUSH. Turdus rubripes PoEy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 426 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Mimocichla rubripes Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 122 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.)—GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 49 (I. of Pines).—READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, ror1, 13 (1. of Pines); XXX, 1913, 122 (McKinley; habits). Mimocichla rubripes rubripes Bancs & ZAppEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 208 (Santa Fé, San Juan, El Hospital, and Cayo Bonito; habits; crit.)—Rrap, Odlogist, XXVI, I909, 124 (I. of Pines; nesting).—Rrap, Bird-Lore, XIII, Ig11, 44 (McKinley); XV, 1913, 45, and XVI, 1914, 50 (Santa Barbara).— Reap, I. of Pines News, V, Oct. 18, 1913 (descr.; habits). ““Red-legged Thrush’’ READ, Forest and Stream, LX XIII, 1909, 452 (I. of Pines). —READ, Odlogist, X XVI, 1909, 58 (I. of Pines); XXVII, 1910, 5 (Nuevas River), 42 (I. of Pines; nesting), 84 (McKinley to Nueva Gerona); XXVIII, tort, 3 (McKinley), 5 (McKinley and Santa Barbara Mountain; nesting), 6, 11 (Nuevas River), 113 (West McKinley), 146 (Bibijagua); XXX, 1913, 123 (Pine River), 125, 127 (Santa Barbara), 130 (I. of Pines), 164 (Santa Barbara to Nueva Gerona), 168 (Los Indios). 254 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Twenty-two specimens: Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and McKinley. The series exhibits considerable variation in the depth and extent of the abdominal tawny ochraceous area (not depending on sex, however), while the amount of white streaking on the throat is another variable character. A very common species in the Isle of Pines, taking the place of the Robin in the north, and closely resembling it in general habits. While it is perhaps more partial to the woodland areas than the Robin, it often comes familiarly about the houses and cultivated grounds, and frequently builds its nest in such situations. Mr. Read writes of a pair which built a nest on a rafter in an unfinished house, removing it later to another situation, and Mr. Link saw the same thing happen on one occasion. The nest, too, is like that of the Robin in general appearance, except that it lacks the lining of mud, fibrous roots doing duty instead, and the eggs are laid in April and May. Three or four eggs appear to be the usual complement; they are pale greenish, finely spotted with several shades of brownish. During the nesting- season the males are accustomed to sing in the morning and evening, their song again reminding one of that of the Robin, but being much weaker. At other seasons the birds are nearly silent, merely giving utterance to a sharp note of alarm when disturbed, nor do they come about houses to the same extent. Berries and insects constitute their food, and Mr. Read mentions having seen a lizard fed to the young on one occasion. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cabanis). OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. (?) ‘‘Olive-backed Thrush’’ Reap, Forest and Stream, LXXIII, 1909, 452 (1. of Pines, Jan. 14).—READ, Odlogist, XXVI, 1900, 58, and XXVIII, tort, 7 (I. of Pines; migr.), 113 (West McKinley). (?) Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii READ, Odlogist, XXVIII, tort, 13 (I. of Pines). Mr. Read claims to have observed this species on a few occasions, in October and even in January (!), but as no specimens appear to have been preserved, and the species is not known to migrate through the West Indies, and is merely acci- dental in Cuba, it seems possible that his records are due to misidentifications, which are very easy to make in this group. 107. Polioptila czrulea cerulea (Linneus). BLUE-GRAY GNAT- CATCHER. Culicivora cerulea Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Polioptila cerulea Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 120 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.) —GuUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1893, 54 (I. of Pines)—BANcs & ZAPPEY: Am. Nat., XX XIX, 1905, 205 (I. of Pines, March; Poey’s record). Topp: THE BIRDS OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 255 Both Poey, Cory, and Gundlach record the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher from the Isle of Pines, and Mr. Zappey found it there in March, 1902, but not on his later trip. Mr. Link did not chance to meet with it. It is obviously a winter resident, as in Cuba, where according to Gundlach it is abundant. 108. Corvus nasicus Temminck. CUBAN Crow. Corvus jamaicensis? (not of Gmelin) Pory, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1854, 427 (Nueva Gerona, fide Gundlach). Corvus nasicus Cory, Cat. W. Indian Birds, 1892, 110 (I. of Pines, in geog. distr.). —GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, 1895, 126 (I. of Pines)—BAncs & ZAPPEY, Am. Nat., XXXIX, 1905, 209 (La Vega and Pasadita; habits). ‘*Cuban Crow’”’ READ, Odlogist, XXX, 1913, 130 (I. of Pines, fide G. A. Link). Eleven specimens: Caleta Grande, Caleta Cocodrilos, Jacksonville, and Pasadita. A common species in the Cienaga at Pasadita, where it was found by both Mr. Zappey and Mr. Link. The latter observer failed to meet with it at the western end of the Cienaga, near Siguanea, although ‘south coast.” mm. (Loo : 83) 552)- It is a precarious thing, with Spheriide, to establish a species on one or a few specimens. But these two were exactly alike and apparently normal; the hinge is of such unique formation and the shape so different from others known, that there can be no doubt that the species is distinct. Habitat—Conchas River, Quirigua, Guatemala, collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, in whose collection the type specimen is. PisiprA Not SEEN BY THE WRITER. 133. Pisidium tremperi Hannibal. Pisidium tremperi HANNIBAL, Proc. Mal. Soc., X, 1912, p. 137, Pl. VII, fig. 22. San Bernardino Mountains, California. Apparently near P.ashmuni. 134. Pisidium arcticum Westerlund. Pisidium arcticum WESTERLUND, Nachrichtsbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesellsch., 1883, p. 58. Habitat—Port Clarence, Alaska. 135. Pisidium nivale Westerlund. Pisidium nivale WESTERLUND, I. c. Habitat—Port Clarence, Alaska. 472 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. 136. Pisidium glaciale Westerlund. Pisidium glaciale WESTERLUND, lL. c. The foregoing three species are cited from Dall, Alaska, Mollusca, p- 144. 137. Pisidium pulchellum (Jenyns). Cyclas pulchella JENYNS, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, 1832, p. 306, Pl. XXI, fig. 1. Pisidium pulchellum B. B. WoopWArbD, British Pisidia, 1913, p. 78, figs. Habitat—Methy Lake, Athabaska (Richardson), Dall, /.c. Should be verified. 138. Pisidium mese# Theo. D. A. Cockerell. Pisidium mes@ THEO. D. A. COCKERELL, Journ. of Conchol., 6, p. 65 (named, not described; the specimen is in the British Museum). Habitat—Colorado. 39. Pisidium harfordianum Prime. Apparently not described; but specimens under that name are in collections. Roper, in The Nautilus, IX, p. 99, states that Dr. J. G. Cooper says that “harfordianum is most nearly resembling P. ran- dolphit Roper.’ In the U. S. National Museum are a few specimens of “ P. harfordianum Prime,” quite different. Eventually it might be best to drop the name. 140. Pisidium saginatum White. Pisidium saginatum WHITE, Powell’s Geology of the Uinta Mountains, 1876, p. 128. Fossil—Upper Cretaceous lignite, Evanston, Utah. Pisidium mighelsianum Clessin, Monogr. Cycladeen, in Martini- Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 49, 57. The author of the species in a letter received from him and dated February 7, 1899, expressed the desire to have the species dropped. What it had been, the writer could not ascertain. GROUPING OF THE SPECIES. Genus SPHARIUM. The genus has been divided into three subgenera: SPHARIASTRUM Bourguignat, of which the type and only species is S. rivicola (Leach) of Europe. Clessin has included S. sulcatum, but it evidently belongs to the following subgenus: STERKI: NORTH AMERICAN SPH-ERIID. 473 CYRENASTRUM Bourguignat, type S. solidum Normand, of Europe; and including Nos. 1-30 of this Catalog; CorRNEOLA Clessin, type S. corneum (Linné). Nos. 34-37, and probably Nos. 31-33 of the foregoing Catalog. Genus MuscuLium. This is a well-defined genus, although the principal distinguishing features cited by authors (high, “tubular’’ beaks, calyculate) do not hold good. Subgenera cannot be defined, but there are about three more or less well-marked groups. Genus PISIDIUM. Various attempts have been made to divide the Pisidia into sub- genera or sections. Some of the divisions proposed are too artificial, founded on arbitrarily chosen and partly mistaken features. Some of the proposed groups have been too narrowly defined, or, on the other hand, based upon too sweeping generalizations. Clessin’s groups Fluminina, Rivulina, and Fossarina suffer from these defects, nevertheless appear to point out a natural arrangement. Accepting Clessin’s arrangement with some changes and additions, the sub- joined grouping is tentatively proposed. Fontinalina may again require modification. More detailed definition and discussion will be found elsewhere. FLUMININA Clessin, type P. amnicum (Miiller), and P. virginicum (Gmelin). This isa natural group, although the main distinguishing feature relied upon by its author proved to be based upon a mistake, the right valve having only one cardinal tooth, and not two teeth, as he supposed. LACUSTRINA Sterki, type P. idahoénse Roper. RIvuLINnA (Clessin) Sterki, type P. supinum A. Schmidt, of Europe. Clessin included P. compressum Prime. Nos. 5-28, inclusive, of the foregoing catalog plainly fall into this division, and also Nos. 29-33 (or 37); possibly also Nos. 38—40, inclusive. FONTINALINA Sterki, type P. fontinale Pfeiffer (+ abditum Haldeman). To this group belong many related palearctic Pisidia, and our Nos. 41-85, and apparently also Nos. 86-101. FossARINA Clessin (restricted), type P. obtusale Pfeiffer, our Nos. 102-111, characterized by a slight, short hinge, with very abrupt, 474 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. spine-like cusps of the lamine, belong here. Clessin included under Fossarina all Pisidia except Fluminina and Rivulina, as understood by him—an aggregation of very heterogeneous forms. Nos. 112-129 of the preceding catalog are western Pisidia, the affinities of which are not evident at the present time. No. 131 appears to belong to a group represented by Central American and West Indian Pisidia. STERKI: NORTH AMERICAN SPHAERIID. 475 ALPHABETICAL LIST AND INDEX OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF THE SPH4ERIIDA ENUMERATED IN THE FOREGOING CATALOG. N. B. The numbers refer to the number prefixed to the name of the species, variety, or subspecies in the catalog, and not to the page upon which the name appears, Genus SPHARIUM. MGUMINGIUM ETIME. .........+.. EU CUTOMETATTL ya eras se syeytuc terete et) ars sarornicum Clessin’. ..........-.- GESSOLL SHG 6 teat ee ee ne emarginatum Prime............. PECO CLOMID TGUITNC Ieee wor y ya a ayegoes So ae flavum Prime formosa (Cyclas) Meek & Hayden. RENGETSOMMSCEDKIG § » eie)e ae ies eee: la PenScubalsbiyin acct siete cia « laivcashense) Baker... 22.02 s.i05 « ULB TE Riera sity aa aoe ae 6 aoe mormonicum Sowerby........... MOUICAG OUlLGLEM ys tate Sako seers AC eialls 5 dmampnivium sterki......5..-.. GATHOSG SUSE Se Sy cine cn on neo PCE GOUIG-fesists rei) ss Gael ns ses pusoryanum Sterki.....-..+1.... planum Meek & Hayden......... Pe aiMt ClESSINi. . 2. ses 4s se rectiardinale Meek & Hayden..... MLOIMUGTECUI SAY Sinks oo atic cis 2s SGI MIEMPEPTIIMGs 652 ola oc wc oe « SO MLILIMES ALU! ae) Shion 6 oss coe sande Ghee SLUMMMEUMACONTAG «604. .5.+654-- UOKOESEUBAKEH so oss eect cece v. wisconsinense Sterki......... Striatinum Lamarck............. v. corpulentum Sterki.......... subelliptica (Cyclas) Meek & Hay- GIS. 5 62 oy A Oe ORE ae eee DmSWSULMEStELKA. 5 orcs) oe v. planatum Sterki............ LENWEME TIMER Eo eed. © \o soos oe ee LOPSUMPStCHele eee one hc be es os EATON OTE SENG oc Ol Ce eee tumidum Baird Sls} olvel) wi laiie a//ele) ee) oie) a: 42 28 WAHIG SHIVA 6 6c.c.0e bom bo bod bor 22 elevaiumialdemana-- sls cee eae. I NCLYESSIRS COL KIA intents ati tuehke ont 8 florissantense Cockerell.......... 33 Woupwoy Sidials 55 noone eone ones 4 HOMEOSE PralntS. 5 ono ooobeebounes 10 LacustreaNiillenemm rs ire yeiere nee 19 lenticulanGouldee ee neeeieas sees 31 NOvOleOntS Pilsbinyaesee sale aan ok 9 onpicilor Ee Steukiner erie oe 2 POVLUMELUT SAyes ieee ince: II Ue COLULEUIY TING see eine erase 12 v. eburneum Anthony.......... THCY v. globosum Sterki............. 13 Th UCGOe erable, ogogne55oa0ne I4 (ULE SUES 5 oo poe bo baenodape 29 CpusilliumaiStenki\eeene eae eee 23 LONMONAL COOPE a eae ieee oe 24 ONHEVIGD IAGO. 5 ohobboosoaeGoor 20 v. fuliginosum Sterki.......... om wnaefovme|Capenteke si. en: 20 ryckhols INOrmMand =... 04-60-07 23 SCCUPISH E11 Canine ena sae 20 Sphericum Anthony,.:........... 27 Um SUCCUNCUNT: SECLKM an eenteeiel ste ate 28 subtransversum Prime............ 7 WONSUCLSUIMESAY, = 1a) «se ee ee oe 5 D> CAPO SUSI do pendoobnoaeas 6 truncatum Linsley............... 16 Bh Hoh ESS caocsonnenaae 17 YU. angustatumy Sterki... = a. s94- 18 uuntaense Galley pes: yee 32 CUM Sia, oo ppb oes ocecebos 25 Genus PISIDIUM. abditum Haldeman...........:.. 77 Ob WANE ODHO Swed ORs 5 Sho eed oe 78 avoritsumistenkia eye eee oe 128 UNCLUSUUM Steric, os eee sees 120 abyssorum (Stimpson) Sterki..... 96 Cas? WISIN Bowie tbo oodae AI Th Cae Sia ln Bench ebb OOee 42 @quilateraleserinen ae ie ae 29 allent Stenkive sf a4ar ni eae ae 70 CINnUCU Tillers 2 476 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. angelicum Rowell. 22% .ce= 2 os arcticum Westerlund............ GSWMUNDSCCLKI Gee Be ee ee ee Seis atlaniteum Sterki.= so. 5.0 2... oe vy. alotdum Sterki......2...-2.% OCIS PAV StCEK Ins ois ae Ate ay) ers columbtanum Sterki........-..... complanatum Sterki............. CONLPT ESSUTHIELIIN Gt ee eee bo creel J CVV OSU StCrdes s ceess eh neice COMET ULM) SUCL KU jcetetete ysis , contrartum Sterki!...-...... ik COOSGENSE: SUCK). ccpnaye ales 2 = Se i curvatum Sterki...... 2 -2.a- psy} i ) Levigatum Sterki.. 22. 5.2.5. MOPAOCUMIUSLCT Ke rue epetartetel aerate = v. pellucidum Sterki..-.:.----. DT OSITOLUMU Stein as he elsis testes COMLOFIUI ELUM Crate ene kei eerie v. traangulare Sterki......-.225; GostatumrSterkint ees acc = wie esa eee cuneiforme Sterki. Fire MUS.) CLEVALIIT SCOLK eeepels) ores ee ete ore PAVGLES SCOT a occcve coe nic otcnerehawsi e caike tfallax; Sterkiv. 42.2.4 1s so oe ethers Ds MNtte Sterkd a). eects Stowe aves v. septentrionale Sterki.... jerugineum Prime. «ee 62 ese Giontinale*Pieifien) =. oie eee ee fraudulentum Sterkin..-.-- eae: U» Peraltum Sterkiia.e a= ee WGErSONnt Stenkde = sake oe ae ee ee furcatim Sterkie ieee eee ee cee v. rhombicum Sterki........... plavellim: Sterkiene sae ere glactale Westetlund...:......... euatemalense Stevi.) y2aee = eae andwerki Scerksl essa eve eee MANNAUSCCHEU IE sh cgie screen ah oa oes harfordtanum Prime.......:....- henslowanum Sheppard....... NiMRley ti Ster kiero. Schone ee: huachucanum Pilsbry & Ferriss ... ROOROCHSEURODECI- 4 cea ee Jere oi U WHOLANENSE SCOLED ais ens oes CUA ALES) Giel 1S gong eine Geta Gao CNSUSNEMGADD sesh oaks tic tterk ees Le RAT RIONGE SLEEK seer reminee ae ee Latch fordiuSterkiy «tease ees LEV MONA: SEEK A sine he oh one cee LEWISSUIMUT SCEEKU. Whee eine see lamatulung Sterne on ee tieoeeie © MOUNMENSEIStCLKI sas eaten te fee U: (ClOTUM: Sterns = see eee 108 U, minutum Steck. seer eee 109 mese (Cockerell., 25. see ee ee 138 (mighelsianum Clessin). End of Catalog milvum, Held... 222 ee eee QI minus Adams:.= (or. eee eee 69 MInuUsculuim Sterkin. 22). ieee 38 (nirabile Clessin)).... eee eee 33 MONGS Stexki VAs oc Nace ee 95 mestectum Sterki. =... ye eee 59 v. corpulentum Sterki.......... 60 nevadense: Sterki. . 4.2) 1s eee arer7 v. modicum Sterki.|. -) seer ee 118 nivale Westerlund(:. 32). ace eee I35 moveboracense Prime. =). )> see 44 v. alabamense Sterki- ©. seis 49 UGG P OUT E SSNS 55500650506 45 0. (raternum Sterkis. =. = oases UVNLUNEOLUIMNSCCEKI on 1 le eee 47 v. quadrulum Sterki........... 46 occidentale Newcomb. ..:......0. II4 ohtobnse:Sterki. 25 «ass ae OE 85 Over Sterki agape tere ee 64 Ovum: Sterkisn fas cso iene cielo 102 pauperculum Sterki. >). 0.2 sor 98 Ue) CKYSTQLENSE SUCLKie es seni 100 vanylander, Sterkis somone 909 v. sulphureum Sterki........... IOI Politum Sterkie = 2). 4 elas 74 Vv. decorum: sterkis.. 5. oe seen 75 DYOXAMUUMD Stender) Seine I24 pulchellum Jenyns.: a4. ase see 137 punctatum Sterkin eee 24 d. armatum: Sterki. . 2). 6s eee 25 U. Stmplex-Stenkl «= see eeee 26 (busillum:Gimelin) a). © ence ie 59 TANGOLPhisROPCI ce ee ees 120 reguiare Primen. basis ieaie serene 51 Vv. dantelst Sterki... cs... eens 52 VOD ETL: SEOLKA as c5.8 oui a a toteeseose ae 71 TOSCUM: SCHOIZS = 2. ee se 78 TOWNE CHUN TIME) «2 2s els crete ee 103 TOWEL StOEKT oye torecs one 0 sec eee eee I12 Sagiunatum Whites... 2.4 osseteres 140 ‘SA7, TENT SCCLA c.5 tees eiereioiete charters 43 eA Th SOAd dling ae Goneadu occ 62 Singleyt Sterkiiom oj waste oie sins eae I3I SPUEVLCUME SUCLKI cue ene ere eens 40 Splendidulum Sterki......:...... 86 v. corneolum Sterki........5..- 87 ©. miltasivum Sterki. <= sa. 89 D: MOVANEI@ Sterky). « see che sient 88 Steenbucha Miolleriee tents ketene 68 SIVECLOTA StCLEIA autre eee erento 76 strengt: Stetkitaniienm ecient 73 Subrotundum SterKki= oe. = ovict-veleiele 79 )., CONAAENSE, SUCLE Tene ct ie ereteaeter 80 ¥. Olofi: Sterkil. ha)... eee 81 STERKI: NORTH AMERICAN SPHARIID. 477 v. pumilum Sterki............. 82 MI MORCULUSESLEL Mae aiie crests steele 35 SUGCINCUIM SLEXKL . 2 2.5 5 ee eo 61 Wi GLCCTNEALIN Serv ete ose cVeis, 8 «1 sie eke 34 LE PENSUSTSECL EN oh. ose ooo ss safe as 67 DNAVURLAUT StCLKAG ceca a o's <5 277 supinum A. Schmidt............ 16 De MMGLNUM SLEEK sicye eo aa 36 tenuissimum Sterki.............. Oe UENUICOSUMERTIME 2) ae ses so ese ° 104 imapezcrdeum Sterkl. 0)... 3.» MEE UESUCULOLE StCHMseueie, shel hen eraiel nolerer= 105 meprovensum Sterki. ........+.- 58 Unc SUV Patella, StEL KM c/s < eo ei cuss) 106 trempert Hannibal............... T32 P PVELUIMSLEL KL. cats ehetelsieitie: tele siss 84 ultramontanum Prime............ EO). vryeunicum Gmelin. s,s. - 6665s. I MP UCTLEOMETIMIC ss 5 6 2 2c esac eee BQN) “WalReErg.Sterkiv f8 ss shone oe nle crevese 63 XVII. SOME DIRECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR COL- LECTING THE SPHARIIDA AND AQUATIC GASTROPODS. By Victor STERKI, M.D. The Spheriide, our smallest fresh-water Pelecypoda, or bivalves (mussels), are very interesting objects of study. They have been somewhat neglected on account of their generally small size and the apparent difficulty of securing them. They are also somewhat difficult to identify, principally because of the considerable variation which reveals itself among them. At present there are over two hundred species and varieties known from North America, belonging to the genera Spherium, Musculium, Eupera, and Pisidium. ‘Their many varieties and forms make them all the more interesting, because of the questions which they raise as to systematic arrangement and distribution. The largest are about 20 mm. long (Spherium sul- catum); the smallest 1.5-2 mm. (Pisidium punctatum, and some others). They are approximately well-known from only some small parts of the continent. Few places have been systematically and thoroughly searched, and there are stretches of hundreds and thousands of square miles where only a little sporadic collecting has been done, and equally large areas in which no collections at all have been made. ‘There are therefore chances almost anywhere to secure valuable material for a collection and at the same time to aid the specialist in studying them. The same, to a large extent, may be said of the aquatic gastropods, or snails. They are generally associated, and the methods of collecting them are essentially the same. WHERE FOUND. They live in waters of all kinds, and no place should be neglected, or overlooked, especially since different species and forms are found in different habitats. Lakes, ponds, rivers, and sloughs, canals, ditches, springs, and even the smallest rills, sink-holes, swamps, and marshes, even miry puddles, all yield some of these mollusks. Waters 478 STERKI: COLLECTING SPHRIID®. 479 full of aquatic plants, estuaries, drainage-ditches, etc., are especially rich in mollusks. Some of the smallest and rarest Pisidia live among gravel in rivers and creeks. Tidal waters are often rich. In a small tidal ditch in Virginia large numbers of specimens of about thirty-five species of mollusks were collected in less than two hours, and about a dozen of them were Spheriide. Brackish waters should be searched over carefully and may yield peculiar forms. Many species and forms are often found abundantly in the moun- tains, even at altitudes of 10,000 to 12,000 feet above sea-level, and quite a number of species have been collected within the Arctic Circle. Some apparently promising places may be poor, yet yield interesting forms; others are immensely rich. In some instances over twenty thousand specimens of Pisidium alone have been taken from a single locality in a short time, representing many species, some of them common, others very scarce. All this shows that collecting should be done thoroughly at every available place, so as to secure large numbers of specimens, and all species inhabiting that place so far as possible. Some Spheriide are able to live and propagate in damp places, under and between dead leaves, in muck, where water abounds only in spring, or after heavy rains; and such forms are able even to survive severe droughts lasting weeks and months, as for instance Spherium occidentale, usually found in company with certain aquatic snails. Some Pisidia may be found among moss in damp or wet places and around springs. It is worthy of note that different regions have their peculiar forms differing from each other. The molluscan fauna of the Pacific States differs materially from that of the Atlantic States, and the fauna of the South from that of the North. COLLECTING OUTFIT. Some of the larger mussels and snails may be found and picked up singly, but in general they must be collected ‘‘wholesale.’’ Various kinds of perforated metal and wire strainers have been used, some of them ingeniously constructed, but they are not satisfactory. The best and the simplest thing is a net, somewhat like a butterfly-net. A piece of strong wire, 3/16 in. in diameter, and about four feet long, is bent so as to form a ring of six to eight inches in diameter; the ends, or shanks, are crossed over each other, and the longer end is bent 480 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. back over the shorter (see cut); this may serve for a handle, but it is better to fasten it to a wooden handle, about three feet long, e. g., a broomstick, planed down somewhat at one end to the length of Fic. 1. Method of making a cheap ring for a collecting net. the wire handle, and with a groove around it, about half-an-inch from the end. The wire frame can be tied to the handle with stout twine. To the wire ring is fastened a sack-net, twelve to fifteen inches long, of good, somewhat loose, burlap, which is the best and cheapest material, and procurable almost anywhere. The seams must be sewn well, best doubly, with good linen thread, and the rim over the wire should. be protected by a strip of strong canvas, to prevent its being worn through in a short time. Such a net, or two of them, take little space, and a stick for a handle may be found and fitted anywhere. Some small muslin sacks should be taken along, a piece or two of muslin about a yard square, and some small boxes and vials, and, for a longer trip, a bottle with a few ounces of alcohol. This is almost everything needed for good work. High rubber boots are desirable, even necessary. Besides, it is recommended to take a small hoe (Ferriss’ hoe) along. It is handy in many ways, especially for collecting land-snails. The hoe and the net with its handle, tied together, are not very cumbersome. COLLECTING. As stated before, some snails and mussels may be picked up with the hand. Many of the former are seen clinging on rocks, stones, or wood. Some Musculia may be found on pieces of wood covered with mosses and alge; they must be taken up carefully lest their thin and fragile shells be crushed. Special care is needed in collecting the small and tender, flat-shelled species of Ancylus and Gundlachia. They are found on plants such as the stalks and leaves (‘‘pads’’) of water-lilies, the leaves of Typha, Sparganium, Sagittaria, etc.; also on dead and living shells, stones, etc. The best way is to take them STERKI: COLLECTING SPHERIID®. 481 up with a knife-blade, or to cut off pieces of the plants with the snails on them. With the net the surface-layer of the bottom in pools and streams is carefully scooped or scraped up, and when a good quantity is gathered the net is shaken in the water, dipped repeatedly to the rim, and worked with the hand to wash out mud and fine sand. Of the coarser material, plants, debris, etc., handful after handful is taken from the top, while the net is held in the water to near its rim, washed, shaken, then looked over and thrown away. The remaining finer material, generally a small quantity, with the mollusks, is then put into some receptacle, best a muslin sack. Haul after haul is made from a place, and then a label is added to the ‘‘ washings,”’ noting the place, its nature, and the date. Where there are thick, tangled masses of plants, like Potamogeton, Ceratophyllum, Philotria, Vallisneria, etc., along the shores of ponds, small lakes, or bays, the plants may be pulled out with a rake, slowly and carefully, put into a wash-tub, if within reach, and washed out there. After a number of hauls the water is poured off and the settlings are put in the net to be washed free from mud and fine sand. A large sack mounted on a wire ring or hoop and supported by a few forked sticks, hanging in the water, is also serviceable and more easily carried along than a tub. Evena hole dug in the ground at the water’s edge will answer the purpose. After a place has been raked over the net may be used to gather what has dropped to the bottom. At similar places away from shore collecting is done from a boat or launch. The net is driven and swung through the masses of plants and over the bottom, where it can be reached. Good results may be obtained in this way; but, where there is an old accumulation of muck, mollusks are generally scarce. Where a spring or brook enters a lake or pond the harvest will usually be rich, and such places may be more easily accessible from a boat than by wading out from the shore. For collecting in water about four to eight feet deep the net may be tied to a long pole; a dredge is preferable, but cannot be used where the bottom is obstructed by plants, pieces of wood, etc. In deeper water dredging is the only means for collecting, and should be used more extensively. A small dredge can easily be made of a metal frame two to three feet long and about one foot wide, or larger, with a burlap sack attached, preferably protected by outer flaps of leather 482 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. or strong canvas, twill, or jean. The ‘‘Holland dredge”’ (cf. Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV, p. 281) modified, with a small wheel on each side of the frame, will prove very serviceable. A good deal of dredging has been done in European lakes, and many deep-water species, or forms, especially of Pzsidium, have been brought upin this way. It is time that we explore our lakes, especially the Great Lakes. To judge from what has been secured by some dredging in Lake Michigan good results may be expected. Some deep water mollusks have also been taken from the stomachs of white- fish, and it seems worth while to follow that trail. From dead leaves, moss, etc., specimens may be picked out, or a portion of such material may be taken along; or better still, if water is near, carried to it and its contents washed out. Such material may also be dried and then its contents secured by sifting. On gravelly bottoms of rivers and creeks, where the net cannot be directly used, there are other methods of procedure. Where there is a strong current in shallow water, as on bars and riffles, a hole a foot or two deep may be dug out; above it some furrows converging and leading into it are made. Then the gravel upstream over a wide stretch should be well stirred and the current will carry the smaller and lighter particles down. From the hole the material thus gathered is then taken out with the netand washed. If there is any- body to help, the net can be held in the lower furrow to take up what the current carries along. In this way large numbers of specimens not otherwise obtainable can be secured, often representing rare species, e. g., Pisidium cruciatum (2 mm. long), also various small gastropods and very young Naiades. By the way, the same method may be used for collecting certain crustacea, insects, etc. When the water in rivers is quite low, there may be isolated pools and waterholes along the shore where mollusks are aggregated in great numbers, principally snails. There they sometimes can be gathered by the quart. Not only a good supply of the larger forms should be taken along, but the net should be used to secure the smaller and minuter specimens. SEASONS. Collecting may be done at any time of the year, even in mid-winter, and good things have even been secured with the net through holes cut in the ice. For obvious reasons, most may be accomplished in STERKI: COLLECTING SPH#RIID. 483 late summer and fall. It is desirable that accessible places be visited at various seasons, especially for Musculium, of which at least a large part become full-grown, and then die in early summer to midsummer, the time when also most of the Lymne@a, Planorbis, Physa, etc., attain maturity. A large percentage of Musculia now in collections are immature, and it appears that of some forms only young and half- grown specimens are known. In some instances observations have been made and series of specimens at successive stages of growth were secured by collecting at the same places every few weeks from spring to midsummer, or fall. It will also be interesting to compare observations made in this respect in the North and in the South. DRIFT. Fine drift on the shores and beaches of lakes, accumulated in heaps and rows, or thinly scattered, almost always contains shells. Though generally more or less bleached and waterworn they are well worth taking. From drift-heaps good quantities should be taken along. Scattered specimens on the beach may be swept on to a piece of card- board or tin with a feather. Drift accumulated along rivers, creeks, or ravines after floods and heavy rains, from a handful or less to large heaps, are always worth taking. A sieve, if at hand, will help in separating the coarser material from the finer. Most of the shells it contains are generally of small land-snails, often thousands of them, but some aquatic mollusks are usually also found. FOSSILS. Fossil specimens should be collected wherever possible from the fresh-water deposits of the Tertiaries and older formations, from which very few so far are extant. Valuable material should be found especially in the Western States. It is barely necessary to say that they should be handled very carefully, since the shells are thin and fragile, and that not only the locality should be noted, but also the formation and stratum. Marl deposits, in a number of states, have been more or less explored, and many of them are wonderfully rich in shells of the Spheriide and Gastropods. Generally the marl is so soft that the shells can be washed out of it with proper care, and thus it is possible to take good quantities along to be worked up at home. 484 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. WoRKING UP. The ‘‘washings’’ brought home, or to camp, should be looked over as soon as convenient, especially in hot weather, and spread out for preliminary drying, preferably on a sheet of muslin. Larger Spheria and Musculia may be picked out at once, cleaned if necessary, and put into alcohol diluted with from 75 to 60 per cent. of water for a day or two. After that such as are wanted for future examination of the soft parts are put in somewhat stronger alcohol. The others can be easily dried, while with fresh ones there is danger of putre- faction. Using alcohol is preferable to scalding in hot water, then removing the soft parts and closing the shells with mucilage or glue. Even drying without alcohol is better if there is a chance for doing so. Larger snails wanted for anatomical examination are also put in alcohol or some other preserving fluid; the others may be treated in the usual way, by scalding and extracting the soft parts, which again may be preserved by themselves, in which case they require exact labeling. The opercula of operculate snails, such as Viviparide, etc., should be kept either with their soft parts or the shells, but not glued into the apertures. When the washings are somewhat dry, so that they can be crumbled up, the specimens may be picked out and then put to final drying. It is difficult or impossible to find the smallest mussels and snails in damp clogging debris, and takes much more time. Generally it is preferable to dry the washings thoroughly, and then they may be kept for being worked up at some convenient time, but never without the label indicating the place and date at which the material was taken. Larger Spheriide and snails, if not treated with alcohol, require a day or two to become quite dry, in moderate heat; too great heat will brown them and crack the shells of Musculium. After a season’s collecting, or even after an extended trip, there may be a large number of lots of washings, siftings, drift, etc., on hand, and it is desirable to have on each parcel a conspicuous outside label denoting its origin. If there is a good portion of washings, or drift, a sieve is a great help for separating finer from coarser material, and two, of different meshes, may be preferable. If not provided with sieves, shaking to and fro on a piece of paper or cardboard is the next best method of treatment. Material may be spread on a table and the specimens STERKI: COLLECTING SPHERIID. 485 picked out with a fine pair of pincers. A number of small boxes or trays should be kept on hand for different species, or at least genera or gfoups, and thus time and work will be saved. Even the smallest specimens should be taken. Valuable material has been thrown away on the supposition that the specimens were ‘‘only young and of no account.’’ Even the young are desirable, and so to some extent are dead shells. Musculia, to repeat, must be handled carefully, because many of them have very thin and fragile shells. Pzsidia in par- ticular are frequently incrusted with a ferruginous deposit, some- times so thick that they appear to be globules of dirt, and it takes a trained eye to recognize them. While fresh and living they can be cleaned by putting them in a vial with some clean, sharp sand and a little water, and shaking vigorously. A single specimen, fresh or dry, with not too thin a shell, can be cleaned by rolling between moistened thumb and finger, with some sand; a small glass with water and another with sand, side by side on the table, have proved useful. When the specimens are picked out, separated, and identified so far as can be done, they are put up in vials rather than in boxes, except in the case of large lots, labeled, with or without the name, but with the place of origin, catalogued, and filed in the collection. If the label is not in the container, a small slip of paper should be added with the serial entry number of the label, to prevent misplacing. On larger specimens in the collection the number should be written. The beginner will have some difficulty in identifying his specimens, and even the more advanced student may be in the same position with respect to some groups, e. g., the Spheriide. The best way is to send them to an expert or specialist; it will at the same time aid the latter in his studies. SENDING SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION. When specimens are sent for examination it is best to leave those of a genus or group from each locality mixed up, only separated for gross differences of size. This often makes the work easier, and gives an opportunity for studying the species and the extent of their varia- tion, also the influence of the habitat. It goes without saying that separated lots may be sent for identification or verification, and it is recommended that all specimens of a lot be sent; very often a few have been forwarded with the request to name them, while the balance was kept, on the supposition that they were all of the same kind, and to be proved later a mixture of several species. 486 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. The labels should indicate not only the localities, but also some notes on the nature of the habitat, just as in the collection. Labels saying ‘Buffalo, N. Y.,” or ‘Snark County, Kansas,” are sadly inadeqtate. It is also a great help if the labels or numbers are placed conspicuously. If the labels cannot be placed with the specimens, number-slips are put in, corresponding with the numbers on a list sent along. Speci- mens packed in a vial or box, not filling it, should be protected from jarring by adding a loose wad of cotton; but care should be taken in the case of Musculia not to stuff the cotton in so tightly as to crush the specimens. Shells not perfectly dry should never come in contact with cotton. The fibers stick to them and are difficult to remove. When necessary to fill out or pad a vial a small piece of sponge is serviceable. Whole washings, ‘‘dirt and all,’’ may be sent and will be welcome, either dried or fresh, if the weather is not too hot, or the distance not too great. But materials not thoroughly dry should not be in tight containers, such as tin boxes or cans. Drift and siftings will also be gladly received. The specimens will be separated, named, and returned. Where they are in sufficient numbers some specimens will be kept for records and for further study and comparison. New PHILADELPHIA, OHIO, May TI, 1916. Pave DHE «EPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES, pee A List OF THE SPECIES COLLECTED ON PoE ISLAND BY MR. J. L.GRAF AND MR. G, A. LINK, SR, IN roto AND 1012-1913. By W. J. HOLLAND. The present paper is the first of a series of lists in which it is pro- posed to enumerate the species of insects belonging to various orders, which were collected upon the Isle of Pines by the party of gentlemen, who went thither in the spring of 1910 in the interest of the Carnegie Museum, and by Mr. G. A. Link, Sr., during his stay upon the island from the spring of 1912 to the beginning of June, 1913. Mr. Link was a member of the party which made collections in 1910, but the entomological specimens, which were brought home at that time, were principally assembled by Mr. J. L. Graf. They consisted chiefly of Lepidoptera and Odonata. Mr. Link during his stay of more than a year upon the island devoted himself almost entirely to collecting birds, as is stated by Mr. W. E. C. Todd in his paper upon the avifauna of the island, which is published in this volume of the ANNALS. Inci- dentally he gathered specimens of such insects as he encountered at times when he was not otherwise engaged. The specimens in the possession of the Carnegie Museum are under the circumstances the result of more or less desultory collecting, and seem scarcely to ade- quately represent what must be a rather rich fauna, if we are justified in drawing conclusions from what we know of the wealth of insect-life which is found in Cuba. The lepidoptera, upon which the writer is now reporting, are, however, the first taken on the island which have been systematically listed, and the following pages may lay foundations for more complete lists in the future. A brief visit to the United States National Museum about the middle of May, 1916, afforded an opportunity to look over the collec- tions from the Antilles, which are there preserved, and acknowledg- ment is due to the various gentlemen in charge and particularly to Mr. August Busck for the very kind assistance which he accorded the writer in facilitating access to the Lepidoptera contained in that 487 488 ANNALS OF THE, CARNEGIE MUSEUM. storehouse of knowledge. Thanks are also due to Dr. Henry S. Skinner of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia for devoting a number of his precious hours to helping the writer to consult the classic collections contained in that justly famous institution, where is preserved, among other things, a set of the insects of Cuba named by the late Dr. Gundlach who was in his day the leading authority upon the entomology of the island. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Family NYMPHALID/. Subfamily EUPL@IN. Genus Anosia Hiibner. 1. Anosia berenice (Cramer). Papilio berenice CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, p. 22, Pl. CCV, figs. E, F. The collection contains twenty-three males and twenty-three females taken at various places from May 6 until August 30, 1912. Many of the specimens are dwarfed, the smallest male and female having an expanse of only 55mm. The largest male has an expanse of 65 mm. and the largest female of 78 mm. The dwarfs appear to have been taken at the beginning of the rainy season in May and June and the larger specimens in August. The latter are somewhat brighter in color than the former. In form, markings, and color the specimens do not noticeably differ from individuals coming from other Antillean islands, and from Arizona and Mexico. Subfamily HELICONIIN. Genus Heliconius Latreille. 2. Heliconius charithonius (Linnzus). Papilio charithonius Linnzeus, Systema Nature, II, 1767, p. 757. This common and widely distributed neotropical species is repre- sented by forty-one specimens taken at various localities in the island from May 20 to July 31. They do not differ appreciably from specimens coming from other parts of the Neotropical Region. HOLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 489 Subfamily NyMPHALIN®. Genus Colenis Hiibner. 3. Colenis julia cillene (Cramer). Papilio cillene CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, pp. 38, 174, Pl. CCXV, figs. D, E. In his paper published in 1907, as Fascicule 63 of Wytsman’s ““Genera Insectorum,’’ Stichel treats Colenis delila Fabricius as a form of Colenis julia Fabricius. He gives to the insect figured in “The Butterfly Book,’”’ Plate VIII, fig. 4, the varietal name moderata. It may be mentioned in passing that the specimen delineated in “The Butterfly Book” was taken in Jamaica and was utilized by the present writer because no specimen of C. julia var. delila in his possession from either Florida or Texas was sufficiently perfect to admit of reproduction by photography. The collection made by Mr. Link contains a male and a female taken im coitu, June 12, 1912, belonging to the form figured by Cramer as P. cillene. The female agrees exactly with the female figured by Stichel (‘‘Genera Insectorum,”’ Fasc. 63, Pl. 2, fig. 1) and the male agrees with the figure of that sex given by Cramer, as cited above. Of this form we have thirty-five males and four females taken on the Isle of Pines at various localities from June 12 to September 3, 1912. It is the prevalent form in the Isle of Pines, and also is at hand from Cuba, and in a modified form from Haiti. The ground-color of the wings is ‘‘lustrous golden ochraceous,” as stated by Stichel. The Bolivian form, to which Stichel applies the subspecific name fztzo, is characterized by having the wings deep “‘fiery red’’ according to that author. The present writer would call them ‘ We have a good series of specimens of this race taken in the Province ‘pale vermilion.”’ del Sara, Bolivia, and some from Colombia. The form nudeola Stichel from Cuba is very like C. moderata from Jamaica, and according to the author of the species is simply differ- ‘ entiated from the latter form by having the wings ‘‘golden ochrace- But the wings of C. moderata of Jamaica are “golden och- rceous,’’ as the type before me, and a long series of other specimens, show. I am of the opinion that nudeola Stichel is a synonym of moderata Stichel. The form differs from typical delila merely in the ’ ous.’ 490 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. shade of the ground-color; the markings are identical. The various forms may be worked out by means of the following key:! A. Fore wings with heavy dark subapical band. b. Ground-color of wings dull reddish ochraceous. C. julia julia Fabricius (typical). (Habitat throughout the American tropics.) bb. Ground-color pale vermilion, size smaller........... C. julia titio Stichel. (Habitat from Bolivia to Colombia.) B. Fore wings with subapical band reduced to a small spot at the end of cell, or entirely absent. c. Ground-color dull reddish ochraceous. . .C. julia delila Fabricius (typical). (Habitat American tropics passim.) cc. Ground-color shining golden ochraceous. d. Fore wings of males without spots, only the nervules finely scaled with blackish...... C. julia delila {. moderata = f. nudeola Stichel. (Habitat Jamaica, Cuba.) dd. Fore wing with black spot at end of cell and very narrow black margin On, Doth Wings eer es aes ero ch eee erie C. julia cillene Cramer. (Habitat Cuba, Haiti, Isle of Pines, and probably elsewhere in the Antilles.) Genus Dione Hiibner. 4. Dione vanilla (Linnzus) var. insularis Maynard. Papilio (Nymphalis) vanille LINN&UuS, Syst. Nat. (10), 1758, p. 482. Stichel has attempted to define the races or subspecies of D. vanill@ in the ‘‘Genera Insectorum,”’ but calls attention to the fact that there does not appear to be any fixity of character in the specimens coming from the various regions where the insect is found. By a process of selection it is possible to discriminate a number of different forms, but it seems to the present writer very doubtful whether they deserve to be regarded as local races, inasmuch as practically the same forms occur everywhere, with but few exceptions. The insect figured by Clerck in his “Icones,’”’ which Stichel regards as typical! D. vanill@, is at hand in some numbers from British Guiana, Colombia, Venezuela, Haiti, and Jamaica. But there are also at hand many specimens from the same localities, which do not essentially differ from specimens collected in the Gulf States, Mexico, and the Antilles. We possess one hundred and forty-two specimens taken by Worthington on the various islands of the Bahaman Archipelago, 1T cannot regard C. lucina Felder as a race of C. julia Fabricius, as is done by Stichel. It seems to me to be a valid species, as species go. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE oF Pines. 491 hich are quite constant, and have a different facies from those which come from the northern parts of the South American continent, the black spots being less confluent, those at the end of the cell of the fore wing and near the costa often pupilled with white, and the ground- color somewhat lighter than is the case with the specimens from the mainland. With these specimens for the most part agree the specimens which we possess from Jamaica, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, as well as many specimens which we have from all over the northern parts of the range of the insect. For this generally prevalent form Stichel suggests the retention of the subspecific name insularis proposed by Maynard (cf. Maynard, Contributions to Science, Vol. I, 1889, No. 2). The collection made by Mr. Link contains fifty-five specimens of D. vanille insularis taken from May to September, 1912, at various localities throughout the Isle of Pines. Genus Euptoieta Doubleday. 5. Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer). Papilio hegesia CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, p. 30, Pl. CCIX, figs. E, F. The specimens are on the average of smaller size than specimens coming from other portions of the range of the insect, and have a decidedly dwarfed appearance. Some of the males have an expanse of wings no greater than 35 mm. The largest female has an expanse of 52 mm. There are twenty-six specimens, seventeen of which are males, the rest females. They were taken at various localities on the island, and the dates of capture range from May 7 to October 6, 1912. Genus Eresia Doubleday. 6. Eresia frisia (Poey). Melitea frisia PorEy, Centurie de Lépidoptéres de L’Ile de Cuba, tre Décade, April, 1832, Plate. The collection contains three specimens: a very dwarfed female and a very large female, both taken at Santa Fé, July 19, 1912; and a male of intermediate size taken at Nueva Gerona, August 8, I912. The specimens in form and markings do not differ essentially from other examples at hand from Cuba and from the North American mainland. 492 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus Junonia Hiibner. 7. Junonia ccenia Hiibner. Junonia cenia HUBNER, Sammlung Exotischer Schmett., Bd. II, 1820-1826, Taf. 245, figs. I-4. The collection includes forty-six specimens, male and female, taken from May 6 to July 24, 1912. They are all pale in color and un- usually small in size, a number of specimens having an expanse of wing not exceeding 32 mm. 8. Junonia ccenia genoveva (Cramer). Papilio genoveva CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 4, Pl. CCXC, figs. E, F. Two specimens of this form are at hand, one taken at Nueva Gerona, September 2, the other at Los Indios, October 6, 1912. Genus Anartia Hiibner. g. Anartia jatrophe (Linnzus). Papilio jatrophe LINNus, Mus. Lud. Ulr., 1764, p. 2809. There are seventy-five specimens before me, all taken at Nueva Gerona, except one, which is labeled as from Colombia, July 25, 1912. The dates of capture range from May 7 to August 8, 1912. 10. Anartia lytrea (Godart). Vanessa lyirea GODART, Enc. Method., IX, 1819, p. 299. The collection contains seventy-two specimens of this species, all taken at Nueva Gerona from May 5 to September 30, 1912. The females are lighter in color than the males and have the transverse white bands of the fore and hind wings broader. Genus Lucinia Doubleday & Hewitson. 11. Lucinia cadma (Drury). Papilio cadma Drury, Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, II, 1773, Pl. XVIII, figs. I-2. There are three specimens, one taken in June, one in July, and one in August, at Nueva Gerona. They are decidedly smaller than specimens at hand from Jamaica, but otherwise not different. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 493 Genus Timetes Boisduval. 12. Timetes eleucha (Hiibner). Marpesia eleucha HUBNER, Zutrige Exot. Schmett., 1818, Taf. 526, figs. 197-108. One badly damaged female, Nueva Gerona, August 22, I912. The specimen is somewhat larger and darker, more fuscous, than specimens from Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Nassau, Mexico, and Florida, which are before me as I write. Genus Adelpha Hiibner. 13. Adelpha iphicla (Linnzus). Papilio iphicla LINN&us, Syst. Nature (10), I, p. 780. Two specimens, both males, one taken July 20, the other August 22, 1912, at Nueva Gerona. Genus Aganisthos Boisduval. 14. Aganisthos odius (Fabricius). Papilio odius FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p- 457. A damaged female taken at Los Indios on November 7, 1912, and a fine specimen of the same sex taken March 22, 1913, at Nueva Gerona. Genus Siderone Hiibner. 15. Siderone ide Hiibner. Siderone ide HUBNER, Sammlung Exot. Schmett., II, 1820-1826, Pl. 56. The collection contains three damaged specimens of this variable species, representing the typical form, in which the red band on the: upper side of the hind wing is reduced to a small spot on the costa. Two of the specimens were taken at Nueva Gerona, one on May 6,. the other on November 10; the third was captured at Columbia, July 29, 1912. The specimen taken on May 6 is not worn, but is as if freshly emerged; the others are tattered. Genus Victorina Blanchard. 16. Victorina steneles (Linneus) var. insularis, var. nov. Papilio steneles LINN&ZvS, Mus. Lud. Ulr., 1764, p. 218. Of this common neotropical butterfly there are seventy-seven ex- amples in the collection. They are on the average smaller than speci- mens which are before me and which come from Mexico, Costa Rica, 494 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Colombia, and elsewhere. The considerable reduction in the size of the pale emerald spots on the wings, with the consequent increase in the breadth of the darker portions of the wings, gives them a quite different faces from that presented by specimens coming from the American mainland. A similar reduction of the spots is shown in specimens from Haiti and Porto Rico, before me. I am inclined to regard the form as an insular variety, for which I propose the sub- specific name of Vuictorina steneles insularis var. nov. Smaller in size than the average of specimens from other parts of the American tropics; darker, because of the restriction in size of the light spots upon the wings; spots in the cell usually not confluent with those on the disk, as is generally the case, and greatly reduced in size, sometimes to mere points. The specimens were taken at various localities from May to Sep- tember, but mostly in June and July. Those taken at the later dates appear to be with few exceptions worn females. Subfamily SATYRIN#. Genus Calisto Geyer. 17. Calisto herophile Hiibner. Calisto herophile HUBNER, in Zutrege zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge, 1823, figs. 269, 270. There are nine males and seven females of this little species, which were captured from May to August, mostly at Nueva Gerona. One specimen is labeled as having been taken at Los Indios, and another at a different locality. The specimens taken in May and early June appear to be fresh, as if just from the chrysalis, those captured at later dates are more or less worn. Family LyC&NID&. Genus Eumeus Hiibner. 18. Eumeus atala (Poey). Eumesia atala (PoEy), Centurie de Lépidoptéres de Il’'Ile de Cuba, 1re Decade, April, 1832, Plate. There are seventeen specimens, all taken from May 6 to May 20, at Nueva Gerona, except one specimen, which was taken on May 20 at Los Indios, and a dwarfed male, which was taken at Columbia, August 18, 1912. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 495 Genus Thecla Fabricius. 19. Thecla columella Fabricius. Thecla columella FAsrRicius, Ent. Syst., III, 1, 1793, p. 282. There is before me a series of thirty-two specimens, male and female, taken from the end of July to the beginning of September at Nueva Gerona. 20. Thecla martialis Herrich-Schaeffer. Thecla martialis H.-S., Correspond.-Blatt Regensb., XVIII, 1864, p. 164. A single somewhat damaged male, taken at Nueva Gerona, May 6, 1912. 21. Thecla favonius Smith & Abbot. Thecla favonius SMITH & ABBOT, Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, I, 1797, Dail. Sok. A badly torn and rubbed specimen, so poor as to make its identi- fication difficult, yet undoubtedly referable to this species. It was taken at Nueva Gerona, June 8, 1912. Genus Lycena Fabricius. 22. Lycena hanno (Stoll). Papilio hanno Stoll, Suppl. to Cramer’s Papillons Exotiques, 1790, p. 170, PI. XPOS figs: 25,20! The collection includes one hundred and one specimens, males and females, all taken at Nueva Gerona, the dates of capture ranging from May 6 to September 6, 1912, though by far the greater number were taken in the month of August. 23. Lycena ammon Lucas. Lycena ammon LUCAS, in Sagra’s Historia de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 262; Pl. XVI, figs. 6, 7a, 7b. Mr. Link took eleven specimens, three at Los Indios, the rest at Nueva Gerona. The dates of capture range from May 5 to August 2, IQI2. 24. Lyczna theonus Lucas. Lycena theonus Lucas, in Sagra’s Historia Natural de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 262, Pl. XVI, figs. 8, 8a, 8b. One rather badly damaged female, taken at Nueva Gerona, August Se LOr2* 496 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family PAPILIONID. Subfamily PIERIN®. Genus Tachyris Wallace. 25. Tachyris ilaire (Godart). Pieris ilaire GODART, Enc. Meth., IX, 18109, p. 142. Mylothris margarita HUBNER, Sammlung Exot. Schmett., Vol. II, 1820-1826, Taf. 333: Godart’s specific name has priority over the name margarita applied by Hiibner. There are thirteen males and four females in the collection. The males have the dark apical markings reduced to a fine black marginal line. The specimens were taken at Nueva Gerona from the end of June to the latter part of August, 1912. Genus Pieris Schrank. 26. Pieris monuste (Linnzus). Papilio monuste LINNXvuS, Mus. Lud. Ulr., 1764, p. 237. Of this common neotropical species the collection contains eleven males and five females. The latter vary greatly in the breadth and intensity of the dark markings of the wings. One female has the wings marked almost exactly as the males. The specimens were all taken at Nueva Gerona, and the dates of capture run from May 9 to August 22, 1912. Genus Catopsilia Hiibner. 27. Catopsilia eubule (Linnzus). Papilio eubule LINN2=EUS, Syst. Nat. (10), I, 2, 1767, p. 764. Of this excessively common insect there is a large series of males and females, taken from May until October, 1912, mostly at Nueva Gerona. The form of the female which has been named C. senne is as numerous as the less strongly marked female which conforms more nearly to the pattern of maculation found in the males. It may be remarked at this point that the great variation which occurs in the females both in color and in the maculation of both sides of the wings makes the correct determination of specific relationships and differences in this genus very difficult. Until the test of breeding shall have been thoroughly applied we must remain in some doubt HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 497 as to all of the following species. From the large amount of material before me I have been led to conclusions in the case of some of them, which differ somewhat from those expressed by other systematists. 28. Catopsilia agarithe fornax Butler. Callidryas fornax BUTLER, Trans. Ent. Soc. (London, 1871, p. 170; Lep. Exotica, 1869-1874, p. 105, Pl. XXXIX, figs. 5,6 (@). The only females which I am able to associate with the male insect, which is plainly referable to C. agarithe Boisduval, are four specimens which were taken at dates ranging from May to August, at Nueva Gerona, and which agree on the under side with the male, but are unquestionably the insect described and figured by Butler as C. fornax. The suffusion of the wings with crimson on the upper side makes them differ in appearance from females of C. agarithe from Florida and elsewhere, but otherwise they agree. I regard them as representing an insular form of C. agarithe Boisduval, to which Butler's name may be subspecifically applied. Butler’s type of C. fornax came from Haiti, and I also have a series of females from that island agreeing with his description and figure. 29. Catopsilia drya (Fabricius). Papilio drya FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 478 (9). Callidryas godartiana SWAINSON, Zod6l. Illustrations, Ser. I, 1820-21, Pl. XXXIV C2): Callidryas orbis PorEy, Centurie de Lépidoptéres de l’Ile de Cuba, tre Decade, 1832 (07). There are four males and four females which I refer to this species, the females with a measure of doubt. If they do not hold matri- monial relationships to the insect named orbis by Poey, they are divorced from all other insects of the genus before me from the Isle of Pines. The above synonymy expresses the views I at present hold. 30. Catopsilia neleis (Boisduval). Callidryas neleis BOISDUVAL, Spécies Générales des Lépidoptéres, I, 1836, p. 629, No. 23. This species and the following are characterized by having the squamation of the outer margins of the wings of the males on the upper side appressed while the scales on the inner two thirds are raised. This gives to the wings the appearance of having been embossed. I have suggested that the trivial name ‘‘'The Embossed 498 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Sulphur” should be applied to C. neleis. The smooth outer surface in C. neleis is creamy-white, in C. editha Butler it is lemon-yellow, of the same color as the rest of the wing. This difference in color enables the species (or races) to be readily discriminated from each other. Of C. neleis there is a good series of males and females in the collec- tion, all taken at Nueva Gerona from June to August. 31. Catopsilia editha (Butler). Callidryas editha BUTLER, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1870, p. 10, No. 4; Lepidoptera Exotica, 1869-1874, p. 105, Pl. XX XIX, figs. 1-4. A series of males and females of this form, the differences between which and C. neleis Boisd. have just been pointed out, are at hand. They were taken at Nueva Gerona from May to August. Genus Terias Swainson. 32. Terias nicippe (Cramer). Papilio nicippe CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, p. 31, Pl. CCX, figs. C, D. There are over thirty specimens, males and females, taken at Nueva Gerona from the beginning of May until the middle of August. 33. Terias citrina Poey. Terias citrina PoEyY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de Cuba, I, 1853, p. 247, Pl. 18, figs. 4—7. I recognize a male specimen taken at Nueva Gerona, May 22, as belonging to this species. There is an albino female taken on June 12, which I think may belong with it, but am in doubt. It has the large ferruginous spot at the outer angle of the secondaries on the under side, which is one of the diacritical marks of the species. 34. Terias dina Poey. Terias dina Pory, Centurie des Lépidoptéres de l'Ile de Cuba, 2me Decade, 1832, Plate. Three examples taken at Nueva Gerona, May 14-16, 1912, may be referred to this species. They agree with specimens from Cuba purchased by the writer a number of years ago from the late Dr. O. Staudinger, and accord fully with the description and figures given by Poey. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 499 35. Terias euterpe \Ménétriés. Terias euterpe MENETRIES, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, DU resA paler, Ply Sel, fg. 4: I cannot find any great difference between this insect and T. lisa Boisduval & Leconte, except that it is a little smaller in size than the average of specimens of 7. /isa from the American mainland, and the black borders of the wings are a trifle heavier. But similar specimens can be culled out of collections of T. lisa from Florida and the Caro- linas. If 7. lisa is not to be sunk as a synonym of T. euterpe, as has been done by some recent authors, the arrangement should be as follows: Terias euterpe euterpe Ménétriés, habitat Cuba and Isle of Pines. Terias euterpe lisa Boisduval & Leconte, habitat American mainland. There are sixteen males and five females referable to this form, all of which were taken at Nueva Gerona in July and August. 36. Terias elathea (Cramer). Papilio elathea CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, II, 1779, p. 5, Pl. XCIX, figs. C, D. There are seventeen males taken at Nueva Gerona and one male taken at Santa Fé. The dates of capture range from the middle of July to the beginning of August. The specimens average a little smaller in size than the majority of those coming from other localities in the collection of the writer, or contained in the Carnegie Museum. Unfortunately Mr. Link failed to secure a single female, which seems singular. 37. Terias lucina Poey. Terias lucina PoEY, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de Cuba, I, 1853, p. 252, Pl. 18, figs. 8—10. Of this species there are forty-five males and twenty-seven females taken at various localities, most of them at Nueva Gerona, from May until August. 38. Terias amelia Poey. Terias amelia POEY, l. c., p. 253, Pl. 18, figs. 11-13. This species is represented by thirty specimens, mostly males, taken at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios from the beginning of May until the first week in August. 500 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Subfamily PAPILIONIN. Genus Papilio Linneus. 39. Papilio andremon Hiibner. Papilio andremon HUBNER, Sammlung Exot. Schmett., II, 1823, Plates 311, 312. There is a series of twenty-five specimens of this species at hand, all taken at Nueva Gerona from June 6 to September 2, 1912. Very few of the specimens are in absolutely perfect condition. The females are on the average larger and darker than the males. 40. Papilio celadon Lucas. Papilio celadon Lucas, Révue Zodlogique, 1852, p. 130. There are thirteen mostly somewhat damaged specimens of this species in the collection, which were taken at Caleta Grande and Nueva Gerona from April 16 to August 30. It is remarkable that Mr. Link only succeeded in obtaining speci- mens of two species of Papilio during his visits to the island. The absence from the collection of some very common and widely dis- tributed species, such as P. polydamas, which we have from almost all the Antillean islands, is singular. Whether the failure to get these species was due to the somewhat desultory collecting done by Mr. Link, or whether they do not occur upon the island, it is impossible for the writer to say. . Family HESPERIID. Subfamily HESPERIIN®. Genus Eudamus Swainson. 41. Eudamus proteus (Linnzus). Papilio proteus LINN&uS, Mus. Lud. Ulr., 1764, p. 333. The collection contains one hundred and twenty-six specimens of this common species, all representing the form in which the internal dark band upon the lower side of the secondaries is broken into two spots near the costa. They were all taken at Nueva Gerona, and the dates of capture range from May 6 to the end of August. 42. Eudamus santiago Lucas. (Plate XXXI, fig. 6.) Eudamus santiago (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Historia Natural de Cuba, VIL 285 7.0p. 207. Godman in the Biologia Centrali- Americana, Rhopalocera, Vol. II, HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 501 p. 279, states that this species replaces in the Antilles, and is but “Slightly different” from, HEudamus dorantes Stoll. Through the great kindness of Mr. Godman the Carnegie Museum possesses a considerable number of species of neotropical Hesperiidae from his collection, presented to this museum about the time when Mr. God- man was transferring the main collection as a gift to the British Museum. Among the specimens given to the Carnegie Museum is a series of four labeled ‘‘ E. santiago.’ Two of these are from St. Vincent, and one from Grenada, all taken by H. H. Smith. They are quite like E. dorantes. The fourth specimen is labeled ‘‘Cuba,”’ and agrees precisely with the long suite of specimens before me from the Isle of Pines. But this Cuban specimen derived from Mr. God- man and all of the specimens in the collection upon which I am now reporting are strikingly different from the St. Vincent and Granada insects, and from examples of E. dorantes from the American main- land. They are much darker on the under side, the spots are con- fluent, and the bands which they form arrange themselves as clouded markings on the outer third of the secondaries somewhat as is the case in E. undulatus Hewitson, which they seem to recall more than they do E. dorantes. There are eighty-nine specimens in the collection, males and females, which were without exception taken at Nueva Gerona. The dates of capture range from May 6 until the end of August. Genus Phocides Hiibner. 43. Phocides batabano (Lucas). Eudamus batabano (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Hist. Natural de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 268. Represented by three specimens taken at Nueva Gerona, from July 29 to August 28, Genus Epargyreus Hiibner. 44. Epargyreus maysi (Lucas). (Plate XXXI, figs. 11, 12.) Eudamus maysi (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra, l. c., p. 269. The insect, which I positively identify as E. maysi Lucas, is repre- sented in the collection by a series of twenty-four specimens, males and females. On the upper side there is a striking resemblance to Proteides idas var. san antonio (Lucas), but the under side is wholly different, as shown in the figures on Plate XXXI. On this side the 502 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. insect more nearly resembles Epargyreus exadeus Cramer, of which it may be regarded as an extreme insular variety, though so far removed from the parent stock as to merit recognition as a species. The specimens were all taken at Nueva Gerona, and the dates of capture range from the end of July to the beginning of September. 45. Epargyreus asander Hewitson. Eudamus asander Hewitson, Descript. Hesperid., p. 9; Exotic Butterflies, Euda- mus; ble Tiles 27. There are two specimens of this species taken at Nueva Gerona on July 30 and August fo. Genus Proteides Hiibner. 46. Proteides idas (Cramer) var. san antonio (Lucas). (Plate XXI, AS he 128) Papilio idas CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, p. 113, Pl. CCLX, figs. A, B. Eudamus san antonio (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Historia Natural de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 269. In this insular form of P. idas the transparent spots of the wings have become almost entirely obliterated or reduced to microscopic points, except the minute spots on the costa of the primaries. Only one of the great suite of specimens before me retains the spots on the disk of the fore wings though somewhat reduced and thus corresponds with the form described as P. angasi by Godman, a specimen of which from St. Vincent donated by Mr. Godman to the Carnegie Museum is before me as I write. The Cuban form, like P. angast Godman, has the white markings of the under side of the secondaries greatly obscured and more or less suffused with ‘‘chocolate red,’’ as pointed out by Godman. Mr. Link took eighty-one specimens of this insect at Nueva Gerona from the last week in July to the last week in August. Genus Nennius! Kirby. (Acolastus Scudder.) 47. Nennius amyntas (Latreille). Papilio amyntas FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 533. Hesperia savignyi LATREILLE, Enc. Méth., IX, 1823, p. 741. This widely distributed insect is represented in the collection by seventeen specimens, male and female, a few taken in May, and the rest from the last of July to the end of August. They belong, 1Cf. New Ed. Hiibner’s Sammlung, Edit. Kirby, Vol. III, p. 105. HoLLaNbD: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 5038 as do almost all of the specimens we have from the Antilles, to the form in which the prevalent color of the under side of the wings is purple instead of brownish as is the case in most, but not all, speci- mens from the North and South American mainland. Genus Telegonus Hiibner. 48. Telegonus habana (Lucas). Eudamus habana (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Historia Natural de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 268. Of this species the collection contains fourteen specimens, several taken at Nueva Gerona at the end of March, the others taken at the same place from the end of July to the end of August. This fact suggests that the species may be double-brooded. 49. Telegonus geron@ sp. nov. In outline and color nearly related to 7. hahneli Staudinger, but differing in having the collar, patagia, and thorax iridescent greenish blue. In 7. hahneli (vera) the collar and thorax are dark brown or black, without a trace of blue or green. I have a set of four specimens of T. hahneli purchased from Dr. Staudinger. The first pair is labeled 7. cassander Fabricius, under which name Staudinger first marketed the species, and figured it in his Exotische Schmetterlinge, Plate 98. The second pair is labeled thilla hahneli, under which name he described the insect in the text of the Exotische Schmetter- linge, Theil I, p. 291, having discovered that the insect figured on his plate is not the species named cassander by Fabricius. I also have a specimen before me derived from the Godman Collection and now belonging to the Carnegie Museum, which bears Mr. Godman’s label T. hahneli. These five specimens agree absolutely among themselves in showing not the least trace of the blue-green squamation of the collar and thorax, which is conspicuous in 7. gerone. The hind wings of T. gerone, especially the secondaries, are very dark on the under side, and are lightly sprinkled with bronzy scales. There is scarcely any trace of the dark transverse bands on the lighter ground of the under side of the primaries which are well-marked features in T. hahneli. T. gerone has undoubtedly been confounded in collections with T. hahneli. We have a specimen from Costa Rica labeled “ T. hahneli Stgr.’”’ by Schaus, which clearly belongs to the new species. Staud- 504 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. inger’s statement that 7. hahneli occurs in Cuba is no doubt due to the fact that he was misled by the strong superficial resemblance between the two insects under consideration, and so also is the phrase jn Godman’s brief Latin diagnosis ‘‘capite et prothorace viridi lavatis,” although the specimen labeled by him does not show the slightest trace of this feature. With the description of 7. vespasius Fabricius, under which Kirby has put 7. cassander, this insect does not agree, nor is it cassander, as has been pointed out. I should have been glad to avoid the creation of a new name in this genus, and have vainly endeavored to assign the insect under consideration to one of the species described from Cuba by Lucas, by Herrich-Schaeffer, and older authors, but have failed. None of their descriptions seem to apply to it. Genus Melanthes Mabille. 50. Melanthes otreus (Cramer) var. brunnea (Herrich-Schaeffer). (Plate XX XI, figs. 3-5.) Papilio otreus CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 78, Pl. 328, fig. F. Oileides zephodes HUBNER, Samml. Exot. Schmett., II, 1820-1824, Pl. 364, figs. 1-4 (@). Cf. Nisoniades brunnea HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XVIII, 1864, p- 172 (dc). Cf. Achlyodes jamaicensis MOSCHLER, Verhandl. Zoél. Gesellsch. Wien, 1878, p. 226. The insect figured by Hiibner as Oileides sephodes has been con- sistently identified by older and many later authors, among these Herrich-Schaeffer and Mabille, with the species named Papilio otreus by Cramer (vide supra). Cramer gives Surinam as the habitat of the species. Ihave not seen a specimen from that country, but it may be found there. The figure given by Cramer is exceedingly poor, and it requires a stretch of the imagination to make it out to be the same insect as that figured by Hiibner, whose illustrations likewise are in this case none of the best. The figures of Oileides zephodes given by Hiibner, while intended to represent the male and the female insect, were drawn from two females, as we are informed by Herrich-Schaeffer, who at the time he wrote his description of Nisoniades brunnea had the insects used by Hiibner in his possession. Herrich-Schaeffer among other things states that he has in his possession a female sent to him from Cuba by Dr. Gundlach, which is not specifically distinguishable from otreus. Mabille erected his genus Melanthes HoLLaNpD: THE LEPIDOPTERA’ OF THE ISLE OF PINES. 505 for the reception of Herrich-Schaeffer’s NV. brunnea, because among other things the male has a costal fold on the primaries, while he retains the genus Ephyriades Hiibner as having no costal fold. He includes in the genus Melanthes the species named jamaicensis by Moschler, but calls attention to the fact that the only difference he can discover between brunnea H.-S. and jamaicensis Méschler is the slightly larger size and the larger size of the vitreous spots in the fore wings of the latter. The fact of the matter is that we are dealing in this instance with a widely distributed species, in which a number of local races may be recognized. With the material before me from Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, the Bahamas, and after a careful inspection of the material preserved at the National Museum in Washington, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, I have reached the conclusion that it is quite proper in the first place to accept the genus Melanthes of Mabille, and to sink the nondescript genus Ephyriades of Hiibner, at least insofar as it has been used by Mabille as a recep- tacle for the species named otreus by Cramer and zephodes by Hiibner, the male of which has a large costal fold. If a Hiibnerian generic name is to be used that of Ozleides given by Hiibner himself should have the preference. In the second place it is obvious to me that zephodes Hiibner is the female of the insect to a varietal form of the male of which Herrich-Schaeffer applied the spécific name brunnea, and to another varietal form of the male of which Méschler gave the specific name jamaicensis. In eastern Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti the form with large spots on the wings of the females is common. This form may be designated as M. otreus otreus (Cramer) = zephodes Hiibner. In western Cuba and the Isle of Pines the prevalent form is one in which the spots both in the wings of the males and the females are greatly reduced in size, showing a tendency to become obsolete. This form may be designated as M. otreus brunnea (Herrich-Schaeffer). The form which is most prevalent in Jamaica and in the Bahamas is intermediate between these two, and may be called M. otreus jamaicensis (Méschler). It is not to be accepted, however, as established, that there is no varia- tion in a given locality. Between these forms there are such as inter- grade. On Plate XXXI, figs. 4 and 5, I give the male and the female of the insect as it occurs on the Isle of Pines, and also in figure 3 a 506 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. representation of the female of ofreus = zephodes from the eastern end of Cuba, which was taken by Kaden, and by us received from Mr. Godman. _ It is quite like females I have from Haiti, and represents the true M. otreus. The collection from the Isle of Pines contains nine males and twelve females taken at Nueva Gerona, the dates of capture ranging from May 6 to August 28, 1912. They are all characterized by the great reduction of the vitreous spots in the primaries. Genus Brachycorene Mabille. 51. Brachycorene arcas (Drury). Papilio arcas DRurRY, Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, I, 1773, Pl. XIX, figs. Os (2?) Papilio flyas CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 78, Pl. 328, fig. E. Thanaos velasquez (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 273. Achlyodes arcas KirBY, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., 1871, p. 632. Brachycorene arcas MABILLE, Genera Insectorum, Hesperide, 1904, p. 81. Mr. Link took two male specimens at Nueva Gerona, one on July 22, the other on July 31, I912. Subfamily PAMPHILIN®. Genus Hesperia Fabricius. 52. Hesperia syrichtus (Fabricius). Papilio syrichtus FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 534. The collection includes thirty-seven specimens of this common neotropical skipper, of which nine are females. They were all taken at Nueva Gerona from the beginning of June to near the end of August, 1912. Genus Ancyloxypha Felder. 53. Ancyloxypha (?) nanus (Herrich-Schaeffer). Thymelicus nanus HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr. Blatt. Regensb., XIX, 1865, p. 52. This insect is referred by Mabille with doubt to the genus Copeodes to which it certainly does not belong, as has been pointed out by Godman in the Biologia (Rhopalocera, Vol. II, p. 473). I assign it provisionally to the genus Ancyloxypha, to which it comes much nearer than it does to Copa@odes, and to which it may indeed belong, though I cannot be sure until a dissection has been made. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE oF Pines. 507 We have one male, taken May 7, and a female taken August 7, both at Nueva Gerona. Genus Hylephila Billberg. 54. Hylephila phyleus (Drury). Papilio phyleus DRuRY, Il. Exot. Ent., I, 1773, p. 25, Pl. XIII, figs. 4, 5. Of this commonest of all neotropical Pamphilids there are in the collection seventy-six males and twenty-one females, all taken at Nueva Gerona at the end of August and during the first week of September. Genus Atalopedes Scudder. 55. Atalopedes cunaxa (Hewitson). (Plate XXXI, fig. 14, 2, wnder- side). Hesperia cunaxa HEWITSON, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (3), Vol. II, 1866, p. 488; Exotic Butterflies, Vol. IV, Hesperide, Pl. IV, figs. 38, 39. Hesperia mesogramma POEY, (nec Latreille) Centurie de Lépidoptéres de I'Ile de Cuba, 1833, Plate. Of this species there are eight males and eight females, taken from the end of July to September 10, 1912. Genus Catia Godman. 56. Catia misera (Lucas). Hesperia misera (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 279. Pamphila mago HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XVII, 1863, p. 143. A considerable series of this species, which is congeneric with @ina and egeremet of Scudder, was taken at various places on the island, principally at Nueva Gerona. Mr. J. L. Graf collected a number in May, 1910, and Mr. Link a long series from June to November. Genus Limochores Scudder. 57. Limochores baracoa (Lucas). (Plate XXXI, fig. 15, .) Hesperia baracoa (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 279. Pamphila amadis HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XVII, 1863, p. 142. Pamphila myus FRENCH, Canadian Entomologist, XIII, 1884, p. 33; Butterflies of the Eastern United States, 1885, p. 321. There is a long suite of this species, composed of specimens taken in May, I9I0, by Mr. J. L. Graf, and of others taken by Mr. Link 508 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MusEuM. at the end of August and the beginning of September. They come from Nueva Gerona and Los Indios. Genus Lerodea Scudder. 58. Lerodea eufala (W. H. Edwards). Hesperia eufala W. H. Epwarps, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II, 1869, p. 311. There are two specimens agreeing with the types. They were taken at Nueva Gerona, one on August 8, the other on September 6, 1912. 59. Lerodea tripuncta (Herrich-Schaeffer). Cobalus tripunctus HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XIX, 1865, p. 53. The collection includes nine specimens of this obscure little butterfly taken at the end of July and the beginning of August at Nueva Gerona. Genus Amblyscirtes Scudder. 60. Amblyscirtes insule-pinorum sp. nov. (Plate XXXI, figs. 7, o’, SU) Allied to Amblyscirtes folia Godman, which apparently is identical with the insect recently named A mblyscirtes tutolia by Dyar (Proc. U.S. N. M., XLIV, p. 281). The species differs from A. folva in having the fringes of both the fore and hind wings dark fuscous, and not white as in that species; in the entire absence of the white spot near the end of the cell on the under side of the secondaries; and the restriction of the series of submarginal spots, which in A. folia form an almost circular band of white dots around the wing, to at most four small white points opposite the end of the cell on the lower side of the secondaries. On the upper side of the fore wing the male has two small yellowish subapical spots, and a similar minute spot be- tween the second and the third median nervules near their origin, and distal to the heavy black sexual brand, which latter is con- spicuous. The female has four spots on the disk increasing in size toward the posterior margin. Both the sexes have the hind wings entirely immaculate upon the upper side. Expanse, o7, 50 mm.; O° 55am. On plate XXXI figs. 7 and 8, I show the under side of the wings of the types of the male and female. There are five specimens of the species in the collection, four females and one male. All were taken at Nueva Gerona. Three of HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINEs. 509 the females were taken by Mr. Graf in May, 1910; the male (type) was taken by Mr. Link on July 19, 1912, and the female type on June 10, 1912, by the same gentleman. Genus Prenes Scudder. 61. Prenes nero (Fabricius). Hesperia nero FABRICIUS, Ent. Syst., V, 1798, p. 433. Of this well-known species the collection contains two specimens, a male and a female taken in the first week of August at Nueva Gerona. 62. Prenes corrupta (Herrich-Schaeffer). (Plate XXXI, fig. 13, underside.) Goniloba corrupta HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XIX, 1865, p. 54. Mr. Link took ten specimens of this species at Nueva Gerona from August 4 to September I0, 1912. They represent both sexes. Mr. Godman in the Biologia Centrali-Americana sinks this form in the synonymy of P. nero Fabricius, but it is constant, and occurring at the same place and time with P. nero, it seems to me to be entitled to specific rank, until such time at least as the test of breeding shall have been applied, and its specific identity with P. nero. shall have been established upon stronger grounds than a mere general resemblance. 63. Prenes ocola (W. H. Edwards). Hesperia ocola W. H. Epwarps, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philada., II, 1863, p. 20, Pl. XI, fig. 4. Four specimens taken at Nueva Gerona, the dates of capture running from August 2 to September 9. They do not differ from specimens taken in Florida. Genus Asbolis Mabille. 64. Asbolis sandarac (Herrich-Schaeffer). (Plate XXXI, fig. 9, 2.) Goniloba sandarac HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XIX, 1865, p. 54. There are two females and a male in the collection taken at Nueva Gerona, the females by Mr. J. L. Graf on May Io and 11, 1910, and the male by Mr. Link on July 22, 1912. Genus Phemiades Hiibner. 65. Phemiades antiqua (Herrich-Schaeffer). (Plate XXXI, fig. to, os) Pamphila antiqua HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XVII, 1863, p. 142. Hesperia utha HEwitTson, Descript. Hesp., 1868, p. 37. 510 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. There are six specimens of this fine species in the collection, males and females, taken at Nueva Gerona in the months of July and August. The Jamaican form has been named P. jamaicensis by Schaus. For the form which occurs in Haiti, and which is in some respects intermediate between the Cuban and Jamaican forms, ! propose the varietal name haitensis. Suborder HETEROCERA. Superfamily SP HI NGOIDEA. Family SPHINGID~. Genus Herse Oken. 66. Herse cingulata (Fabricius). Sphinx cingulata FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 545, No. 209. Two specimens, both taken at Columbia, September, 1912. Genus Cocytius Hiibner. 67. Cocytius anteus medor (Stoll). Sphinx medor STOLL, in Cramer’s Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 215, PI. CCCXCIV, fig. A. One male taken at Nueva Gerona in August. Genus Protoparce Hiibner. 68. Protoparce sexta (Johansson). Sphinx sexta JOHANSSON, Amcenitat. Academ., VI, 1763, p. 410, No. 81. Two females, one taken at Nueva Gerona on September 4, the other taken at the same place, September 12, 1912. 69. Protoparce rustica (Fabricius). Sphinx rustica FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 540, No. 15. One male specimen captured at Columbia, in the month of August. Genus Protambulyx Rothschild & Jordan. 70. Protambulyx strigilis carteri Rothschild & Jordan. Protambulyx carteri ROTHSCHILD & JORDAN, Novitates Zodlog., IX, Suppl., 1903, p. £30, Pl. LXV, fs. sel. excl tio. 2: A single female taken at Nueva Gerona, August 13, 1912. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. Hit Genus Erinnyis Hiibner. 71. Erinnyis alope (Drury). Sphinx alope DRurRY, Illustr. Exotic Entomol., I, 1773, p. 58, Pl. X XVII, fig. 1. A female taken at Nueva Gerona, February 22, 1913. Genus Pachylia Walker. 72. Pachylia ficus (Linnzus). Sphinx ficus LINN&US, Syst. Nat., (10) 1758, p. 491, No. 13. A female captured at Nueva Gerona, March 12, 1913. Genus Epistor Boisduval. 73. Epistor tugubris (Linnzus). Sphinx lugubris LINN&uS, Mant. Plant., 1771, p. 537. One female taken at Columbia. No date given. Genus Sesia Fabricius. 74. Sesia fadus (Cramer). Sphinx fadus CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, I, 1775, p. 95, Pl. LXI, fig. C- One male and five females, all taken at Nueva Gerona, and all on August 10, except one female, which was taken on August 12. Genus Pholus Hiibner. 75. Pholus labrusce (Linnzus). Sphinx labrusce LINNuS, Syst. Nat. (10), 1758, p. 491, No. 12. Two specimens taken at Columbia, August 13, o’, and August 24, @. Genus Xylophanes Hiibner. 76. Xylophanes tersa (Linnzus). Sphinx tersa LINNEUS, Mant. Plant., 1771, p. 538. The collection contains a male and a female taken at Columbia near the end of August, 1912, and a male captured at Nueva Gerona, February 22, 1913. This would indicate that there are two, if not more, annual broods of this species. 77. Xylophanes robinsoni (Grote). Cherocampa robinsoni GROTE, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philada., V, 1865, p. 54, Pl. I, fig. 2. There are two males, both taken at Nueva Gerona, the one captured June 6, 1912, is bright and fresh, the other taken on August 13 is much worn and faded. On — bo ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family AMATID Hampson. (Syntomide, auctorum.) Genus Eunomia Hiibner. 78. Eunomia latenigra (Butler). Marissa latenigya BUTLER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XII, 1876, p. 395. Eunomia latenigra HAMPSON, Cat. Lep. Phalenz, I, 1898, p. 200. One male specimen taken at Los Indios, November, 1912. Genus Nyridela Lucas. 79. Nyridela xanthocera (Walker). Gymnelia xanthocera WALKER, List. Lep. Heterocera in Brit. Mus., VII, 1856, p. 1603. Nyridela xanthocera HAMPSON, Cat. Lep. Phalene, I, 1898, p. 218. One male specimen taken at Nueva Gerona, March 22, 1912. The antenne are yellow throughout, and the specimen agrees perfectly with the long series of this insect, which we have in the Carnegie Museum from different parts of Central America and Jamaica. Genus Napata Walker. 80. Napata chalybea (Hiibner). Uranophora chalybea HUBNER, Zutrege Exot. Schmett., III, 1827, p. 14, figs. 439, 440. Napata chalybea HAMPSON, Cat. Lep. Phalene, I, 1898, p. 409. Ctenucha hilliana Dyar, Insecutor Inscitiz Menstruus, III, 1915, p. 62. Five specimens, males and females, taken at Nueva Gerona, the dates of capture ranging from June 8 to September 3. I have seen the type of Ctenucha hilliana Dyar, and find it to be identical with NV. chalybea. Family ARCTIADA. Genus Utetheisa Hiibner. 81. Utetheisa venusta (Dalman). Euprepia venusta DALMAN, Anal. Ent., 1823, p. 51. There are three specimens of this common insect taken at Los Indios in November. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. ols Family NOCTUID. Genus Xanthopastis Hiibner. 82. Xanthopastis timais (Cramer). Phalena timais CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, III, 1782, p. 148, Pl. CCLXXV, fig. B. Three specimens taken at Nueva Gerona from the end of June to the first week in August. Genus Cydosia Westwood. 83. Cydosia linki sp. nov. (Plate XXXI, fig. 16.) Nearest C. phedra Druce, but to be distinguished at a glance by the fact that it has but two cupreous bands crossing the fore wing, while C. phedra has three such bands. Black, shot with deep blue; vertex white; patagia with two smal! white spots; thorax and abdomen blue-black throughout; fore wing with three minute white spots, one immediately at the base, closely followed by two others, the upper one being a trifle larger than the lower. These are next succeeded by a cupreous band, which originates at the base, is carried outward along the costa for a short distance, and then at right angles descends to the inner margin, gradually increasing in width. This band is followed distally by two rows of subcircular white spots, the upper two located upon the cell being the larger. These spots are succeeded by the second cupreous band, which is broader than the first, and runs from the costa to the inner margin, at right angles toit. The second band is succeeded externally by four small white spots, two near the apex and two near the inner angle, the first and the fourth in the series being smaller than the pair in the middle, between which there is an interval greater than that between the two upper and the two lower spots of the series. Expanse 24 mm. The type is unique, and was taken at Los Indios in November, 1912, by Mr. G. A. Link, Sr., in recognition of whom I name the species. Genus Heliocontia Hampson. 84. Heliocontia pantherula (Herrich-Schaeffer). Emmelia pantherula HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XXII, 1868, p. The One male specimen taken at Los Indios, November, 1912. 514 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus Mocis Hiibner. 85. Mocis disseverans (Walker). Remigia disseverans WALKER, List. Lep. Het. B. M.. XIV, 1858, p. 1495. A male taken at Columbia, August 25, and a female captured at Nueva Gerona, March 13, are the only representatives of this common insect. Genus Latebraria Guenée. 86. Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée. Latebraria amphipyroides GUENEE, Spec. Gén., VII, p. 159. One ragged specimen taken on Keenan Mt., August 28, 1912. Genus Hemeroblemma Hiibner. 87. Hemeroblemma pandrosa (Guenée). Peosina pandrosa GUENEE, Spec. Gén., VII, 1852, p. 134. A male and a female both taken at Nueva Gerona, the male in March, the female in September. Genus Macrodes Guenée. 88. Macrodes cynara (Cramer). Phalena Geometra cynara CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, I, 1774, p. 23, Pl. XV, figs. C, D. A single female taken at Nueva Gerona, August 28. Genus Hypena Schrank. 89. Hypena sp? A single specimen too poor for identification. Family PERICOPID. Genus Composia Hiibner. go. Composia fidelissima Herrich-Schaeffer. Com posia fidelissima HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Corr.-Blatt Regensb., XX, 1866, p. 131. A fine series of this showy moth taken from July 29 to August 12, at Nueva Gerona. Family DIOPTIDA. Genus Lauron Walker. gi. Lauron ergolis (Walker). Dioptis ergolis WALKER, List Lep. Het. B. M., II, 1854, p. 335. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE oF Pings. 515 A male captured June 2, and a female taken August 12, 1912, both at Nueva Gerona. Family NOTODONTID~. Genus Noropsis Guenée. 92. Noropsis hieroglyphica (Cramer). Noctua hieroglyphica CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, II, 1779, p. 81, Pl. CXLVII, fig. D. A pair taken 7m coitu at Los Indios, November, 1912. Family GEOMETRID&. Genus Melanchroia Hiibner. 93. Meianchroia geometroides Walker. Melanchroia geometroides WALKER, List Lep. Het. B. M., II, 1854, p. 387. Glaucopis (?) mors (LEFEBVRE MS.) Lucas, in Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1856, p. 285. There is a good series of this species. The specimens were taken by Messrs. Graf and Link in May, 1910, at several localities; and in August, 1912, by Link at Nueva Gerona. Walker gives Java as the habitat of his M. geometroides. I follow the precedent of those who regard the locality given by Walker as the result of an error in labeling. Genus Eupithecia Curtis. 94. Eupithecia sp? A single specimen badly rubbed, and too poor for identification. Genus ? 95. Geometer, Gen. (?) sp. (?). A minute species, badly preserved, and impossible to identify without more and better material. Family URANIIDA. Genus Urania Fabricius. 96. Urania boisduvali Guerin. Urania boisduvali GUERIN, Icones Regne Anim., Ins., 1829-1844, p. 490, Pl. 82, fig. I. The collection contains a small series of this beautiful insect, males and females; one male taken in July, the others in September, and all at Nueva Gerona. 516 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family PYRALID~. Genus Syngamia Guenée. 97. Syngamia florella (Cramer). Phalena pyralis florella CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 114, PI. CCEXMVAl he. i: Five specimens taken at Nueva Gerona at the end of August and ) beginning of September. Genus Conchylodes Guenée. 98. Conchylodes diphtheralis (Geyer). Lipotigris diphtheralis GEYER, Zutrage Hiibner’s Exot. Schmett., IV, 1818-1837, Pl. 610 (115), figs. 691, 692. A single specimen taken at Nueva Gerona, June 10, I9I2. Genus Sylepta Hiibner. 99. Sylepta reginalis (Cramer). Phalena Pyralis reginalis CRAMER, Papillons Exotiques, IV, 1782, p. 163, Pl. CCC OUIp thie (Ce One specimen captured at Columbia, July 25. Genus Glyphodes Guenée. 100. Glyphodes hyalinata (Linnzus). Phalena Geometra hyalinata LINN2US, Syst. Nat. (Ed. 12), Vol. I, 1767, p. 874. Three specimens, one taken in May by Graf, and the rest by Link in September, all at Nueva Gerona. Genus Leucinodes Guenée. 1o1. Leucinodes elegantalis Guenée. Leucinodes elegantalis GUENEE, Spec. Gén., Vol. VIII, 1854, p. 222, Pl. III, fig. 8. A single specimen captured at Los Indios in November. Genus Crocidophora Lederer. 102. Crocidophora zinghalis (Walker). Samea zinghalis WALKER, List Lep. Het. B. M., XVII, 1859, p. 468. One specimen taken at Los Indios, November, 1912. Genus Pionea Guenée. 103. Pionea fusculalis Hampson. Pionea fusculalis Hampson, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1899, p. 243. A single individual, taken August 19, Nueva Gerona. HoLLAND: THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ISLE OF PINES. BLT Genus Pyrausta Schrank. 104. Pyrausta cardinalis (Guenée). Synchromia cardinalis GUENEE, Spec. Gén., VIII, 1854, p. 188, Pl. VII, fig. 6. A dwarfed specimen taken at Los Indios by J. L. Graf, May 18, 1910. 105. Pyrausta phoenicealis (Hiibner). Hematia phenicealis HUBNER, Zutr. Exot. Schmett., IV, 1818-1837, Pl. 511 (20), figs. I15, 116. One specimen collected August 2, 1912, at Nueva Gerona. Genus Argyria Hiibner. 106. Argyria auratella (Clemens). Crambus auratellus CLEMENS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., XII, 1860, p. 204. One example, Los Indios, November. Family TORTRICID. Genus Caceecia Hiibner. 107. Cacoecia sp? One specimen taken at Nueva Gerona, June 4, I9I2. Mr. August Busck, to whom I submitted the specimen, informs me that at present he cannot name the species. Family ANAPHORID. Genus Anaphora Clemens. 108. Anaphora? sp. (?). One specimen from Nueva Gerona, which Mr. Busck does not venture to name. 109. Anaphora? sp. (?). One specimen from the same locality, to which the remark under the preceding number (108) also applies. The Anaphoride are a difficult group, the number of species in which has greatly increased as the result of recent collections in the American tropics, and as certainty as to generic and specific distinct- ions demands dissection and careful study of a considerable series of specimens, Mr. Busck, who is our leading authority upon the group, seemed to feel that it is inadvisable to attempt to locate the last two species, which are here cataloged. CARNEGIE MusEvum, May 25, 1916. 518 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. PLATE XXXI. Fic. 1. Proteides idas var. san-antonio (Lucas), upper side. Fic. 2. Proteides idas var. san-antonio (Lucas), lower side. Fic. 3. Melanthes otreus otreus (Cramer), @. Fic. 4. Melanthes otreus brunnea (Herrich-Schaeffer), 9. Fic. 5. Melanthes otreus brunnea (Herrich-Schaeffer), o. Fic. 6. Eudamus santiago Lucas, under side. Fic. 7. Amblyscirtes insule-pinorum Holland, o’, under side (sp. nov.). Fic. 8, Amblyscirtes insule-pinorum Holland, 2, under side (sp. nov.). Fic. 9. Asbolis sandarac (Herrich-Schaeffer), 9. Fic. 10. Phemiades antiqua (Herrich-Schaeffer), o. Fic. 11. Epargyreus maysi (Lucas), upper side. Fic. 12. Epargyreus maysi (Lucas), lower side. Fic. 13. Prenes corrupta (Herrich-Schaeffer), under side. Fic. 14. Atalopedes cunaxa (Hewitson), 2, lower side. Fic. 15. Limochores baracoa (Lucas). Fic. 16. Cydosia linki Holland, sp. nov. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol X. Plate XXXI Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines. ieee teen ereie ODONATA COLLECTED ON THE iste Ore EINES BY MER: J. L. GRAF IN toro, AND BY MR. G. A. LINK IN 1912-1913, NOW CONTAINED IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. By Huco KaABL. Mr. J. L. Graf, who was a member of the party which made a brief visit to the Isle of Pines in 1910, was especially interested in collecting the Odonata, of which he brought back with him more than five hun- dred specimens, representing twenty-four species. These are accessed in the Museum under our Accession No. 4169. Mr. G. A. Link, Sr., who made a stay of more than a year upon the island, during which he wags principally engaged in collecting birds, also collected such insects as he found the time to take and preserve. Among them are a number of Odonata, which are accessed under Nos. 4658 and 4745. The collection is probably the most perfect which has been taken upon the island, though it may well be that there are some species which have been overlooked. The arrangement of the genera in this paper follows that of Mutt- kowski in the Catalogue of the Odonata of North America, published by the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. Order ODO NATA Fabricius. Suborder ZYGOPTERA Selys. Genus LEstEs Leach. 1. Lestes tenuatus Rambur. Lestes tenuatus RAMBUR, Ins. Neur., 1842, p. 245. Fourteen males and nine females, of which seven pairs were cap- tured im coitu. They were taken at Nueva Gerona, May 11, 1910, by J. L. Graf. Genus ARGIALLAGMA Selys. 2. Argiallagma minutum (Selys). Trichocnemis minuta SELYS, in Sagra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1857, p. 164. A male and female taken at Nueva Gerona, May 9, and a female taken at Los Indios, May 19, 1910, by J. L. Graf. In the female 519 520 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. from Nueva Gerona the apical spine of ventral segment 8 is distinct, but I cannot find any indication of it in the female from Los Indios. Genus ENALLAGMA Charpentier. 3. Enallagma cardenium (Selys). Agrion cardenium (HAGEN, MS.) SEtys, Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), XLI, 1876, p. 530. Two males, Nueva Gerona, May 9, and one male, Los Indios, May 19, 1910, collected by J. L. Graf. The superior and inferior appendages are exactly as described by Scudder under ‘? Agrion (UIshnura) cecum Hagen”’ (cf. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X, 1866, p. 189). The specimens agree exactly with the description cited above from De Selys’s paper in the Bulletin of the Belgian Academy. Genus ANOMALAGRION Selys. 4. Anomalagrion hastatum (Say). Agrion hastatum Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., VII, 1839, p. 38 One male taken at Nueva Gerona, July 25, 1912, by G. A. Link, Sr. Genus CERATURA Selys. 5. Ceratura capreola (Hagen). Agrion capreolus HAGEN, Syn, Neur. N. America, 1861, p. 78. Four males and seven females taken at Nueva Gerona, May 5 and 11, 1910, by J. L. Graf. Three pairs were taken in coitu, two of which have ‘‘orange’’ females and the other pair a “‘black’’ female. “orange’’ females, all alike, with the thorax orange or citron-colored, and with a mid-dorsal black stripe, and abdominal segment I entirely orange or citron-colored without any trace of black. There is a brown-red female, which may have originally There are four been ‘‘orange’’ and become discolored, marked in the same way as the ‘orange’ ’ females and with abdominal segment 1 unicolorous brown-red. All the males and females have on the labrum a basal, transverse, black line, which is slightly extended at the middle. In none is the labrum entirely yellow. The number of postcubitals, with some variations, is six in the front wings and five in the hind wings. One male has in both front wings seven postcubitals between the costa and the median vein, but only six between the latter and the principal sector. In none are there more than six postorbitals between the principal sector and the median vein. One ‘‘black”’ KAHL: ODONATA COLLECTED ON ISLE OF PINES. 521 female has six postcubitals in the right front wing, but in the left wing there are three supernumerary veins between the costa and the median vein, one between postcubitals 2 and 3, one between post- cubitals 4 and 5, and one beyond postcubital 6; this same female has in both hind wings six postcubitals between the costa and the median vein, and five between the latter and the principal sector. In no other specimen are there more than five postcubitals in the hind wings. Genus NEONEURA Selys. 6. Neoneura maria (Scudder). Agrion maria SCUDDER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X, 1866, p. 188. Four males taken at Nueva Gerona, May 9, 1910, by J. L. Graf; a male and female in coitu taken at the same place by G. A. Link, August 6, I912. Genus PROTONEURA Selys. 7. Protoneura capillaris (Rambur). Agrion capillare RAMBUR, Ins. Neur., 1842, p. 280. One male taken by J. L. Graf at Nueva Gerona,: May 9, 1910. The unique male, which I refer with some doubt to this species, agrees with the description given by Selys (Bull. Acad. Belg. (2), X, 1860, p. 461) as far as it goes, except that I do not find a trace of ‘‘une grande tache vert azuré pale”’ on the third abdominal segment. The measurements given by Selys are: ‘‘Abdomen environ 25. Aijle inférieure 17 (large de 21%);’’ Hagen has: ‘‘Length near 20 millim. Alar expanse 35 millim.’’ The specimen from the Isle of Pines has: Abdomen about 27 mm.; hind wing about 16 mm.; alar expanse about 35 mm. As the description given by Selys in 1886 (Mém. Cour. Acad. R. Belg., XX XVIII, p. 212) amending the very brief diagnosis given in Sagra’s Historia Natural de Cuba, VII, 1857, p. 470, is generally inaccessible, I deem it advisable to give a description of this male from the Isle of Pines, which is as follows: Inferior sector of the triangle (here long, rectangular) entirely absent. Pterostigma rhomboidal with one entire cell below, alike in all four wings. Subnodal sector from the vein of the nodus as in P. corculum Calvert and P. amatoria Calvert (Biol. Centr. Amer., 1907, Pl. X, figs. 44 and 52); superior sector of the triangle in front wings ending at the cross-vein descending from the nodus, but in both hind 522 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. wings this sector reaches quite perceptibly beyond this cross-vein; nodal sector in front wings exactly at the fifth postcubital, in hind wings at the fourth postcubital. Thoracic dorsum beautifully black- violaceous, shining (‘‘ Thorax azuré, le devant noir-violet,’’ Selys); second lateral suture with a rather broad, black stripe from the base of hind wings, extending between the second and third coxe; labrum shining, blue-black, with the anterior margin pale yellow; anteclypeus shining, blue-black as the labrum; postclypeus slightly shining, bluish gray, at the middle apparently divided longitudinally by a narrow black stripe; front and vertex chiefly black-violaceous, shining, but not as much as the labrum and anteclypeus; antenne black; man- dibles brown-red; labial portions rather pale yellow, but the structures not readily seen; legs pale yellow; femora slightly pale bluish, the same color encircles the first and second femora at apex;a pale annulus at their middle; the tibia annulated by brownish, and with the apical one third of the posterior tibia brown; tarsi brown; claws dark brown- red, tipped with black and with a minute tooth before the apex. Abdominal segments I and 2 above black-violaceous, which color expands at apex to the lateral margin of each segment, the rest of the two segments yellowish; copulatory organs reddish brown; seg- ments 3, 4, 5, and 6 blackish brown, each with the base and apex darker, slightly violaceous; at the extreme base of 3 a pale spot, and 4, 5, and 6 each with a narrow, yellowish ring at base; 7 slightly violaceous with a little less than the basal half and the lateral margin vellowish; 8 violaceous with the lateral margin rather broadly yellow; 9 and to black-green with the base of 9 slightly violaceous; dorsum of 10 with an apical, angular incision; anal appendages hardly shorter than 10; superior and inferior appendages of about equal extension, the former dark brown with black tips; the inferior appendages yellow with black tips, narrowed beyond the middle and then widened gradually to apex, which is obliquely truncate; seen from below the inferior appendages are curved so as to form the shape of a lyre with their tips diverging. Suborder ANISOPTERA Selys. Genus GYNACANTHA Rambur. 8. Gynacantha nervosa Rambur. Gynacantha nervosa RAMBUR, Ins. Neur., 1842, p. 213. One female taken at Nueva Gerona by Link on September I1, 1912. KAHL: ODONATA COLLECTED ON ISLE OF PINES. 523 Genus A‘SCHNA Fabricius. 9. #Eschna (Corypheschna) adnexa Hagen. 4Eschna adnexa HAGEN, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 1861, p. 127. One male taken at Nueva Gerona by Graf, May 14, 1910, and a female (appendages broken off) taken at the same place by Link, June 10, 1912. 10. Aéschna (Corypheschna) virens Rambur. 4ischna virens RAMBUR, Ins. Neur., 1842, p. 192. Three males, Nueva Gerona, collected by Link, August 24 and September I1, 1912. Genus LIBELLULA Linnzus. 11. Libellula auripennis Burmeister. Libellula auripennis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1839, p. 861. Seventeen males and fifteen females taken by Graf at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios, May, 1910; and one female taken by Link at Nueva Gerona, May 31, I912. Genus ORTHEMIS Hagen. 12. Orthemis ferruginea (Fabricius). Libellula ferruginea FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 423. Twelve males taken at Nueva Gerona by Graf in May, 1910, and five males taken at the same place by Link during August and Sep- tember, I912. Genus CANNAPHILA Kirby. 13. Cannaphila insularis funerea Carpenter. Cannaphila insularis K1rBy, Trans. Zoédl. Soc. London, XII, 1889, p. 341. Cannaphila funerea CARPENTER, Proc. Dublin Soc., VIII, 1897, p. 434. Twenty-one males and fourteen females taken at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios by Graf in May, 1910. Genus PERITHEMIS Hagen. 14. Perithemis domitia (Drury). Libellula domitia DRuRY, Illustr. Exot. Ent., II, 1773, Pl. XLV, fig. 4. Eight males taken at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios by Graf in May, 1910. 524 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus MICRATHYRIA Kirby. 15. Micrathyria equalis (Hagen). Dythemis equalis HAGEN, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 1861, p. 167. Five males taken at Nueva Gerona and a male and female taken at Los Indios in May, 1910, by J. L. Graf. 16. Micrathyria didyma (Selys). Libellula didyma SELYS, in SAGRA’S Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1857, p. 453. A male and a female taken at Nueva Gerona and two males captured at Los Indios in May, 1910, by Graf. 17. Micrathyria dissocians Calvert. Micrathyria dissocians CALVERT, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Ins. Neur., 1906, p. 226, Pl. IX, figs. 19-21. Four males taken by Graf at Nueva Gerona, May 5-14, I9I0. Genus ERYTHRODIPLAX Brauer. 18. Erythrodiplax berenice subsp. neva (Hagen). Dythemis neva HAGEN, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 1861, p. 167. One male taken at Nueva Gerona by Link, September 2, 1912. The front wings with the internal triangles two-celled; the discoidal triangle in the left wing two-celled, in the right wing free. 19. Erythrodiplax minuscula (Rambur). Libellula minuscula RAMBUR, Ins. Neur., 1842, p. II5. Two females, Nueva Gerona, May 9; one female, Los Indios, May 20 1010: The specimens were collected by J. L. Graf. 20. Erythrodiplax ochracea (Burmeister). Libellula ochracea BURMEISTER, Hand. Ent., II, 1830, p. 854. Numerous specimens of both sexes taken at Nueva Gerona, Los Indios, and Columbia by Graf in the month of May, 1910, and by G. A. Link, Sr., from July to September, 1912. 21. Erythrodiplax connata justiniana (Selys). Libellula connata BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1839, p. 855. Libellula justiniana SELYsS, in SAGRA’S Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1857, p. 18r. Numefous specimens taken by Graf at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios in May, 1910, and by Link at the same localities from July to September, 1912. KAHL: ODONATA COLLECTED ON ISLE OF PINES. 525 22. Erythrodiplax connata fraterna (Hagen). Libellula connata BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 18309, p. 855. Diplax fraterna HAGEN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, 1873, p. 375. Numerous specimens from Nueva Gerona taken by Link, June- September, 1912. 23. Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnezus). Libellula umbrata LINNZUuS, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1758, p. 545. The collection contains twelve males and fourteen heterochromatic females taken at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios by Graf in May, 1910, and nine males, seven heterochromatic females and one homceochro- matic female, taken by Link from July to September, 1912. Genus ERYTHEMIS Calvert. 24. Erythemis simplicicollis (Say). Libellula simplicicollis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., VIII, 1839, p. 28. There are four males and six females captured at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios by Graf in May, 1910, and a male and two females taken at Nueva Gerona by Link in May and June, 1912. 25. Erythemis verbenata (Hagen). Lepthemis verbenata HAGEN, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 1861, p. 162. Three males taken by J. L. Graf at Nueva Gerona, May, I9gIo. Genus LEPTHEMIS Hagen. 26. Lepthemis vesiculosa (Fabricius). Libellula vesiculosa FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 421. Six males and one female collected by J. L. Graf, May, 1910, at Nueva Gerona. Genus BRACHYMESIA Kirby. 27. Brachymesia batesi (Kirby). Cannacria batesi KirBy, Trans. Zoél. Soc. London, XII, 1889, p. 341. One female collected by Graf at Nueva Gerona, May 14, 1910. Genus DyTHEMIs Hagen. 28. Dythemis rufinervis (Burmeister). Libellula rufinervis BURMEISTER, Handb. Ent., II, 1839, p. 850. Six males and one female taken at Los Indios and a male taken at Nueva Gerona by Graf in May, 1910; and one male taken by Link at Nueva Gerona, September 9, 1912. 526 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus MACROTHEMIS Hagen. 29. Macrothemis celzno (Selys). Libellula celeno SELYs, in SAGRA’S Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1857, p. 454. Four males and three females taken at Nueva Gerona and Los Indios by Graf in May, 1910, and a male and female taken at Nueva Gerona by Link in July and August respectively, 1912. Genus THoLymis Hagen. 30. Tholymis citrina Hagen. Tholymis citrina HAGEN, Stett. Ent. Zeitung, XXVIII, 1867, p. 218. One male taken by Graf at Los Indios, May 20, 1910. Hind wings each with two cross-veins on bridge, one of which is nodal, the other proximal and far distant; in the left wing there is a third cross-vein, situated at the proximal end. Genus PANTALA Hagen. 31. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius). Libellula flavescens FABRICIUS, Ent. Syst., Suppl., 1798, p. 285. One female taken at Nueva Gerona by G. A. Link, June 14, rg12. Genus TRAMEA Hagen. 32. Tramea insularis Hagen. Tramea insularis HAGEN, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 1861, p. 146. Three females taken at Nueva Gerona May 6, and one male captured at Los Indios, May 19, 1910, by J. L. Graf; and a male and female taken by G. A. Link, Sr., respectively in May and June, 1912. PSEUDONEUROPTERA. Family CHRYSOPID. Genus Curysopa Leach, 33. Chrysopa sp.? Thirty-three specimens taken at Nueva Gerona, July 27, 1912. Family ASCALAPHID. Genus ULULODES Currie. 34. Ululodes hyalinus (Latreille). Ascalaphus hyalinus LATREILLE, in Humboldt Recueil, II, p. 118, Pl. XL, fig. 7. Two specimens, one taken at Nueva Gerona, the other at McKinley, both at the end of July. eee bikie LO ISLANDS IN LAKE ERIE. By CALVIN GOODRICH. Some of the older American collections contain land-shells of peculiar form and pattern, the locality for which is given as ‘‘Strontian Island, Lake Erie.’’ There is reference to the island in Binney & Bland, page 153, and in Binney’s Manual, pages 480 and 492. Mr. George H. Clapp, failing to find Strontian Island on available maps, wrote me in the winter of 1914-15 for information regarding it, suggesting that it might be a local name, which had failed to get recognition from the official chart-makers and, that, as I lived in the region, I might know, or might learn, what the true name was. It happened that I could give the information. The correspondence led to a proposal for a visit to Strontian Island, now Green Island, as well as for the exploration of other bodies of land in the lake. Dr. Bryant Walker was sounded and he gladly agreed to become a third member of the expedition. Mr. Lucas Beecher of Toledo volunteered as ‘“‘navigating officer’, and the powerboat ‘La France,’ Captain Woodruff, was chartered. The party left Toledo the afternoon of July 2, 1915, and made West Sister Island at twilight, collecting being deferred until the next morning. The island is inhabited only by the lightkeeper, his wife, and a helper. In the sixty and more years during which the light has been maintained, the island has been grazed over by many gen- erations of cowsand fed over by untold flocks of chickens and turkeys. On our visit we scared numbers of Belgian hares from the undergrowth. West Sister must have had an enormous molluscan population at one time, as the ‘“‘bones’’ carpeted the ground. But snails are now very small stuff’? and to two or three ‘c scarce, being confined mostly to of the larger species, which, living under the bigger logs or deep in the humus, have escaped extinction. There is even a noticeable decrease since a visit I made to the island in 1913. Our collecting here, as well as our breathing and eating, was made difficult by the Ephemeride, then just past the climax of their swarming. West Sister is a jewel in a ring of sounding waves, but because of the May- flies we were glad to leave it. Or bo ~I 528 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. An hour’s run in a rising sea brought us to Green Island, once Strontian. We anchored in its lee and went ashore in the “‘dinky,”’ a craft admirable for towing but something of a mistake for purposes of navigation. Landing, we entered almost immediately upon a paradise of snails. A slow rain was falling and the animals were making the most of it. They were everywhere—on timbers, weeds, in the grass, among the roots of trees, even on the concrete walk which led from the boat-house to the light. One could scarcely walk without treading on them. In one tangle of decaying weeds scores were taken. I collected about three hundred specimens, Mr. Walker as many, and Mr. Clapp many more. It was all a matter of reaching the point of satiation. There was no need to get off the ‘“‘avenue”’ through which the walk ran. That there were so many here, while at West Sister there were so few, may be explained by the fact that on Green Island the chickens were confined, and there were apparently no cattle to clean out the underbrush. In the afternoon we hurried on to Middle Island, confident of making another big haul. But we were booked for disappointment. Middle Island, belonging to Ontario, has a lighthouse, chickens, and turkeys. The snails, what there were of them, had to be quarried for. Most of them were under flat rocks on the north shore. The weather was steamy, the May-flies a nuisance. The next day we came upon the rival of the Green Island snailery. It was Middle Sister Island, lying in Canadian waters at the western extreme of this island group. For a collecting receptacle, Mr. Clapp had chosen one of those cylindrical cans in which certain brands of biscuits are packed, declaring in advance that, in event of abundance he would be temperate. But the can was soon filled and he was glad to borrow a bag. The snails were plentiful on low as well as on high ground, in the thick woods, and in the weeds within reach of the wash of northwest storms. They seemed particularly partial to the Herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum), a plant about ankle-high and very pungent when broken or bruised. The island has never been inhabited by man, except for short periods, in which professional fisher- men assumed squatter rights. Fortunately for collectors they brought with them no chickens, at least living ones. At noon we turned eastward again and made a landing on North Harbor Island. It was a rookery for terns, and it was necessary to watch every step to avoid treading on eggs and nestlings. The haul GoopRICH: A TRIP TO ISLANDS IN LAKE ERIE. 529 here, though it would have been fair for mainland collecting, seemed insignificant after Middle Sister. East Sister, close by, was a large island and had been cultivated in previous years. The picking was small, the gaps between snails long, and the Ephemeride a plague. We ‘‘did”’ one end of the island, the only promising part, and rowed back to the powerboat. We had planned to make Hen Island before dark and, if possible, one or both of the islets known as the Chickens. Halfway to Hen Island, a storm forced the revision of plans, a sudden change of course, and flight to shelter at Put-in-Bay. This proved to be one of the worst gales of the season and reluctantly on the fourth we gave up hope of visiting other islands, the aspect of which from the lake indicated habitation by snails. Some collecting was done at Put-in-Bay, but without turning up anything not represented in Mr. John A. Allen’s list, recently published in the Nautilus. The shells here corresponded to those of the mainland and might tend to show that, as an island, Put-in-Bay is of more recent formation than the other islands. The rocks of the islands we visited belong to the Silurian series known as Monroe. Where the exposure is on the water, the rocks are very much weathered. In some places they are cut and carved into picturesque caves. With geologists the islands are most distinguished for their glacial records. Upon nearly all of them are beautiful grooves and striz, sculptured by the ice. One series of grooves on North Harbor Island was utilized extensively by the nesting terns. The basin of Lake Erie was originally a shallow valley with free drainage. In the successive stages in which the ice wall retreated and lakes formed at its foot (Lakes Maumee, Whittlesey, Wayne, and Warren) what are now the Erie islands were covered with ice and water. In the Lake Algonquin stage, in which the upper lakes discharged through three outlets instead of one as at present (if the the artificial Chicago drainage canal be excepted) the lowlands between Lakes Huron and Erie were uncovered, Lake Erie fell to a level below that of to-day, and the islands appeared above the waters. For a time a few of them may have been parts of the principal land-mass. Probably the peopling of the islands with animal and vegetable life began at this period. Later, and after the final passing of the glacial ice, the Great Lakes passed into the Nipissing stage, the Chicago outlet was closed and an increased volume of water poured through Lake St. Clair and the Detroit river. Still higher water came when 5380 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. a second outlet, that through the Ottawa river, closed. If new islands have been formed since, their island career has no relation to glacial history. They were formed simply through the agency of erosion. We hope at some future date to pay a more leisurely visit to these islands and make a more thorough study of the geology and botany with the idea of getting additional light on their age, as this may indicate how long it takes a species, such as Pyramidula solitaria— which goes back to inter- if not pre-glacial time unchanged from its present typical form—to change to distinct, and strongly marked races, as on the islands. For purposes of record, the findings at the different islands are here set down: WEST SISTER ISLAND, OHIO. Polygra albolabris (Say) profunda strontiana Clapp. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) Punctum pygmaeum (Draper) Bifidaria armifera (Say) contracta (Say) holzingeri Sterki. tappaniana (Adams) pentodon (Say) Vertigo milium Giddings Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) parvula Sterki. zaleta (Binney) elevata (Say) inflecta (Say) monodon fraterna (Say) Vitrea indentata (Say) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) minusculus (Binney) Pyramidula solitaria (Say) alternata eviensis Clapp. Carychium exiguum Say. cronkhitet anthonyi Pilsbry GREEN ISLAND, OHIO (FORMERLY STRONTIAN ISLAND). Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp zaleta (Binney) inflecta (Say) Pyramidula solitaria strontiana Clapp. alterynata eriensis Clapp. Succinea avara Say. MIpDDLE ISLAND, ONTARIO. Polygyra profunda (Say) zaleta (Binney) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) minusculus (Binney) palliata (Say) fraudulenta Pilsbry inflecta (Say) monodon fraterna (Say) Pyramidula solitaria Say solitaria roseo-apicata Clapp. alternata (Say) Circinaria concava (Say) Bifidaria armifera (Say) contracta (Say) corticaria (Say) Vallonia parvula Sterki. Succinea avara Say. GoopricH: A TRIP TO ISLANDS IN LAKE ERIE. 531 MIDDLE SISTER ISLAND, ONTARIO. Polygyra albolabris goodrichi Clapp. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) zaleta (Binney) Circinaria concava (Say) profunda strontiana Clapp. Bifidaria contracta (Say) thyroides (Say) Succinea avara (Say) inflecta (Say) fraudulenta Pilsbry Pyramidula solitaria strontiana Clapp. alternata eriensis Clapp. NortH HARBOR ISLAND, ONTARIO. Polygyra albolabris goodrichi Clapp. Pyramidula solitaria roseo-apicata Clapp. profunda strontiana Clapp. alternata eriensis Clapp. inflecta (Say) Circinaria concava (Say) fraudulenta Pilsbry East SISTER ISLAND, ONTARIO. * Polygyra zaleta (Binney) Pyramidula solitaria roseo-apicata Clapp. profunda (Say) alternata (Say) wnflecta (Say) Ariolimax campestris (Binney) Vitrea hammonis electrina (Gould) Succinea avara Say. Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Bifidaria contracta (Say) Vallonia parvula Sterki var(?) MousE ISLAND, OHIO—VISITED IN IQI2. Polygyra albolabris (Say) Pyramidula solitaria mousensis Clapp. profunda strontiana Clapp. alternata (Say) inflecta (Say) Zonitoides arboreus (Say) XX NOTES ‘ON. “THE LAND-SHELES* OF HEF ISkaAwes AT THE WESTERN END GF LAKE ERIE AND DESCRIPTIONS: OF NEWS VARTEPRES: By GEORGE H. CLAppP. Many of the larger shells of these islands show distinct insular modification, so distinct in fact as to make them readily recognizable when once seen. Others are indistinguishable from the mainland forms, and this is particularly true of the shells of Put-in Bay, where there seems to have been no change in the species we found. Both Dr. Walker and Mr. Goodrich, who have carefully gone over these shells, and to whom I am indebted for valuable suggestions, agree with me in considering the forms described below as worthy of varietal rank. 1. Pyramidula solitaria strontiana var. nov. Shell very heavy, coarsely striate, uniform straw-color without a trace of bands. Most specimens show traces of impressed spiral lines. This variety is much more elevated, heavier, and smaller than the typical banded form from the mainland, and, as it is found in many of the older collections of North American land-shells, the locality being given as ‘‘Strontian Island, Lake Erie,’’ I have thought it well to perpetuate the name, although the island is now “officially” known as Green Island. We collected several -hundred specimens on our visit to the island, July 3, 1915, and thousands could easily have been gathered. Ninety-nine mature shells, that is those showing a thickening of the lip, were measured with the following result: A Diam. 24.3, Alt. 17.66 mm., Index, D ,72.65 average, oe 27a eee STO Ole *y 76.36 largest, (eit O22 CN eae TT O Omens 75.56 smallest, “) 820:0,, eee 205500 8 : 78.85 most elevated, 25:05 LOK SO) ny oh 66.00 ‘“‘ depressed. Variation in diam. from 22.5 to 27.5 or 5 mm. cs ee alhee Me SLOL0) ~O2TeOe so Ninety-five shells varied in diam. from 23.0 to 26.5 or 3.5 mm. Ninety-four “ Ks [alte os Tiioy(oy y ato pia) “7s yio) 532 6) Ciape: NOTES ON LAND SHELLS. O38 For comparison nineteen shells from seven mainland localities were measured. They gave an average diameter of 26.75 mm. and an index of 69.35, the greatest index being 72.8. Type-locality Green (formerly Strontian) Island, Lake Erie, Ohio. Types No. 7462 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. On Middle Sister Island a few specimens of this same high, bandless variety were found. They were too few, however, to make com- parative measurements, but they apparently run larger. This is not ‘ Pyr. solitaria albina (W. G. Binney)” of Walker, Terrestrial Mollusca of Michigan, 1899, p. 22, without description, as the locality is there given as ‘‘Kent Co.” In“ An Illustrated Cataiogue of the Mollusca of Michigan,” by Bryant Walker, Rep. State Board Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, p. 492, Binney’s figure 268 is copied from the Manual of American Land-Shells, p. 254 and the name under ” the original figure is changed from ‘‘Var. albino” to “Var. albina (Binney) and the statement is made: ‘‘The variety has been reported from Kent county only.” Binney probably never intended to make this a variety. In Land and Fresh-Water Shells of North America, Vol. I, p. 71, it is figured with the type as ‘‘ Helix solitaria and albino.’ In Terrestrial Mollusca, Vol. V, it is not listed as a variety in the Catalogue on p. 77, and on p. 156 it is figured separately as ‘‘Var. albino.’ If he had intended to describe it formally as a variety, he would surely have given the name a Latintermindtion. It would seem, therefore, that var. albina (W. G. Binney) Walker must be limited to albinos of the typical banded form of the mainland. Binney’s figure was probably drawn from one of the small shells of Strontian Island, as he had them in his collection. No. 38987 of 1 Dr. Walker has kindly furnished the following description: Pyramidula solitaria albina Walker. Pyramidula solitaria albina WALKER, Ill. Cat. Moll. Mich., p. 492 (exc. of figure), 1906. “This form was based on a single example in the DeCamp Collection, (No. 11650 Coll. Walker), from Kent County, Michigan. It is a thin greenish-white shell, slightly tinged with pale horn-color. It is evidently not quite mature, as the lip is thin and sharp. It has 4% whorls and measures, diam. 21.5, alt. 16 mm. Compared with the variety from Green (Strontian) Island, which was probably the original of the figure copied erroneously from Binney, it is a much thinner shell and differs conspicuously in color.”’ 534 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. the Binney collection, now in the National Museum, is labeled “Strontian Isl., and Cunninghams Isl., L. Erie’? and under remarks “ Albino.”” Cunninghams is now known as Kelley’s Island. All these shells from Strontian Island were undoubtedly distributed by the late Dr. E. W. Hubbard, who lived for many years at Elyria, O. I have them in the collection of Dr. Jas. Lewis, of Sanderson Smith, and in part of Dr. Hubbard’s collection, all from that source. In the A. D. Brown Collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, are four specimens, and Brown’s label says: “‘E. W. H.” 2. Pyramidula solitaria roseo-apicata var. nov. On North Harbor Island a smaller and still more elevated race with a pink apex was found. Shell small, elevated, very heavy, with the apical whorls pink. In color they are generally darker than var. strontiana, some being almost chestnut and others brownish straw-color, mottled with chestnut on the upper whorls. Mature shells are mostly largely denuded, the epidermis which remains being in ragged patches. The pink apex is a very marked character in this variety and this feature, together with the darker color and smaller size, readily separates it from strontiana. This variety is particularly interesting in showing the gradual loss of the bands. Of one hundred and nine shells collected by the writer seven had two strong bands, fourteen had one or two weak bands and eighty-eight were without bands. Sixty-seven fully mature, unbanded shells were measured, with the following result: Diam, 22.55, Alt. 17.36 mm., Index, 76.98 average, 25.50, 19.50 76.48 largest, a ROSS Of at OOs mar re 71.80 smallest and most depressed, ne DRO Ose ek RelA OLN : 83.33 most elevated, Se 2 2A AL eee 5O Oe ra 76.79 average of 7 banded, nl RD Oe RO el Gee cli O'2 ae ia ai 76.92 iy “74 shells. Variation in diam. of unbanded shells from 19.5 to 25.5 or 6.0 mm. S Somat = 1 Sime Oman TORS sa 35 an Sixty bandless shells varied in diam. from 20.5 to 24.5 or 4 mm. Sixty-four re ~ a “alt. ee eESah i LOO sar So Otte Type-locality North Harbor Island, Lake Erie, Ontario. Types No. 7463 of my collection. Paratypesin collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. The dimensions given for solitaria by Binney in the Manual are Ciapp: Notes ON LAND SHELLS. 5385 evidently wrong, as he gives the greater diam. as 25 mm., while Say gives the size as ‘‘nearly 1 4 inch,” or about 29 mm., and The Terres- trial Mollusca says ‘‘over 144 inch,” or about 32 mm. ae 3. Pyramidula solitaria mynesites* var. nov. On Mouse Island, a small island at the end of Catawba Id., Ottawa Co., Ohio, Mr. Goodrich found a small form of solitaria which is so distinct from all of the other forms of the region that I distinguish it by the above varietal name. Shell small, solid, straw-colored, with two brown bands, the lower wider and darker than the upper one which is sometimes almost obsolete. Apex pink like var. roseo-apicata. Whorls 5%. Compared with vars. strontiana and roseo-apicata it is constantly much smaller and intermediate in color, but with the banding of the latter. Over two hundred were collected and measurements of thirty-seven ‘mature she ls gave the following results: Diam. 20.12, Alt. 14.61 mm., Index 72.61 average, 2. Ones SLOVOON) te ““ 76.20 largest, oh) (EGS Ow sos eRe .SOlr co + 272.0 7asmallest: it 2010 0% ae LOLOO) a ae ‘“ 80.00 most elevated, 9 POO) WE GAOYo) “68.30 ‘* depressed. Types No. 7232 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. In May 1916 Mr. Goodrich again visited Mouse Island, and col- lected a large number of P. solitaria, many of them juvenile, how- ever. Ina letter he says: “The solitaria ranged bigger thanin my collecting of 1912, but compared with other findngs I believe the form will stand as a dwarf race.’’ The largest shell found this year measures 23.5 X18.5 mm., index 78.72, and the smallest, 18.5 X12 mm., index 70.28. The average of twenty-nine shells measured is 21.20 X 15.26 mm., index 71.98. Mr. Goodrich also made a study of the banding of two hundred forty-one shells, adult and young, and found that two were bandless, thirteen had a single band and one hundred seventy-seven had the lower band stronger than the upper. 4. Pyramidula alternata eriensis var. nov. On the islands at the western end of Lake Erie and the islands of Maumee Bay, Michigan, a very heavy, roughly ribbed, elevated, *From pis =mouse; vnoityns =islander. 536 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. dark variety of alternata is found, to which the above name may be given. So far as seen it reaches its greatest development on Middle Sister Island. Shell very dark, flame markings dark chocolate-brown and coalescing into two almost solid bands at the periphery, frequently the bands are hardly separated; below a band of the body-color with irregular flames in the umbilical region. Fully adult shells frequently lose most of the epidermis, but by transmitted light the two bands can be seen at the periphery with the lighter band and color below. Young, bright shells are generally very dark. Albinos are found on allof theislands. Ribs strong and running well down to the umbilicus, regular on the upper whorls, but less so on the body-whorl, being very irregular near the aperture. Body-whorl subcarinate, upper lip con- siderably flattened, particularly on the shells from Middle Sister Island, where it is frequently as much depressed as in Cuircinaria. Lip thickened in old shells and the parietal callus very heavy, fre- quently forming a strong ridge. Subscalariform specimens are not uncommon. Whorls six to six and one-half in Middle Sister shells, in those from other islands about five and one-half. There appears to be a greater tendency to albinism on Middle Sister than on the other islands. Out of one hundred and seventy-six collected by the writer five immature shells are of a uniform straw- color and some of the adults, although badly weathered, seem by transmitted light to be albinos. Others are straw-colored with in- distinct flames. Twenty-five to thirty shells, or about 16 per cent. are light-colored. In the umbilicus of several of the Middle Sister shells the empty pupa-case of a fly, or wasp, was found filling the umbilicus com- pletely and requiring a strong pull to detach it. Middle Sister Island. 102 fully adult shells measured: A Diam. 21.81, Alt. 14.23 mm., Index, 5 65.25 average, sé “a “ae 25.00, 17.50 70.00 largest, a TOO vee l5 Olean: e 74.40 smallest, nage U220C tee 75 Olam 76.10 most elevated, i E2350 0 ee e325 Ou id 58.70 mcst depressed. Variation in diam. from 19.5 to 25.0 or 5.5 mm. alt. peek BD Sebel 735) 5.0 Eighty-eight shells varied in diam. from 20.5 to 23.5 or 3 mm. sé se “ee “a sé ‘ “cc alt. : I2.0 “cc “cc Ninety 16.0 3 Crapp: Nores on LAND SHELLS. 537 Green (Strontian) Island. 86 fully adult shells measured: Diam. 19.3, Alt. 12.6 mm., Index 66.33 average, ee OreS ee s 13.0. ~ “60.47 largest, ee ieOr L2.0°). " ** 70.58 smallest, oe MeCOnF 2 1365 ‘* 75.00 most elevated, me OLO, = «ETO! “55.00 most depressed. Variation in diam. from 17.0 to 21.5 or 4.5 mm. as oe alt. oo Ls Ole DAO! me a2" Ol cy Eighty-four shells varied in diam. from 17.5 to 21 or 3.5 mm. Eighty-six - 3 cmalt: oe Sse Oh epi 3.0! pa” North Harbor Island. Shells smaller. 41 varied from 17.5 X I1 mm. to 20.5 X 12 mm., average 19.I1I X 12.01 mm., index 62.65, the most elevated having an index of 71.05 and the most depressed of 57.50. Type-locality Middle Sister Island, Lake Erie, Ontario. Types No. 7464 of my collection, paratypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. 5. Polygyra profunda strontiana var. nov. Shell small, elevated, compact, dull-colored; umbilicus small, partly covered by the reflected lip, and contained about six times in the diameter of the shell. Whorls 5. This variety was noticed by Binney, as in Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America, Pt. I, p. 153, in the table of specimens in the Binney and Bland Collection is the following reference: ‘“‘No. 7946, 2 specimens, Strontian Id., Lake Erie, from W. G. Binney,’’ and under Remarks, “‘Local var.”’ In Manual of American Land Shells, p. 492, in the catalog of the Binney Collection, No. 39527 is from ‘‘Strontian Id., L. Erie, Collected by Hubbard, 6 spec., Var.” MEASUREMENTS. Green (Strontian) Island. A Diam. 23.3, Alt. 14.4 mm., Index, D 61.80 average of 103 shells, Piss ie) Vattsats 60.80 largest, PEO ae ig A ee as as re 64.80 smallest, ee 22 Os eT 5 OMe 5 68.18 most elevated, Pomme OMASS wer TAL Ovs. « : 57-13 most depressed. Variation in diam. from 21 to 25.5 cr 4.5 mm. - oy eulie oe MENTED ore TOL OIG Oh as Ninety-eight shells vary in diam. from 22.0 to 25.0 or 3 mm. oe oe oe ae ae 2255 24.5 oe 2 onto hy fore! gas a alte 4) MSSREg Sie Tesi At ae oS sé se Eighty-seven “i 538 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. North Harbor Island. Diam. 23.16, Alt. 14.56 mm., Index 62.87 average of 16 shells. Middle Sister Island. Diam. 24.05, Alt. 14.66 mm., Index 60.96 average of 129 shells, yee 172 O Oe ba LONGO ete “61.10 largest, Sai 5 OF sie ASO Oma “65.10 smallest, Sy ee 2C55 ON eine eLOLOOlmGs ‘** 68.08 most elevated, Spee we 2158S Otc Ret 1 OO ame ** 54.90 most depressed. Variation in diam. from 21.5 to 27.0 or 5.5 mm. aa enalt: pee 1S. OMeaelOuse = 335. t One hundred eighteen shells vary in diam. from 23 to 26 or 3 mm. One hundred fourteen ‘ ea salt: SL STANT On ae a Of the above 248 shells, 231 or 93.14 per cent. are from 21 to 25 mm. in diam. and 205, or 82.66 per cent., are under 25 mm. The average diam. is 23.5, alt. 14.54 mm., index 61.86. Type-locality Green (formerly Strontian) Island, Lake Erie, Ohio. Types No. 7466 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. On Put-in-Bay Island, the profunda are of the large, flatter, main- land form. They are also brighter in color. Thirty-eight shells from four localities in Ohio, Illinois, and Ontario were measured, and gave an average of 26.87 X 15.1 mm., index 56.10. Shells from farther south are much flatter, as the average of thirty-two shells from five localities in Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina is 28.84 X 14.82 mm., index 51.4. The smallest of these thirty-two shells is 25.5 X 13.5 mm. and the largest 33 X 16.5 mm. The most depressed, excluding abnormal shells, had an index of 46.88 and the cocYes most elevated 55.77. The specimens of profunda from Green Island appear to be losing the bands, as out of one hundred and three examined thirty-seven are banded, thirty-two are unicolorous and thirty-four are albinos. The bands are faint to obsolete and generally split, many of the untcolorous shells are so light that they might be called albinos. The large pro- portion of bandless shells, about 65 per cent., would seem to indicate the formation of a bandless race. On Middle Sister Island the pro- portion of bandless shells is smaller, as out of one hundred and thirty- four shells twenty-nine are of a uniform brown color, four are straw- colored, four are albinos, sixty-seven have a single brown band and thirty have two or more bands, the lower one usually split, and many Crapp: Notes oN LAND SHELLS. 539 of them have the last season’s growth, that is about one-half whorl back of the lip much lighter in color than the remainder of the shell. 6. Polygyra albolabris goodrichi var. nov. Shell elevated, heavy, dark chestnut-color, having a reddish cast when alive, lip brownish in immature shells and flesh-colored in adults. Whorls five and one-half. Compared with the average albolabris of the region the lip is narrower and less flattened, and the aperture is slightly more rounded and less oblique. One shell collected by Dr. Walker is dentate and one in my collection very faintly so. The color is so distinct and the shells so much more elevated than normal, that I consider it worthy of varietal rank and take pleasure in asso- ciating with it the name of Calvin Goodrich, of Toledo, Ohio, who has done much good work on the molluscan fauna of that most interesting island region. Forty-eight fully adult shells were measured with the following result: A Diam. 28.24, Alt. 19.44 mm., Index, D 68.83 average, 6c “é sé 30.00, 22.00 73.33 largest, 2G SON Veen OO mae a 66.67 smallest, ae 2SE5OK sa 22-50n Rs 78.905 most elevated, See 202005) (a TOKOON ace ss 61.53 most depressed. Variation in diam. from 25.5 to 30.0 or 4.5 mm. a sa rallits pee TOL Orn 22) Sat Guba Forty-five shells vary in diam. from 27.0 to 30.0 or 3.0 mm. Forty-four “ ee > ceerallies rie ielijeGue ae Tt O a Sete Type-locality Middle Sister Island, Lake Erie, Ontario. Types No. 7465 of my collection. Paratypes in the collections of Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan, and Calvin Goodrich, Toledo, Ohio. Two or three dead shells found on North Harbor Island belong to this variety. Walker in ‘‘Variation of Polygyra albolabris in Michigan,” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1910, pp. 21-40, gives the average size of one hundred and fifty-two shells from Cincinanti, O., as 28.35 X 18.78 mm., index 66. Two hundred and twenty-five shells from various localities in Michigan, gave an average index of 67, and one hundred and twenty-four from Isle Royale, Michigan, an index of 65. I believe that a large series taken from almost anywhere in the interior region will show an average index of not over 66. A series from Bald Porcu- pine Island, Frenchmen’s Bay, Maine, gave an index of about 64. 540 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. On the islands under cultivation, and particularly on West Sister Island, which was overrun by large flocks of turkeys, living mollusks were very scarce, while the dead shells indicated that at one time the molluscan population was very large, the ground being covered by the ‘‘bones.”’ It is my belief that this destruction is largely due to the turkeys, which scratch up and eat the eggs. Of course the con- stant tramping of cattle and the destruction of the undergrowth by browsing would destroy large numbers, but the turkeys scratch all around, and even under the fallen trees, where the eggs would be deposited. A number of dead shells were gathered on West Sister Island, and on cleaning out the dirt with which they were filled many minute species were found. Three of the dead specimens of solitaria contained young of from two to two and one-half whorls, there being two young in one of the shells and one in each of the others. Out of others broken young were shaken, but so badly broken that they were merely recognizable as the young of solitaria. Does this indicate that, at times, solitaria may be viviparous? EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. Fic. 1. Pyramidula solitaria strontiana Clapp. (Type) ‘ Fic. 2. Pyramidula solitaria sirontiana Clapp, most elevated form. Fic. 3. Pyramidula solitaria strontiana Clapp, largest specimen. Fics. 4-5. Pyramidula solitaria roseo-apicata Clapp. (Type) Fic. 6. Pyramidula solitaria roseo-apicata Clapp, back view. Fics. 7-8. Pyramidula solitaria mynesites Clapp. (Type). Fics. 9-10. Pyramidula alternata eriensis Clapp. (Type) Fic. 11. Pyramidula alternata eriensis Clapp, very tall specimen. Fic. 12. Pyramidula alternata eriensis Clapp, top view of largest specimen. Fics. 13-14. Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp. (Type) Fic. 15. ° Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp, showing extreme elevation of spire. Fics. 16-17. Polygyra albolabris goodrichit Clapp. (Type) Fic. 18. Polygyra albolabris goodrichi Clapp, showing extreme height of spire. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol X. Plate XXXII Shells from the Western Islands of Lake Erie. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. Plate XXXIII. | i | | CLA Pyramidiula solilaria a | | sirontlana Clapp Greep (Strontia\) 1d, | Lake Erve Ze} Zypelloce Ly. hid ly LYAS, - Solid /rne “Hrameslers | : Domed « Aalftilyad. Solid Jine Wiamesers Dotled 1» Siitedes Diagrams showing diameters and heights of P. strontiana and P. roseo-apicata Clapp. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Voi X. Plate XXXIV OR Bucamicla allerrdaA/a. i Crrengsis Clapp Middle Sisfer /e, | Lare &rie, Sez focasst: Solid /¢ne Hlamesers Dofled + es 86 Fyreamidyla a/lernaya erlensis Clapp Green(Stronsian) /a, Lake £rve. 7 Silty 197. olid Sine Alametlers DoWed atsuces. Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Pyramidula alternata eriensis Clapp. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X. 36 Plate XXXV Clapp Greeh (Strortiam Id, Lake Erie. he eee Tyee /oce lily, Sid 1915, y» WF AAN HD ~ \ \Solidd fine Aramelers + oe ee Potted. 1 astitedes | | | 4A% Lalygyra progunda Clapp. Mida/e Sister /d, Lake Erie Su/y 1915, Kas lire Aiamesers- | lo Ted alyiludes ] Diagrams showing diameters and heights of Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp. ANNALS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X Plate XXXVI. 48 Po/yoyra albolahris } go0dr/ahi Clagp Middle S/s/et/d, Lame £rre, 7ype locally, Yiels QLD. =. o77ed alt, ludes, b Wid line Alamelers Mr. George H. Clapp collecting shells on Middle Sister Island, July 4, 1915. foe eeom OF THE ORTHOPTERA COLLECTED IN ieee OF PINES BY J. L. GRAF, 1910, AND Gea Ae “LINK: 1912=1013. By W. J. HoLLanp AND HucGo Kau. In the preparation of the following brief list, so far as the Achetidz and subsequent families are concerned, we have mostly made a com- pilation of the names of those species, which have been listed by Dr. Lawrence Bruner in his various papers upon the neotropical Orthop- tera, which have from time to time appeared in these ANNALS. The list does not by any means cover the field, as Mr. Link only now and then picked up such specimens as he encountered. A diligent and systematic search by an orthopterist no doubt would show that a number of species, which have been reported from Cuba, but which are not here mentioned, are inhabitants of the island. BLATTOIDEA. Family BLATTIDA. Genus BLATTA Linnzus. 1. Blatta delicatula Guérin-Ménéville. Blatta delicatula GUERIN-MENEVILLE, in SaGRra’s Hist. Nat. de Cuba, VII, 1857. p- 346. A specimen taken by Link at Los Indios is referred to this species with a shadow of doubt. (Det. H. Kahl.) Genus Eurycotis Stal. 2. Eurycotis finschiana (Saussure). Platyzosteria finschiana Saussure, Melanges Orthopt., II, Fasc. IV, 1872, p. 111. Platyzosteria cabrere BoLivar, An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., X, 1881, p. 355, Pl. VIII, figs. 3, 3 a. Two males and one female taken by Link at Los Indios, no date given. (Det. H. Kahl.) 541 542 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Genus PERIPLANETA Burmeister. 3. Periplaneta americana (Linnzus). Blatita americana LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, I, 1758, p. 424. A female from Los Indios, and another female from Nueva Gerona, the latter arriving at the Museum alive on July 25, 1912, and dis- covered when a box of bird-skins was being unpacked, thus illustrating the manner in which the insect has been transported from place to place in times past. Genus LEUCOPHXA Burmeister. 4. Leucophza surinamensis (Linnzus). Blatta surinamensis LINN2US, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, I, 1758, p. 424. One specimen from Los Indios. MANTOIDEA. Family MANTIDZ. Genus GONATISTA Saussure. 5. Gonatista grisea (Fabricius). Mantis grisea FAsRIctIvs, Ent. Syst., II, 1793, p. 22. One male taken at Nueva Gerona, May 8, 1910. Genus Musonia Stal. 6. Musonia cubensis (Saussure). Thespis cubensis SAUSSURE, Mitth. Schweiz. Ent. Gesellsch., III, 1869, p. 70. Three specimens, a male and two nymphs, were taken at Nueva Gerona by Graf, May 6, 1910; a male was taken at Los Indios by Link in September, 1912. (Det. H. Kahl.) ACHETOIDEA. Family NEMOBIID. Genus NEMOBIUS Serville. 7. Nemobius cubensis Saussure. Nemobius cubensis SAUSSURE, Miss. Mex., Orth., 8174, p.384, Pl. VII, fig. 5. One female taken at Los Indios. HoLLAND AND KAHL: ORTHOPTERA. 543 Family ACHETID. Genus GRYLLUS Linnzus. 8. Gryllus assimilis Fabricius. Gryllus assimilis FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 280. Nueva Gerona. Genus GRYLLODES Saussure. 9. Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker). Gryllus sigillatus WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., I, 1860, p. 46. A few specimens. Family PHALANGOPSITID. Genus AMPHIACUSTA Saussure. 10. Amphiacusta annulipes (Serville). Phalangopsis annulipes SERVILLE, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII, 1831, p. 167. Three specimens from Los Indios (Link coll.). TETTIGONOIDEA. Family PHANOPTERIDE. Genus MICROCENTRUM Scudder. 11. Microcentrum marginellum (Serville). Phylloptera marginella SERVILLE, Ins. Orthop., 1839, p. 405. One female, Nueva Gerona, August 26, 1912. Genus DIPLOPHYLLUS Saussure. 12. Diplophyllus insularis Bruner. Diplophyllus insularis BRUNER, Ann. Carn. Museum, IX, I91I5, p. 331. The type, which is unique, was taken by Link in the month of June. Family CONOCEPHALID-. Genus CoNOCEPHALUS Thunberg. 13. Conocephalus fasciatus (DeGeer). Locusta fasciata DEGEER, Mémoir Ins., III., 1773, p. 458, Pl. XL, fig. 4. Fourteen specimens taken at various localities during the months of July and August. 544 ANNALS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. Family COPIOPHORID. Genus NEocoNOCEPHALUS Karny. 14. Neoconocephalus nigropunctatus (Redtenbacher). Conocephalus nigropunctatus REDTENBACHER, Verh. Zodél.-Bot. Ges. Wien, XLI, I8QI, pp. 380, 391, PI. III, fig. 32. . One male taken at Nueva Gerona in March. 15. Neoconocephalus maxillosus (Fabricius). Locusta maxillosa FABRICIUS, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 284. A single male captured at Nueva Gerona in July. 16. Neoconocephalus muticus (Redtenbacher). Conocephalus muticus REDTENBACHER, lI. ¢., p. 393. Mr. Link captured a female of this species at Nueva Gerona in July. ACRIDOIDEA. Family TRUXALID. Genus ORPHULELLA Giglio-Tos. 17. Orphulella scudderi (Bolivar). Orphula scudderi BOLivAR, Mém. Soc. Zoél. France, I, 1888, p. 142. Recorded from the Isle of Pines by Bruner (cf. ANN. CARN. Museum, VIII, p. 17). Family A. DIRODID (LOCUSTID®). Genus PsINIpIA Stal. 18. Psinidia fenestralis (Serville). Cédipoda fenestralis SERVILLE, Ins. Orthop., 1838, p. 726. A very long series taken by Link at Nueva Gerona from the begin- ning of June to the end of August. Genus SPHINGONOTUS Fabricius. 19. Sphingonotus haitensis (Saussure). CGidipoda haitensis SAUSSURE, Rev. Zodl. (2), XIII, 1861, p. 323. One specimen taken at Nueva Gerona by Graf, May 5, 1910. on rs Ou HoLLAND AND KAHL: ORTHOPTERA. Family CYRTACANTHACRIDZ. Genus SCHISTOCERCA Stal. 20. Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg). Gryllus pallens THUNBERG, Mém. Acad. Petersb., V, 1815, p. 237. A very long series taken at Nueva Gerona in June and July. 21. Schistocerca inscripta (Walker). Cyrtacanthacris inscripta WALKER, Cat. Derm. Salt. B. M., III, 1870, p. 550. Apparently very common. A long series taken by Link at Nueva Gerona in the months of June, July, and August. INDEX. abbreviata, Cyrtoxipha, 408 abbreviatus, Gryllus, 379 Scapteriscus, 352 Abundance of snails on Middle Sister Island, Lake Erie, 528 Acanthophacelus melanzonus, 132, 133, 134 accelerans, Geisonoceras, 26 Accipiter gundlachi, 161 striatus fringilloides, 161 Achatina straminea, 319 Acheta, 377 bimaculata, 378 nivea, 397 Achetide, 347, 544 Synopsis of the South American genera of, 377 Achetoidea, South American, 346, 543 Achylodes arcas, 506 Acolastus amyntas, 502 Acridoidea, 545 Actinopteria emiliana, 26 boydi, 26 Actitis macularia, 160, 213 acuflavida, Sterna sandvicensis, 209 acuminata, Rhynchonella, 29 Adams, Miss Jean, 312 Adelpha iphicla, 493 adnexa, A¢schna, 523 adoxa, Ardea herodias, 158, 178 AXgialitis vocifera, 215 #Elurichthys pinnimaculatus, 59 zmiliana, Actinopteria, 26 eequalis, Micrathyria, 524 fEschna (Corypheschna) virens, 523 adnexa, 523 affinis, Apareiodon, 71, 74 Parodon, 71, 74, 75 Salminus, 91, 92 aflavida, Chzmepelia passerina, 222 Columbigallina passerina, 222 Aganisthos odius, 493 agarithe fornax, Catopsilia, 497 agassizi, Scapteriscus, 352 Agelaius assimilis, 159, 273, 274 humeralis, 161 pheeniceus, 273, 275 subniger, 273, 274 160, 158, | Age of Mammals and Birds, 2 Reptiles, 2 agleus, Quiscalus quiscalus, 277 Agoniates anchovia, 77, 78 Agrion capreolus, 520 cardenium, 520 hastatum, maria, 521 capillare, 521 Aix sponsa, I6I, I9I Ajaia ajaja, 158, 188 | alba, Guara, 158, 188 Ibis, 188 -pinensis, Lingula, 25 albilora, Dendroica dominica, 266 | albina, Pyramidula solitaria, 533 alLipalpus, Hygronemobius, 375, 376 albolabris goodrichi, Polygyra, 539 albus, Eudocimus, 188 Alcedo alcyon, 239 alcyon, Alcedo, 239 Ceryle, 239 Streptoceryle alcyon, 160, 239 Allen, John A., 529 alleni, Hygronemobius, 375 alope, Erinnyis, 511 Alsophis angulifer, 305, 306 | alternata eriensis, Pyramidula, 535, 536 altus, Oligoplites, 62 alutaceus, Anolis, 302 amates, Peccilia, 120 Peeciliopsis, 120 Amatide, 512 Amazona leucocephala, 161, 228, 229 palmarum, 159, 161, 228 | amazonica, Peecilia, 131 amazonus, Nemobius, 373 Amblyopside, 95 Amblyopsis spelzus, 97 Amblyrhethus, 417 Amblyscirtes folia, 508 insule-pinorum, 508 tutolia, 508 Amboceelia gregaria, 25, 38 Ambonychia curvata, 335 mytiloides, 329 | Ambonychide, 334 | Ameiva auberi, 304 | amelia, Terias, 499 54 | americana, Curatella, 150 7 548 INDEX. americanus, Coccyzus, 232 | annulata, Clymenia, 29 Compsothlypis, usnez, 160, 270 | annulatus, Spheroides, 69 Crocodilus, 299 _ annulicornis, Hapithus, 423 Cyrenella, 322 annulipes, Amphiacusta, 391, 395, 543 Fulica, 160, 203 Anolis, 297 Metioche, 403 alutaceus, 302 Mycteria, 158, 189 angusticeps, Periplaneta, 543 equestris, 301 Pheethon, 161 | homolechis, 302 Platyclymenia, 27, 29 porcatus, 302 Ammodramus savannarum australis, | sagrei, 301 160, 285 | Anolis, Giant, 301 subsp., 161 | Anomalagrion hastatum, 520 ammon, Lyceena, 495 | Anona squamosa, 151 Ammonoidea, 27 | Anosia berenice, 488 Amnicola coronata, 322, 323 Anous stolidus stolidus, 161 Amphiacusta, 387 | antzeus, Cocytius, 510 annulipes, 391, 395, 543 anthracina, Urubitinga, 193, 194 grandis, 391 anthracinus, Falco, 193 Amphiacustes, 391 antillarum, Cryptoptilum, 385 amphipyroides, Latebraria, 514 | Podilymbus podiceps, 170 amplus, Crenipecten, 26 ; Sterna, 158, 209 Ampullaria reflexa, 322, 323 antiqua, Conocardium, 336 Amusus, 386 | Phemiades, 509 : amygdalina, Leperditia, 327 | Antrostomus carolinensis, 160, 238 amyntas, Nennius, 502 | cubanensis, 238 Amyris balsamifera, 149 vociferus, 238 Anablepine, 96 _ Anurogryllus clarazianus, 377 Anableps anableps, 142 | Apareiodon affinis, 71, 74 microlepis, 142 dariensis, 71 anetheta, Sterna, 161 ecuadoriensis, 71, 76 analis, Neomeenis, 65 | itapicuruénsis, 71, 72 Anaphora, 517 piracicabe, 71, 72 Anaphoride, 517 terminalis, 71 Anartia jatrophe, 492 Apareiodon, a new genus of Characid lytrea, 492 Fishes. By Carl H. Eigenmann, anatum, Falco peregrinus, 160, 195 471-76 Anaudus, 417 Key to the species of, 71 Anaxipha, 402 _ Apatosaurus, 4 pallens, 409, 410 louise, 310 pallida, 408 Aphonomorpbus, 417 Ancyloxypha nanus, 506 | conspersus, 424, 425 Ancylus radiatilis, 322, 323 diversus, 425 anchovia, Agoniates, 77, 78 flavifrons, 424 Ancistrus melas, 83 | griseus, 425 andre, Leimadophis, 306 | hapitheformis, 425, 427 andremon, Papilio, 500 lividus, 425 angasi, Proteides, 502 major, 424, 425, 426 angelina, Bathyurus, 327 mutus, 424, 425 anguiformis, Sphagebranchus, 55, 56. obliquus, 425, 426 angulifer, Alsophis, 305, 306 peruvianus, 425 Epicrates, 304 silens, 424, 425 angusticeps, Anolis, 302 telskii, 425 angusticollis, Cyrtoxipha, 405 testaceus, 425 Anhinga anhinga, 158, I71 | timidus, 424 Ani, 149, 230 | variegatus, 424 Crotophaga, 159, 229 Synopsis of Tropical American Anisoptera, 522 | species of, 424 Annual Report of the Director, 314 | apodus, Neomeenis, 64 INDEX, appressus, Schizodus, 26 approximans, Polydactylus, 61 aptera, Cyrtoxipha, 408 Aquatic Gastropods, directions for col- lecting, 478 aquaticus, Nemobius, 370 aquila, Fregata, 174 Arachnomimus, 387 bahamaénsis, 394 arachnopsis, Endecous, 392 Aramus gaurauna, 204 giganteus holostictus, 204 vociferus, 158, 204 Aratinga euops, 159, 228 Ara tricolor, 159, 227 aratus, Neomeenis, 65 . arborea, Dendrocygna, 158, 190 arboreum, Pithecolobium, 152, 153 arcas, Brachycorene, 506 archiaci, Spirifer, 29 Archosargus unimaculatus, 66 Arctiade, 512 arctirostrata, Productella, 25, 46 arctostriatus, Productella, 28 Ardea candidissima, 181 egretta, 179 herodias adoxa, 158, 178 repens, 178 wardi, 177 leucogaster, 181 occidentalis occidentalis, 177 repens, 158, 176, 177 tricolor ruficollis, 181 virescens, 182 Ardetta exilis, 175 Arenaria interpres morinella, 160, 217 argentarius, Spirifer, 31, 32 argentinus, (Ecanthus, 396, 398 Gryllodes, 382, 384 Gryllus, 380 Argiallagma minutum, 519 argiventris, Neomenis, 65 Argizala brasiliensis, 371 argutula, Sturnella, 272 Argyria auratella, 517 Arixenia, 346 armatus, Centropomus, 64 asander, Epargyreus, 502 Asarcia, 220 Asbolis sandarac, 509 Ascalaphide, 526 Ascalaphus hyalinus, 526 ascensionis, Holocentrus, 61 asiatica, Melopelia asiatica, 161 Asio stygius, 159, 235 aspera, Atrypa, 29 assimilis, Agelaius, 159, 273, 274 Gryllus, 379, 380, 544 astabulense, Leiorhynchus, 38, 39 549 Astyanax magdalenae, 89 stilbe, 89 atala, Eumeus, 494 | Atalopedes cunaxa, 507 Athyride, 43 atra, Rhipipteryx, 361 atratus, Tridactylus, 356, 357 Atremata, 25, 30 atricilla, Larus, 161 atrifrons, Cyrtoxipha, 405 atroviolacea, Dives, 276 Ptiloxena, 159, 276 atro-violaceus, Quiscalus, 276 Atrypa aspera, 29 reticularia, 29 auberi, Ameiva, 304 aura, Cathartes aura, 158, 191 septentrionalis, Cathartes, 192 auratella, Argyria, 517 aureolus, Gerres, 66 auricoma, Pleurodonte, 321 auripennis, Libellula, 523 auritus floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 158, cap aurocapillus, Seiurus, 160, 264 australis, Ammodramus savannarum, 160, 285 Tridactylus, 356, 357 autumnalis, Plegadis, 161 Avicennia nitida, 151 Aviculopecten celsus, 26 fasciculatus, 26 princeps, 26 Avifauna, Isle of Pines list of, 158 bachmani, Helminthophila, 270 Vermivora, 270 Baggesen, F. F., 171 bahamaénsis, Arachnomimus, 394 bahamensis, Lysiloma, 153 Peecilonetta, 161 Saurothera, 231 bairdii, Campephilus, 161 Balistes naufragium, 68 polylepis, 68 Balistide, 68 balsamifera, Amyris, 149 Bangs, Outram, 147, 155, 170, 184 Banisteria laurifolia, 149 baracoa, Limochores, 507 barbatula, Vireosylva calidris, 159, 257 Barbour, Dr. Thomas, 184 The Reptiles and Amphibians of the Isle of Pines, 297—308 bardenflehti, Polygyra, 321 Barnes, R. M., 238 barrisi, Meristella, 25, 44 barytus, Quiscalus, 276 basalis, Hygronemobius, 374 550 INDEX. batabano, Phocides, 501 batesi, Brachymesia, 525 Bathyurus angelina, 327 beathiana, Pineria, 320 Beecher, Lucas, 527 beecheri, Conocardium, 329, 336 bella, Zenaidura macroura, 223 Benezet, Jean’Etienne, 311 berenice, Anosia, 488 Erythrodiplax, 524 Beyrichia? clavigera, 327 clavifracta, 327 Pines, 286-296 bicolor, Tetrazygia, 152 bidorsata, Ctenodonta, 332 bimaculata, Acheta, 378 Iridio, 68 biolleyi, Rhipipteryx, 363 bipunctata, Neoxabea, 399, 400 Birds of the Isle of Pines. By W. E. C. Todd, 146-296 Birds of North and Middle America, 147 (permanent residents, and winter visitants) of the Isle of Pines, 158 of western Cuba found in the Isle of Pines, of western Cuba not found in the Isle of Pines, 161 of Venezuela, 4 Bishop, Dr. Louis B., 147 biteeniatus, Lebinthus, 414 Bittern, 175 Least, 175, 176 bivittatus, Iridio, 68 Blacicus caribzus, 159, 250 Blackbird, Crow, 281 D’Orbigny’s, 276 Red-winged, 274 Rusty, 276 Blackburnian Warbler, 267 blandus, Helmitheros, 262 Blastoidocrinus carchariedens, 326 Blatta americana, 543 ; delicatula, 542 surinamensis, 543 Blattoidea, 542 Blattaria, 345 blumenbachia, Euchasma, 336 Bobolink, 272 Bob-white, Cuban, 199 Boiids, 305 boisduvali, Urania, 515 boliviana, Luzara, 388 Rhipipteryx, 361, 364 boothiana, Thysanophora, 321 borealis, Neocurtilla, 350, 351 borellii, Luzara, 389 borellii, Scapteriscus, 352, 353 Botaurus lentiginosus, 159, 174 Boulenger, E. G., 105 boydi, Actinopteria, 26 borealis umbrinus, Buteo, 161 Brachiopoda, 25, 30 Brachycorene arcas, 506 Brachymesia batesi, 525 | brachypterus, Holoquiscalus niger, 280 | brachysomus, Calamus, 66 branicki, Pomadasis, 66 | branneri, Poecilia, 134 Bibliography of birds of the Isle of | brasiliensis, Mugil, 61 Nemobius, 371 (Ecanthus, 3907 | brevidens, Salminus, 91 brevipennis, Cylindrogryllus, 418 . Miogryllus, 381 brevis, Paleoneilo, 26 Rivuius, 112 | breviuscula, Cyrtodonta, 329, 330, 341 Modiolopsis, 326 Brooks, Winthrop S., 297 | brullei, Rhipipteryx, 362, 366 Bruner, Lawrence, South American Crickets, Gryllotalpoidea, and Ache- toidea, 344-428 brunescens, Butorides, 158, 182, 183, 185 Brya ebenus, 150 Bryozoa, 27 of the Chazy, 326 Buccinum fasciatum, 320 buceras, Bucida, 153 Bucida buceras, 153 Buddha, carving of, 3II Bufo empusus, 307 peltacephalus, 307 Bulimus poeyanus, 320 Bullfinch, Cuban, 154 Bunting, Indigo, 282 Busck, August, 487 Buteo borealis umbrinus, I61 platypterus cubanensis, 161, 193 Butorides brunescens, 158, 182, 183, 185 maculata, 182 saturatus, 185 virescens cubanus, 158 Buzzard, Turkey, 149 Byrsonima crassifolia, 150 caballus, Caranx, 62 cachinnans, Gallinula chloropus, 158, 203 ’ Caceecia, 517 cadma, Lucinia, 492 cerulea, Culicivora, 254 Dendroica, 267 Florida, 158 a een a INDEX. cerulea, Polioptila, 160, 254 cerulescens, Dendroica cerulescens, 160, 268 Caiman, 209 calabura, Muntingia, 150 Calamus brachysomus, 66 calidris, Vireosylva calidris, 257 calidris barbatula, Vireosylva, 159, 257 caliensis, Gambusia, 95, I13 californiensis, Eucinostomus, 67 Calisto herophile, 494 Callidryas editha, 498 fornax, 497 godartiana, 497 neleis, 497 orbis, 407 callosa, Eutrochatella, 318 Calypte helene, 159, 246 Camarophoria (Leiorhynchus) subreni- formis, 29, 42 Camarotcechia contracta, 25, 43 metallica, 25 plena, 338 camerani, Scapteriscus, 352 Campephilus bairdii, 161 canadensis, Grus, 205, 206, 207, 208 Leperditia, 327 Sowteria, 326, 342 candidissima, Ardea, 181 Egretta, 180, 181 caniceps, Geotrygon, I61 Cannaphila insularis funerea, 523 canora, Euetheia, 284 Tiaris, 159, 284, 285 cantans, Ectecous, 390 capreola, Ceratura, 520 Caprimulgus vociferus, 238 Caracara, Audubon’s, 198, 231 Carangide, 62 Caranx caballus, 62 hippos, 62 carbonaria, Rhipipteryx, 361 carcharizdens, Blastoidocrinus, 326 cardenium, Enallagma, 520 Cardiolide, 336 caribeea, Muscipeta, 250 Pinus, 150 - caribzeus, Blacicus, 159, 250 Holoquiscalus caymanensis, 276, 277, 280 carinatus, Leiocephalus, 303 carmioli, Vireo, 256 Carnegie, Andrew, 86 Carnegie Museum, Visitors to, 314 Quarry near Jensen, Utah, 2 carnegiei, Cnesterodon, 130 Diplodocus, 310 Pseudancistrus, 83 carolinensis, Antrostomus, 160, 238 159, 55] carolinensis, Columba. 22 Dumatella, 160, 252 marginata, Zenaidura, 22 Pandion haliaétus, 198 Turdus, 252 Carsidava cinerascens, 421 carteri, Protambulyx strigilis, 510 Syringothyris, 25, 27, 28 Casearia sylvestris, 149 cassander, Telegonus, 503, 504 castaneus, Discophogryllus, 390 Catbird, 252 Catharista uruba, 191 Cathartes aura aura, 158, 191 septentrionalis, 192 Catia misera, 507 Catibo, 306 Catopsilia agarithe fornax, 497 drya, 497 editha, 498 eubule, 496 neleis, 497, 498 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipal- matus, 160, 212 caudifasciatus, Pitangus, 248 Tolmarchus, 159, 248 caucana, Girardinus, 136 Mollienisia, 136, 137 caudomaculatus, Glaridodon, 122, 123 Phalloceros, 94, 99, 100, IOI, 102, I24, 127 cayennensis, Cyrtoxipha, 404 Sterna, 209 caymanensis Holoquiscalus, 277, 280 caymanensis caribeus, Holoquiscalus, I59, 2760, 277, 280 celadon, Papilio, 500 celeno, Macrothemis, 526 Centropomide, 63 Centropomus armatus, 64 ensiferus, 64 grandoculatus, 63, 64 medius, 63, 64 nigrescens, 64 parallelus, 64 pedimacula, 63 undecimalis, 64 viridis, 64 Centurus superciliaris murceus, 161 superciliaris, 161 cephalus, Mugil, 61 Cepolis comes, 323 (Cysticopsis) comes, 321 (Jeanneretia) multistriata pityo- nesica, 321 Ceratura capreola, 520 Cerchneis, 197 sparveria dominicensis, 195 159, ~ 552 cerdale, Charcharhinus, 58 Cerion pineria, 320, 323 Ceryle alcyon, 239 Cetopsorhamdia nasus, 83 Chemepelia passerina aflavida, 222 chalybea, Napata, 512 chapadensis, Nemobius, 372 Chapman, Frank M., 147 Characodontinz, 96 Charadrius semipalmatus, 60, 216 Charcharhinus cerdale, 58 charithonius, Heliconius, 488 Chazy in the Ottawa Valley, 326 of Quebec and the Mingan Islands, 327 Cheiloceras cephalopod zone, 29 chemungensis, var. arctostriata, Hemi- pronites, 45 Schuchertella, 25, 45 Streptorhynchus, 45 Macrodon, 26 Mytilarca, 26 Chen hyperborea nivalis, 159, I9I cheriway, Polyborus, 158, 198 chilensis, Curtilla, 349 Chinese collections of Miss Jean Adams, 312 Chlorznas inornata, 225 chloropus cachinnans, Gallinula, 203 158, 158, chocoénsis, Diphyacantha, 95, 105, 114 | Chondrohierax wilsonii, 161 Chondropoma dissolutum, 316, 323 wilcoxi, 316 (var.), 323 Chordeiles virginianus minor, 159, 237 virginianus, 160, 236 chrysia, Geotrygon, 158, 221 Chrysobalanus Icaco, 225 Chrysocantor petechia gundlachi, 269 chrysocaulosus, Colaptes chrysocaulo- sus, 161 Chrysopa, 526 Chrysopide, 526 chrysurus, Ocyurus, 65 Chuck-will’s-widow, 238 cicindeloides, Thamnoscirtus, 410 cinerascens, Carsidava, 421 cinereus, Gerres, 66 Spherodactylus, 301 cingulata, Herse, 510 circumcincta, Rhipipteryx, 361, 364 Circus hudsonius, 160, 193 Citharichthys gilberti, 70 citrea, Protonotaria, 271 citrina, Terias, 498 Tholymis, 526 Clapp, George H., Notes on the Land- | | | | INDEX. shells of the Islands at the Western End of Lake Erie and descriptions of New Varieties, 532-541. claraziana, Neocurtilla, 350, 351 clarazianus, Anurogryllus, 377 Clark, B. Preston, collection of Sphingi- dz, 311 clarkei, Leiorhynchus, 43 Loxopteria, 26 clathratum, Cyclostoma, 316 Rhytidopoma rugulosum, 316 clavifracta, ‘3eyrichia?, 327 clavigera, Beyrichia, 327 Cleiothyridina, 43 devonica, 25, 43 sublamellosa, 25 Clidophorus obscurus, 332 Clionychia marginalis, 334, 335 montrealensis, 329, 334, 335 Clymenia annulata, 29 flexuosa, 29 Cnesterodon, 129 carnegiei, 130 decem-maculatus, 94, 99, 100, 130 Cobalus tripunctus, 508 Coccyzus americanus, 232 erythropthalmus, 232 Cocothrinax Miraguana, 149, 150 Cocytius antzus, 510 ceenia, Junonia, 492 Colenis delila, 489, 490 julia cillene, 489, 490 lucina, 490 moderata, 489 nudeola, 489 titio, 490 Colaptes chrysocaulosus chrysocaulosus 161 superciliaris, 241 Colinus cubanensis, 158, 199 virginianus, 199 collaris, Passerina, 284 Collections of Reptiles and Amphibians from the Isle of Pines, 297 collurides, Phylloscirtus, 411 colombiana, Diatrypa, 420 coloradensis, Productella, 25, 45 var. plicata, Productella, 25, 46 Columba carolinensis, 223 exsul, 226 inornata, 147 inornata, 161 leucocephala, 158, 224, 227 passerina, 222 proxima, 158, 225, 226 squamosa, 158, 225, 227 columbarius, Falco, 160, 195 Hypotriorchis, 195 columella, Thecla, 495 INDEX. 553 colombiana, Poeciliopsis, 120 columbianus, Heterandria, 120 Columbigallina passerina aflavida, 222 Colymbus dominicus dominicus, 158, 170 comes, Cepolis, 321 Composia fidelissima, 514 compressus, Rivulus, 95, III Compsothlypis americana usnez, 160, 270 comptus, Phylloscirtus, 411 Conchylodes diphtheralis, 516 Conklin, Professor E. G., 56 conklini, Sphagebranchus, 55, 56 connata fraterna, Erythrodiplax, 525 Conocardiide, 336 Conocardium beecheri, 329, 336 immaturum, 336 (Pleurorhynchus) antiqua, 336 Conocephalide, 544 Conocephalus, 544 fasciatus, 544 conoideus, Spirifer, 29 conspersa, Cyrtoxipha, 406 conspersus, Aphonomorphus, 424, 425 constellata, Priotrochatella, 317 contracta, Camarotcechia, 25, 43 Rhynchonella, 43 Conularia, 26 Conularida, 26 Conurus euops, 228 guianensis, 228 Coot, 203 Copzodes, 506 Copernicia Curtisii, 150 Cophus, 387 Copiophoride, 545 corculum, Protoneura, 521 cordifera, Parra, 219 Cormorants, Florida, 154, 171 Mexican, 172 coronata, Amnicola, 322 Dendroica, 160, 268 corrupta, Prenes, 509 Corvus jamaicensis, 255 minutus, 161 nasicus, 159, 255 Cory, Charles B., 147 Corydoras mete, 78 Crane, Cuban, 150, 205 crassirostris, Vireo, 256 crebriseptum,, Tornoceras, 27 crenatus, Stethaprion, 77, 80, 81 Crenipecten amplus, 26 glaber, 26 crenistria, Schuchertella, 25 Crickets (South American) Gryllotal- poidea, and Achetoidea. By Law- rence Bruner, 344-428 | | | | Crocidophora zinghalis, 516 Crocodilus americanus, 299 porosus, 299 rhombifer, 299 croicensis, Scarus, 68 Crotophaga ani, 159, 229, 230 Crow, Common, 255 Cuban, 154, 255 cruciana, Dendroica petechia, 269 | cruciata, Rhipipteryx, 362, 365 cryptoleuca, Progne, 159, 260 Cryptoptilum antillarum, 385 Ctenodonta bidorsata, 332 dubiaformis, 331, 341 levata, 331 nasuta, 320, 330, 341 e parvidens, 326, 330, 340 Ctenodontide, 330 Ctenucha hilliana, 512 Cuban Bullfinch, 154 Crow, 154 Ground Dove, I5I, 218, 222 King Rail, 153 Macaw, 227 Martin, 259, 260 Meadowlark, 151, 233, 272 Mourning Dove, 151 Oriole, r51, 275 Petchary, 151, 248 Quail, 151 Red-wing, 153 Sparrow Hawk, 150 Tody, 149, 238 Wood Pewee, 152 Yellow Warbler, 151 cubanensis, Antrostomus, 238 Buteo platypterus, 161, 193 Colinus, 199 Setochalcis, 159, 238 cubanus, Butorides virescens, 158, 183, 186 Rallus longirostris, 161 cubensis, Dromicus, 306 Galba, 321 Leiocephalus, 304 Limia, 137 Musonia, 543 Nemobius, 372, 543 Physa, 322 Tyrannus, 159, 247 Cuboides horizon, 29 Cuckoo, Black-billed, 232 Isle of Pines Lizard, 149, 231 Yellow-billed, 232 Culicivora cerulea, 254 cultriger, Curtilla, 349 | culveri, Trachinotus, 62 cunaxa, Atalopedes, 507 cuneifolium, Dendropanax, 152 504 Curatella americana, 150 curema, Mugil, 61 Curtilla, 349 chilensis, 349 cultriger, 349 gryllotalpa, 349 Curtillide, 348 Curtisii, Copernicia, 150 curvata, Ambonychia, 335 cuspidatus, Spirifer, 25 cyanea, Passerina, 160, 282 Cyanerpes cyaneus ramsdeni, 161 cyaneus ramsdeni, Cyanerpes, 161 cyanocephala, Starneenas, 158, 220 cyanipennis, Rhipipteryx, 362 Cyclostoma clathratum, 316 Cyclura macleayi, 303 Cydosia linki, 513 phedra, 513 cylindraceus, Rivulus, 108 Cylindrella pruinosa, 320 cylindrica, Pthonia, 26 Cylindrodide, 348 Cylindrogryllus, 416 brevipennis, 418 cynara, Macrodes, 514 Cypricardella, 26 Cypricardinia, 6 Cyprinodontine, 96 Cypseloides niger, 244 Cyrenella americana, 322, 323 Cyrtacanthacride, 546 Cyrtacanthacris inscripta, 545 Cyrtodonta breviuscula, 329, 330, 341 | lamellosa, 330, 333 scala, 333 solitaria, 332 subcarinata, 329 tranceps, 337 Cyrtoxipha, 402 abbreviata, 408 angusticollis, 405 aptera, 408 atrifrons, 405 cayennensis, 404 conspersa, 406 gundlachi, 403 maxima, 407 nitida, 404 peruviana, 405 tibialis, 405 variegata, 404 Daggett, Dr. Frank S., 1 dariensis, Apareiodon, 71 Parodon, 76 decem-maculatus, Cnesterodon, 94, 99, 100, 130 Glaridichthys, 130 INDEX. decolor, Saurothera, 159, 161, 231 merlini, 231 delicata, Gallinago, 160, 210 delicatula, Blatta, 542 Dendrocygna arborea, 158, 190 Dendroica blackburnie, 267 cerulea, 267 cerulescens czrulescens, 160, 268 discwlor, 160, 265 dominica, 160, 266 dominica albilora, 266 fusca, 267 maculosa, 269 magnolia, 269 palmarum, 160, 264 palmarum hypochrysea, 264 petechia cruciana, 269 petechia flaviceps, 269 petechia gundlachi, 159, 269 pityophila, 161 striata, 160, 265 tigrina, 269 virens, 160, 267 Dendropanax cuneifolium, 152 denticulatus, Ellipes, 359 depressa, Productella, 25, 46 Dermaptera, 346 Devonian formations, in America, 30 devonica, Cleiothyridina, 25, 43 Diatrypa, 416 colombiana, 420 ornata, 421 tuberculata, 421 Dichromanassa rufescens, 158, 179 Dictyoptera, 345 didactylus, Scapteriscus, 352, 353 didyma, Micrathyria, 524 dina, Terias, 498 Dione vanille var. insularis, 490, 491 Dioptide, 514 diphtheralis, Conchylodes, 516 Diphyacantha, 113 chocoénsis, 95, 105, 114 Diplodocus carnegiei, 310 skull of, 3 Diplophyllus insularis, 544 Discina lodiensis, 31 Discinide, 31 discolor, Dendroica, 160, 265 discoloratus, CEcanthus niveus, 397 Discophogryllus castaneus, 390 onthophagus, 390 discors, Querquedula, 159, 190 disjunctus, Spirifer, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36 disseverans, Mocis, 514 dissimilis, Hygronemobius, 375, 376 dissocians, Micrathyria, 524 dissolutum, Chondropoma, 316 diversus, Aphonomorphus, 425 INDEX. 555 Dives atroviolacea, 276 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 160, 272 dominica, Dendroica dominica, 160, 266 dominicensis, Cerchneis sparveria, 195 Falco, 196 Oriolus, 275 Tyrannus dominicensis, 159, 247 Xantornus, 275 dominicus, Colymbus dominicus, 158, 170 Nomonyx, 161 Pluvialis dominicus, 214 domitia, Perithemis, 523 dorantes, Eudamus, 501 Dormitator latifrons, 69 maculatus, 69 dormitor, Philypnus, 69 dougalli, Sterna, 161 Douglass, Earl, 2, 13, 309 douglassi, Tornoceras, 27 Dove, Blue-headed Quail, 220 Cuban Ground, 151, 218, 222 Mourning, I51 Ruddy Quail, 221, 236 West Indian Mourning, 223 Zenaida, 222 Dowitcher, 210 Dromicus cubensis, 306 drya, Catopsilia, 497 dubiaformis, Ctenodonta, 331, 341 Duck, Antillean Tree, 153, 190 Wood, I91 Dumetella carolinensis, 160, 252 dunbarense, Leiorhynchus, 25, 38, 39 dunckeri, Phallostethus, 96 DuPuy, Herbert: collection of old silver- ware, 3II gift of Pullman Parlor Car, 5, B52 Dwight, Dr. Jonathan, 147 Dyscophogryllus, 387 Dythemis rufinervis, 525 ebenus, Brya, 150 Ectecous, 386 borellii, 389 cantans, 390 . ecuadoriensis, Apareiodon, 71, 76 Leporinus, 88 Parodon, 76 editha, Catopsilia, 498 Editorial Notes, 1-6; 309-313 Edmondia philipi, 26 Edriotrypa, 27 Education, International Jury (Pana- ma-Pacific Exposition), 1 Egret, Reddish, 179 Snowy, 180 Egretta candidissima, 180, 181 | Egretta thula thula, 158, 180 | egretta, Ardea, 179 Herodias, 158 | Eigenmann, Dr. C. H., 5, 57, 93, 94, 95, | I21 Apareiodon, a New Genus of Characid Fishes, 71-76 Description of a New Sphage- branchus from the Bahamas, 55-56 New and Rare Fishes from South American Rivers, 77-86 On the Species of Salminus, 91-92 Eigenmann, C. H. and Arthur Henn, Description of Three New Species of Characid Fishes, 87-90 eigenmanni, Fitzroyia, 140 Jenynsia, 140 Phalloptychus, 95, 121 Siphostoma, 60 elathea, Terias, 499 elegans, Lebinthus, 414 Neoheterandria, 95, 117, 118 Rivulus, 108, 109 Spherodactylus, 300 Spirifer, 32 elegantalis, Leucinodes, 516 Eleotris picta, 69 eleucha, Timetes, 493 Eleutherodactylus ricordii, 308 elisabeth, Myadestes, 159, 252 retrusus, Myiadestes, 252 Ellipes, 354 denticulatus, 359 histrio, 359, 360 histrionicus, 359 minimus, 359 Synopsis of the South American species of, 359 Ellis, Max, 57 elongata, Eutrochatella, 318 Emerald, Ricord, 149, 152, 246 Emmelia pantherula, 513 Empetrichthys, 96 Empidonax flaviventris, 250 empusus, Bufo, 307 Enallagma cardenium, 520 Endacusta, 387 Endecous, 387 arachnopsis, 392 ferruginosus, 392 Endodesma tranceps, 337 Eneoptera surinamensis, 413 velutina, 419 Eneopteride, 348, 413 ensiferus, Centropomus, 64 Eopteria typica, 336 Epargyreus asander, 502 maysi, 501 556 Ephemeride, swarming of, 527, 529 Epicrates angulifer, 304 Epinephelus maculosus, 64 episcopi, Priapichthys, 116 Epistor lugubris, 511 equestris, Anolis, 302 erectum, Glyptodesma, 26 Eresia frisia, 491 Ereunetes pusillus, 211 ergolis, Lauron, 514 eriensis, Pyramidula alternata, 535, 536 Erinnyis alope, 511 Erismatura jamaicensis, 161 Erythemis simplicicollis, 525 verbenata, 525 vesiculosa, 525 Erythrodiplax berenice neva, 524 connata fraterna, 525 connata justiniana, 524 ochracea, 524 umbrata, 525 erythrogastra, Hirundo, 160, 258 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus, 232 erythrorhynchus, Pelecanus, 159, 174 Euchasma blumenbachia, 336 Eudamus dorantes, 501 proteus, 500 san antonio, 502 santiago, 500 Eudocimus albus, 188 Eucinostomus californiensis, 67 gula, 67 pseudogula, 67 Euetheia canora, 284 eufala, Lerodea, 508 Eugenia punicifolia, 151 . Eumeus atala, 494 Eunomia latenigra, 512 euops, Aratinga, 159, 228 Conurus, 228 Eupera, genus, 446; index of species, cf. D- 475 Eupithecia, 515 Eupleine, 488 Euprepia venusta, 512 Euptoieta hegesia, 491 Eurycotis finschiana, 542 euterpe, Terias, 499 Eutrochatella (Artecallosa) callosa, 318, 323 elongata, 318, 323 (Ustronia) scopulorum, 318, 323 Evolution, influence of habitat in, 429 exanimis, Modiolopsis, 338, 339 exilis, Ardetta, 175 Ixobrychus, 158, 175 expansa, Pterotheca, 332 Whiteavsia, 337 exsul, Columba, 226 INDEX. exsul, Gymnasio lawrencii, 159, 234 fabaformis, Modiolopsis, 329, 338 faba, Modiolopsis, 338 fadus, Sesia, 511 Falcicula, 402 Falco anthracinus, 193 columbarius, 160 columbarius columbarius, 195 dominicensis, 196 leucophrys, 196 peregrinus anatum, 160, 195 sparverioides, 158, 195, 196, 197 sparverius, 195, 196, 197 sparverius sparverioides, 196 fasciata, Heterandria, 116 fasciatus, Conocephalus, 544 Liguus, 320 Lyriopecten, 26 Trachinotus, 62 fasciolatus, Phallotorynus, 95, 126, 127; 128, 129 é Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Mon- tana, 13-54 Three Forks Formation, 24, 25 Lower Mississippian, 27 | Faunal survey of the West Indies, 146 tavonius, Thecla, 495 Felichthys panamensis, 59 pinnimaculatus, 59 | fenestralis, Psinidia, 545 fernandine, Nesoceleus, 161 Teretistris, 159, 262 ferruginea, Orthemis, 523 ferruginosus, Endecous, 392 festee, Peecilia, 118 Pseudopeecilia, 119 ’ ficus, Pachylia, 511 fidelissima, Composia, 514 Field notes made in the Isle of Pines by Gustav A. Link, 146 Figures representing the nobility and peasantry of several European coun- tries, 311 finschiana, Eurycotis, 542 Fisher, Carl G., 82 fisheri, Trachycorystes, 82 Fishes for aquaria, 94 Description of three New Species of Characids. By C. H. Eigen- mann & Arthur W. Henn, 87-90 of Japan in Carnegie Museum, 6 extensive collections of South American in Carnegie Museum, 139 New and Rare from South Ameri- can Rivers. By C. H. Eigen- mann, 77-86 INDEX. 557 Fishes, Various South American Peecili- ide. By Arthur W. Henn, 93-142 Fitzroyia eigenmanni, 140 lineata, 139, 140, 142 maculata, 140, 141 multidentata, 140 pygogramma, I40, 142 Key to the Species of, 139 Fitzroyiine, 96 Flamingo, 189 flavescens, Pantala, 526 flaviceps, Dendroica petechia, 269 flavifrons, Aphonomorphus, 424 Lanivireo, 257 flavipes, Totanus, 160, 212 flaviventris, Empidonax, 250 Porzana, 161 flexuosa, Clymenia, 29 florella, Syngamia, 516 Florida cerulea, 158, 179 Everglades, 153 floridanus, Phalacrocorax auritus, 158, 171 Flycatcher, La Sagra, 150, I5I, 249 Yellow-bellied, 250 folia, Amblyscirtes, 508 follicularis, Oleacina, 319 forceps, Rhipipteryx, 361, 363 Forficulina, 346 formosa, Heterandria, 99, 100, 103, I16, 118 fornax, Catopsilia agarithe, 497 Fossil beds at Rancho la Brea, 1 Fossils of the Chazy, 325 fraterna, Erythrodiplax connata, 525 Rhipipteryx, 363 Fregata aquila, 174 magnificéns, 158, 174 fria, Pseudopeecilia, 95, 105, I19 friderici, Leporinus, 89 Fringilla savannarum, 285 fringilloides, Accipiter striatus, 161 frisia, Eresia, 491 Fulica americana, 160, 203 spinosa, 218, 219 fulva, Petrochelidon fulva, 159, 259 Fundulus, 96 furcata, Strix pratincola, 235 Tyto perlata, 159, 235 fusca, Dendroica, 267 fuscata, Sterna, 161 fusculalis, Pionea, fuscus, Pelecanus, 173 Gallinago delicata, 160, 210 Gallinule, Florida, 203 Purple, 153, 203 Gallinula chloropus cachinnans, 158, 203 galeata, 203 Gambusia, 112 caliensis, 95, I13 gracilis, 122 holbrooki, 99, 103 Gastropoda, 26 gaurauna, Aramus, 204 Geisonoceros accelerans, 26 normale, 26 genoveva, Junonia, 492 Geometer, 515 Geometride, 515 geometroides, Melanchroia, 515 Geothlypis trichas ignota, 261 trichas, 160, 261 Geotrygon caniceps, I61 chrysia, 158, 221 martinica, 221 montana, 221 Geranium Robertianum, 528 gerone, Telegonus, 503 Gerres aureolus, 66 cinereus, 66 lineatus, 66 olisthostomus, 67 patao, 67 rhombeus, 66 simillimus, 66 Gerride, 66 gilberti, Citharichthys, 70 Gilbertolus, 79 Gilmore, Charles W., Description of a new species of Tortoise from the Jurassic of Utah, 7-12 Girardinus caucana, 136 iheringi, 122 januarius, 122 uninotatus, 122 glaber, Crenipecten, 26 Glacial period of the Great Lakes, 529 Glandina follicularis, 319 Glaridichthys decem-maculatus, 130 (Phalloptychus) januarius, 94 Glaridodon caudomaculatus, 122, 123 januarius, 122 | Glaucidium siju siju, 161 vittatum, 159, 161, 232, 233 Glaucopis mors, 515 | glaucovirens, Jatropha, 283 gaimardianus, Mugil, 61 Galba cubensis, 321, 323 galeata, Gallinula, 203 Galeichthys simonsi, 58 Galeide, 58 glaucus, Trachinotus, 62 globulosa, Proserpina, 318 Glyphodes hyalinata, 516 . Glyptodesma erectum, 26 Glyptops ccelatus, II 558 Glyptops depressus, 10, II pervicax, II plicatulus, 7, 8, 9, 10, II utahensis, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 254 Gnathocharax steindachneri, 79 Gobiide, 69 Gobius soporator, 70 godmani, Rivulus, 108 Gonatista grisea, 543 Goniaphora hamiltonensis, 26 subrecta, 26 Goniatites horizon, 29 (Manticoceras) intumescens, 29 Goniloba corrupta, 509 Gonioclymenia cephalopod zone, 29 Goodrich, Calvin, A Trip to Islands in Lake Erie, 527-531 Goodrich, Calvin, 532 goodrichi, Polygyra albolabris, 539 gracilis, Gambusia, 122 Grackle, Isle of Pines, 150, 276 Grammysia subarcuata, 26 grandiflora, Xylopia, 152 grandis, Amphiacusta, 391 grandisquamis, Upeneus, 61 grandoculatus, Centropomus, 63, 64 Grassquit, Melodious, 284 Yellow-faced, I51, 283, 285 Grebe, Pied-billed, 170 Saint Domingo, 170 Great Lakes, metropolis of Nearctic Spheeriide, 430 greeneanum, Leiorhynchus, 41 gregaria, Amboceelia, 25, 38 Gressoria, 345 Griffin, Dr. L. E., Catalog of Reptiles, 5 griseus, Aphonomorphus, 425 Limnodromus griseus, 160, 210 Neomenis, 64 Grus canadensis, 205, 206, 207, 208 mexicana nesiotes, 158, 205, 206, 207, 208 mexicana mexicana, 206 nesiotes, 205 poliophoea, 205 Grylloblattaria, 344 Gryllodes, 377 argentinus, 382, 384 clarazianus, 377 laplate, 383, 384 macropterus, 382, 383 parvipennis, 382 pusillus, 381 poeyi, 382 pustulipes, 382 sigillatus, 382, 544 Gryllomorphide, 347, 384 Gryllotalpa azteca, 351 INDEX. | Gryllotalpa didactyla, 353 | hexadactyla, 351 mexicana, 353 oxydactyla, 353 tetradactyla, 353 gryllotalpa, Curtilla, 349 Gryllotalpoidea, 345 Key for separating the families of the suborder of, 348 Gryllus, 377 abbreviatus, 379 argentinus, 380 assimilis, 379, 380, 544 pallens, 545 pusillus, 381 Guara alba, 158, 188 Guasabalo, 308 Guazuma Guazuma, 149 guianensis, Conurus, 228 gula, Eucinostomus, 67 Gulapinnus, 129 Gundlach, Dr. John, 155 gundlachi, Accipiter, 161 Chrysocantor petechia, 269 Cyrtoxipha, 403 Dendroica petechia, 159, 269 Hypomorphus, 192 gundlachii, Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, 278, 280 Quiscalus, 276, 279 Urubitinga, 158, 193, 194 Vireo, 159, 193, 194, 255, 256 Gynacantha nervosa, 522 Gymnasio lawrencii exsul, 150, 234 Gymnelia xanthocera, 512 Gymnoglaux lawrencii, 234 | gymnostoma, Jacana, 219 | Jacana spinosa, 220 Parra, 219 Hesperia eufala, 508 mesogramma, 507 savignyi, 502 syrichtus, 506 Hesperiidz, 500 Hesperiinz, 500 habana, Telegonus, 503 Hematia phcenicealis, 516 | Hematopus palliatus, 161 Hemulide, 65 Hemulon macrostomum, 65 parra, 65 plumieri, 65 sciurus, 65 scudderi, 65 hahneli, Telegonus, 503, 504 | haitensis, Phemiades, 510 Sphingonotus, 545 halizetus carolinensis, Pandion, 198 INDEX. 559 hanno, Lyczna, 495 hapitheformis, Aphonomorphus, 427 Hapithus, 417, 427 annulicornis, 423 hamiltonensis, Goniaphora, 26 Haplochilus hartii, 108 Haplomi, 95 hartii, Haplochilus, 108 Rivulus, 108 Haseman, John D., 57, 93, 117 hasemani, Apareiodon, 71, 75 Heterandria, 95, 116 hastatum, Anomalagrion, 520 Hatcher, Prof. J. B., 3 Hawk, Broad-winged, 193 Cuban Crab, 193 Cuban Sparrow, 195 Duck, 195 Marsh, 193 Pigeon, 195 Haya Dr ©} Pi 7 Haynes, W. P., The Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana, 13-54 hegesia, Euptoieta, 491 Fein Z cite. 5-302 helenz, Calypte, 159, 246 Helerecous, 417 Helicina adspersa, 318, 323 callosa, 318 constellata, 317 eiongata, 318 marmorata, 318 ornata, 318 tenuilabris, 318 variegata, 318 Heliconiinz, 488 Heliconius charithonius, 488 _ Helicontia pantherula, 513 Helicotoma whiteavsiana, 326 Helix auricoma, 321 boothiana, 321 comes, 321 paludosa, 321 pityonesica, 321 Helminthophila bachmani, 270 peregrina, 270 Helmitheros blandus, 262 vermivorus, 271 Hemeroblemma pandrosa, 514 Hemiancistrus landoni, 83 Hemigryllus, 368 kriechbaumeri, 376 Hemimerina, 346 Hemiodus longiceps, 87 microlepis, 87 parnague, 87 Hemiprocna zonaris pallidifrons, 245 425: Hemipronites chemungensis var. arcto- striata, 45 Hemiramphide, 60 Henderson, John B., A List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the Isle of Pines, 315-324 Henn, Arthur W., 5, 57 On Various South American Peeci- liid Fishes, 93-142 Henshaw, Henry W., 148 Herodias egretta, 158 herodias adoxa, Ardea, 158, 178 repens, Ardea, 178 wardi, Ardea, 177 Heron, Black-crowned Night, 186 Cuban Brown, 185 Cuban Great White, 176 Cuban Green, 186 Little Blue, 182, 179 Yellow-crowned Night, 187 herophile, Calisto, 494 Herse cingulata, 510 Heterandria colombianus, 120 fasciata, I16 formosa, 99, I00, 103, I16, I18 hasemani, 95, 116 heteristia, Poecilia, 134 Heterocera, 510 Heteropus, 355 hexadactyla, Neocurtilla, 350, 351 heydeni, Ligypterus, 414 hieroglyphica, Noropsis, 515 hilarii, Salminus, 91, 92 Himantopus mexicanus, 158, 210 Hippocampus punctulatus, 60 hippocrepis, Sturnella, 273 Sturnella magna, 159, 272 hippos, Caranx, 62 hirsuta, Productella, 25, 46 hirsutiformis, Productella, 25, 46 hirta, Trichilia, 149 Hirtella mollicoma, 151 Hirundo erythrogastra, 160, 258 histrio, Ellipes, 359, 360 histrionicus, Ellipes, 359 holbrooki, Gambusia, 99, 103 Holland, W. J., 7 Editor of Carnegie Museum publi- cations, 95 Interest in collections of South American fishes, 139 Lepidoptera of the Isle of Pines, 487-518 : Member of International Jury in Department of Education, Pana- ma-Pacific Exposition, I Silver tea-pot (antique) loaned by, 311 and Hugo Kahl, A List of the Orthoptera collected in the Isle of Pines, 542-545 hollandi, Limia, 95, 137, 138 holmiz, Rivulus, I1o Holocentride, 61 Holocentrus ascensionis, 61 Holoquiscalus caymanensis caribzeus, I59, 270, 277, 280 caymanensis, 277, 280 gundlachii, 278 jamaicensis gundlachii, 280 jamaicensis, 280 niger brachypterus, 280 niger, 280 holostictus, Aramus giganteus, 204 holzapfeli, Loxopteria, 26 homolechis, Anolis, 302 Hubbard, G. E., 30 hubbardi, Lingula, 29, 30 Hudson, George H., publications of, 325, 326 hudsonius, Circus, 160, 192 humeralis, Agelaius, 161 Hummingbird, Helena, 154, 246 Ricord, 239 — hyalinata, Glyphodes, 516 hyalinus, Ululodes, 526 Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 158, 181 rufimentum, 181 hydrodroma, Rhipipteryx, 361 Hygronemobius, 368 albipalpus, 375, 376 alleni, 375 basalis, 374 dissimilis, 375, 376 liura, 375 minutipennis, 375 Synopsis of the species of, 374 Hyla septentrionalis, 307 Hylephila phyleus, 507 Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, 254 Hypena, 514 hyperborea nivalis, Chen, 159, 191 hypochrysea, Dendroica palmarum, 264 hypomelas, Icterus, 159, 275 Hypomorphus gundlachi, 193 Hyporhamphus roberti, 60 Hypotriorchis columbarius, 195 Ibis alba, 188 Ibis, White, 153, 188 Wood, 189 Icterus hypomelas, 159, 275 idas, Proteides, 502 ide, Siderone, 493 ignota, Geothlypis trichas, 261 Ihering, Dr. H. von, 122 iheringi, Girardinus, 122 ilaire, Tachyris, 496 INDEX. imbecilis, Pterinopecten, 26 | immaculatus, Gécanthus, 396, 397 | immaturum, Conocardium, 336 Imparfinis microps, 82 inflata, Schuchertella, 25, 28 | inoptatus,Limnopardalus maculatus, 161 | inornata, Chloreenas, 225 Columba, 147, 161 Columba proxima, 158 inscripta, Schistocerca, 545 insule-pinorum, Amblyscirtes, 508 Tretanorhinus, 306 Xiphidiopicus percussus, 159, 161 insularis, Diplophyllus, 544 funerea, Cannaphila, 523 Tramea, 526 insularum, Polygyra, 321 intermedia, Isochilina ottawa, 327 Neocurtilla, 350 : interpres morinella, Arenaria, 160, 217 intumescens, Goniatites, 29 Ionornis martinica, 158, 203 iphicla, Adelpha, 493 Iridio bimaculata, 68 bivittatus, 68 Islands of Lake Erie: East Sister, 529 Green, 527 Hen, 529 Middle, 528 Middle Sister, 528 North Harbor, 528 Strontian, 527 West Sister, 527 Isle of Pines area, 145 bibliography referring to birds of, 286-296 birds (migratory), 159 birds (transient visitants), 160 Carnegie Museum Expedition, IQI2—-13, 156 climate, 154 collections of reptiles amphibians, 297 coral formation, 297 expeditions, 155 Geography and physiography, 148 jungle, I51I, 152 list of species of birds, 169-285 marsh, 153 population, 148 rivers, I51 Isochilina labellosa, 327 ottawa intermedia, 327 Isoptera, 345 itapicuruénsis, Apareiodon, 71, 72 Ivories, H. J. Heinz collection of, 310 Ixobrychus exilis exilis, 158, 175 and —- INDEX. Jacana gymnostoma, 219 ‘‘melanopygia,’’ 220 nigra, 218 spinosa gymnostoma, 220 spinosa, 220 violacea, 153, 158, 217 jamaicensis, Corvus, 255 Erismatura, 161 Holoquiscalus jamaicensis, 280 gundlachii, Holoquiscalus, 278, 280 Melanthes otreus, 505 Phemiades, 510 januatius, Girardinus, 122 Glaridichthys, 94 Glaridodon, 122 Phalloptychus, 121, 122, 126 Peecilia, 122 Jatropha glaucovirens, 283 jatrophe, Anartia, 492 jeffersonense, Leiorhynchus, 25, 41 jenkinsi, Synodus, 59 Jennings, Dr. Otto E., 148 and Mrs. O. E., botanical collections of, 4 Jenynsia eigenmanni, 140 lineata, 139, 140 maculata, I41 multidentata, 140 pygogramma, 142 Jenynsiine, 96 Jordan, Dr. and Mrs. David Starr, I ““jubitos,”’ 305 “jucaro”’ tree, 281 julia, Colznis, 489, 490 delila, Colznis, 489 julia, Coleenis, 490 titio, Colzenis, 490 Junonia ccenia, 492 genoveva, 4092 Kahl, Hugo, A List of the Odonata collected on the Isle of Pines by Mr. J. L. Graf in 1910, and by MroG: A. Link in 1912-1913, now Contained in the Carnegie Museum, 519-526 and W. J. Holland (See Holland, W. J-.), 542, 545 Keenan, Miss Sophie G., 148 kelloggi, Leiorhynchus, 39, 40 kessleri, Netuma, 59 Khan, Mirza Ali Kuli, 313 Killdeer, West Indian, 215 Kindle, E. M., 24 Kingbird, Giant, 247 Gray, 150, I51, 247 Kingfisher, Belted, 239 Kite, Everglade, 192 Klages, Samuel M., 4 | Knight, Wilbur C., 2 kriechbaumeri, Hemigryllus, 376 | labellosa, Isochilina, 327 Labride, 68 labrusce, Pholus, 511 Levigata cephalopod zone, 29 Lagoon, Santa Rosalia, 152 Lake Erie, A Trip to Islands in, By Calvin Goodrich, 527-531 lamellosa, Cyrtodonta, 330, 333 laminata, Productella, 25, 46 Landon, Hugh MckK., 57, 83 Landon-Fisher Expedition America, 93 landoni, Hemiancistrus, 83 Langley, Prof. Samuel P., 313 Lanivireo flavifrons, 257 Lantern-flies of the tropics, 313 to South laplate, Gryllodes, 383, 384 Laranda, 386 tibialis, 387, 388 Larus atricilla, 161 | Latebraria amphipyroides, 514 latenigra, Eunomia, 512 latifrons, Dormitator, 69 latipinna, Mollienisia, 98, 135 laura, Leiorhynchus, 25, 43 Laurepa, 417 laurifolia, Banisteria, 149 lawrencii exsul, Gymnasic, 159, 234 Gymnoglaux, 234 | Lauron ergolis, 514 leana, Lingula, 25 Lebinthus biteniatus, 414 elegans, 414 | Lebistes reticulatus, 95, 105, 134, 135 | Leda, 26 Ledide, 332 Leimadophis andree, 306 nebulatus, 305, 300 Leiocephalus carinatus, 303 cubensis, 304 vittatus, 304 Leiorhynchus, 29 astabulense, 38, 39 clarkei, 43 dunbarense, 25, 38, 39 greeneanum, 41 jeffersonense, 25, 41 kelloggi, 39, 40 laura, 25, 43 madisonense, 25, 39, 40 var. gibbosum, 25, 39 mesacostale, 25, 39, 40, 42 multicosta, 43 utahense, 41 var. ventricosum, 25, 40, 42 lentiginosus, Botaurus, 159, 175 562 Leperditia amygdalina, 327 canadensis, 327 lepidophylla, Tabebouia, 150 Lepidoptera (The) of the Isle of Pines, being a List of the Species collected on the island by Mr. J. L. Graf and Mr. G. A. Link, in 1910 and 1912- 1913. By W. J. Holland, 487-518 Lepidoptera of Arizona, 5 Leporinus ecuadoriensis, 88 friderici, 89 Lepthemis vesiculosa, 525 Leptodesma sociale, 26 Lerneca, 386 Lerodea eufala, 508 tripuncta, 508 Lestes tenuatus, 519 Leucinodes elegantalis, 516 leucocephala, Amazona, 229 Amazona leucocephala, 161, 228 Columba, 158, 224, 227 inornata, Columba, 158, 224, 227 palmarum, Amazona, I59, 161, 228 leucocephalus, Psittacus, 228 leucogaster, Ardea, 181 leucogastra, Sula, 161 | leucopheus, Rallus longirostris, I6I, 201 leucophrys, Falco, 196 leucorhynchus, Rhinobatus, 58 levata, Ctenodonta, 331 Libellula auripennis, 523 domitia, 523 Liguus fasciatus, 320, 323 Ligypterus heydeni, 414 limbata, Rhipipteryx, 361 Vanuxemia, 333 Limia, 100 cubensis, 137 hollandi, 95, 137, 138 Limnza cubensis, 321 Limnodromus griseus griseus, 160, 210 Limnopardalus maculatus inoptatus, 161 Limochores baracoa, 507 Limpkin, 153, 204 lineata, Fitzroyia, 139, 140, 142 Jenynsia, 139, 140 lineatipes, Tafalisca, 415 lineatus, Gerres, 66 lineolatus, GEcanthus, 396, 398 Lingula alba-pinensis, 25 leana, 25 hubbardi, 25, 30 Lingulacea, 30 lingulata, Polygyra, 321 Lingulidz, 30 Link, Gustav A., 146, 152, 153, 156, LS7) Laly 175, 0OO, 202) 2017 158, INDEX. Link, John, 156 linki, Cydosia, 513 Lipotigris diphtheralis, 516 lisa, Terias euterpe, 499 | liura, Hygronemobius, 375 lividus, Aphonomorphus, 425 loculator, Tantalus, 189 Locustide, 545 | Locustoidea, 345 lodiensis, Discina, 31 Orbiculoidea, 25, 31 logani, Primitia, 327 longiceps, Hemiodus, 87 longipennis, Nemobius, 370 longirostris cubanus, Rallus, 161 leucopheeus, Rallus, 158, 161, 201 Waynei, Rallus, 202 louise, Apatosaurus, 310 Loxopteria clarkei, 26 holzapfeli, 26 lucidus, Planorbis, 322 lucina, Colznis, 490 Lucinia cadma, 492 lugubris, Epistor, 511 lurida, Tafalisca, 416 Lutianide, 64 Luzara, 386 boliviana, 388 borellii, 389 rufipennis, 388 Lycena ammon, 405 hanno, 495 theonus, 495 Lycenide, 494 Lyriopecten fasciatus, 26 polydorus, 26 solox, 26 Lysiloma bahamensis, 153 lytrea, Anartia, 492 Macaw, Cuban, 227 macilenta, Neocurtilla, 349 macleayi, Cyclura, 303 macracanthus, Pomadasis, 66 Macrodes cynara, 514 Macrodon chemungensis, 26 macropterus, Gryllodes, 382, 383 macrostemum, Hzemulon, 65 Macrothemis celeeno, 526 macroura bella, Zenaidura, 223 marginata, Zenaidura, 223 Zenaidura, 158, 223 macularia, Actitis, 160, 213 maculata, Butorides maculata, 182 Fitzroyia, 140, 141 maculatus, Dormitator, 60 Philypnus, 69 inoptatus, Limnopardalus, 161 maculosa, Dendroica, 269 INDEX. maculosus, Epinephelus, 64 madisonense, Leiorhynchus, 25, 39, 40 var. gibbosum, Leiorhynchus, 25, 39 magdalene, Astyanax, 89 Rivulus, 95, 109 magnificens, Fregata, 158, 174 | magnificum, Symphyloxiphus, 410 magnirostris, Tyrannus, 247 magnolia, Dendroica, 269 mahogoni, Neomenis, 65 Maja de Santa Maria, 304 “majagua,’’ I50 “majasitas,’” 305 major, Aphonomorphus, 424, 425, 420 Nemobius, 371 Mal Pais Gravel, 150 mangle, Rhizophora, I51 Mangrove-swamp, 151 mani, Megalomastoma, 315 | Man-o’-war Birds, 154, 174 Mantaria, 345 Manticoceras cephalopod zone, 29 Mantide, 543 Mantoidea, 543 marginalis, Clionychia, 334, 335 marginata, Rhipipteryx, 362 Zenaidura carolinensis, 223 Zenaidura macroura, 223 marginellum, Microcentrum, 544 marginipennis, Rhipipteryx, 363, 367 maria, Neoneura, 521 | Marine (Some) Fishes from Colombia and Ecuador. By Charles Wilson, 57-70 Marissa latenigra, 512 marmorata, Helicina, 318 marmoratus, Phalangopsis, 393 Marpesia eleucha, 493 Marsh, Othniel Charles, 2 | martialis, Thecla, 495 Martin, Cuban, 259, 260 | martinica, Geotrygon, 221 Ionornis, 158, 203 Maryland Yellow-throat, 261 Mawson, Sir Douglas, collection of | Antarctic photographs, 311 | maxillosus, Neoconocephalus, 545 Salminus, 91 maxima, Cyrtoxiphba, 407 Sterna, 158, 209 maysi, Epargyreus, 501 Meadowlark, Cuban, I50, I51, 233, 272 medius, Centropomus, 63, 64 Megalomastoma, 300 mani, 315 procer, 315, 323 Melanchroia geometroides, 515 Melanerpes superciliaris, 241 melanoleucus, Totanus, 160, 211 “melanopygia,’’ Jacana, 220 Melanthes otreus, var. brunnea, 504 melas, Ancistrus, 83 melanzona, Peecilia, 132, 133 melanzonus, Acanthophacelus, 132, 133, 134 Melita frisia, 491 Melopelia asiatica asiatica, 161 Melopyrrha nigra, 159, 283 taylori, 283 meridionalis, Nemobius, 369 Neoxabea, 399, 400 Meristella barrisi, 25, 44 merlini decolor, Saurothera, 231 Saurothera, 161, 231 Merriam, Prof. J.-C., 1 mesacostale, Leiorhynchus, 25, 39, 42 mete, Corydoras, 78 metallica, Camarotcechia, 25 Metioche, 402 americana, 403 Metopium toxiferum, 153 Metrypa, 415 Metrypus, 415 mexicana, Grus mexicana, 206 Rhipipteryx, 363, 367 nesiotes, Grus, 158, 205 mexicanus, Himantopus, 158, 210 Phalacrocorax vigua, 158, 172 Scapteriscus, 352, 353 Micrathyria equalis, 524 didyma, 524 dissocians, 524 Microcentrum marginellum, 544 Microcyprini, 95 microlepis, Anableps, 142 Hemiodus, 87 micromegas, Miogryllus, 381 microps, Imparfinis, 82 micropus, Rivulus, 111 Mimocichla rubripes rubripes, 159, 253 Mimus orpheus, 251 polyglottos orpheus, 251 polyglottos polyglottos, 160, 251 minimus, Ellipes, 359 minor, Chordeiles virginianus, 159, 237 Philohela, 221 Neocurtilla, 349, 350 minutilla, Pisobia, 160, 211 minutipennis, Hygronemobius, 375 minutum, Argiallagma, 519 minutus, Corvus, 161 CEcanthus, 396, 397 Miogryllus, 377 brevipennis, 381 micromegas, 381 pusillus, 381 Miraguano, Cocothrinax, 149, 150 564 misera, Catia, 507 Mniotilta varia, 160, 271 Mocis disseverans, 514 Mockingbird, Jamaican, 251 modiolaris, Modiolopsis, 339 Modiolopside, 337 Modiolopsis breviuscula, 326 exanimis, 338, 339 faba, 338 fabaformis, 329, 338 modiolaris, 339 parviuscula, 329, 330, 339 sowteri, 340 subquadrilateralis, 330, 340 Modiomorpha sp., 26 Mogoplistide, 347, 385 mollicoma, Hirtella, 151 Mollienisia caucana, 136, 137 latipinna, 98, 135 sphenops, 136 Mollusca, 26, 330 Monacanthide, 68 Monacanthus oppositus, 68 Monbin, Spondias, 149 Monroe Silurian, 529 montana, Geotrygon, 158, 221 montanense, Orthoceras, 26 montrealensis, Clionychia, 329, 334, 335 ; Vanuxemia, 329 monuste, Pieris, 496 moreletiana, Tudora, 317 Morinda Roioe, 151 morinella, Arenaria interpres, 160, 217 mortuifolia, Phyllogryllus, 419 motacilla, Seiurus, 262, 263 Mountain ridges of the Isle of Pines, 149 mucronatus, Spirifer, 32 Mugil brasiliensis, 61 cephalus, 61 curema, 61 gaimardianus, 61 Mugilide, 61 Mullide, 61 multicolor, Todus, 159, 238 multicosta, Leiorhynchus, 43 multidentata, Fitzroyia, 140 Jenynsia, 149 multistriata pityonesica, mundus, Oligoplites, 62 Muntingia calabura, 150 murceus, Centurus superciliaris, 159, 161, 241 : Muscicapa ruticilla, 260 Muscipeta caribaea, 250 Musculium, genus, 439, 473; for index of species, cf. p. 475 Musonia cubensis, 543 Cepolis, 321 INDEX. muticus, Neoconocephalus, 545 mutus, Aphonomorphus, 424, 425 Myadestes elisabeth, 159, 252 Mycteria americana, 158, 189 Myiadestes elisabeth retrusus, 252 Myiarchus sagre sagre, 159, 249 Mylothris margarita, 496 mynesites, Pyramidula, 535 Myrmecophila, 385 Myrmecophilide, 347, 384 Mytilarca chemungensis, 26 mytiloides, Ambonychia, 329 neva, Erythrodiplax berenice, 524 nevius, Nycticorax, 186 Nycticorax nycticorax, 158 nanus, Ancyloxypha, 506 Napata chalybea, 512 nasuta, Ctenodonta, 329, 330, 341 “National Dinosaur Monument,” 310 Nearctic Spheriid fauna, 430 Nannorhamdia nemacheir, 83 nasicus, Corvus, 255 nasus, Cetopsorhamdia, 83 naufragium, Balistes, 68 Nautiloidea, 26 ‘ nebulatus, Leimadophis, 305, 306 neglecta, Sturnella, 273 neleis, Catopsilia, 497, 498 nemacheir, Nannorhamdia, 83 Nemobiide, 543 : Synopsis of the South American genera, 368 Nemobiopsis, 385 Nemobius, 368 amazonus, 373 aquaticus, 370 brasiliensis, 371 chapadensis, 372 cubensis, 372, 543 longipennis, 370 major, 371 meridionalis, 360 Nennius, 502 amyntas, 502 Neoconocephalus, 545 maxillosus, 545 muticus, 545 nigropunctatus, 545 Neocurtilla, 349 borealis, 350, 351 claraziana, 350, 351 hexadactyla, 351 var. spinosa, 350 macilenta, 349 minor, 349, 350 Synopsis of South American species of, 349 Neoheterandria elegans, 95, 117, 118 INDEX. Neomeenis analis, 65 apodus, 64 ~ aratus, 65 argiventris, 65 griseus, 64 mahogoni, 65 Neoneura maria, 521 Neotremata, 25, 31 Neoxabea, 395. bipunctata, 399, 400 meridionalis, 399, 400 obscurifrons, 399 Nephoceetes niger niger, 161, 244 nero, Prenes, 509 nervosa, Gynacantha, 522 nesiotes, Grus mexicana, 158, 205, 206, 207, 208 Nesoceleus fernandine, 161 Nessa, 418 Netuma kessleri, 59 newberryi, Spirifer, 25 niger brachypterus, Holoquiscalus, 280 Cypseloides, 244 Holoquiscalus niger, 280 Nepheecetes, 161, 244 Nighthawk, Cuban, 236, 237 nigra, Jacana, 219 Melopyrrha, 159, 283 nigrescens, Centropomus, 64 nigropunctatus, Neoconocephalus, 545 Sphezerodactylus, 300 nigroventralis, Priapichthys, 115 Nisoniades brunnea, 504, 505 zephodes, 505 otreus jamaicensis, 505 otreus, 506 nitida, Avicennia, I5I Cyrtoxipha, 404 nivalis, Chen hyperborea, 159 Chen hyperboreus, I91 niveus discoloratus, CEcanthus, 397 Noctua nudipes, 234 siju, 232 Noctuide, 513 Noctua hieroglyphica, 515 nodulatum, Rhytidopoma rugulosum, 316 Nomonyx dominicus, 161 normale, ‘Geisonoceras, 26 Noropsis hieroglyphica, 515 Norops ophiolepis, 303 notabilis, Seiurus noveboracensis, 160, 263 ‘ notatus, Spherodactylus, 300, 301 Notodontide, 515 noveboracensis notabilis, Seiurus, 160, 263 Nucula, 26 levata, 330 565 nudipes, Noctua, 234 Nyctalops stygius siguapa, 235 Nyctanassa violacea, 158, 187 Nycticorax nevius, 186 nycticorax nevius, 186, 258 vulgaris, 186 Nymphalide, 488 Nymphaline, 489 Nyridela xanthocera, 512 Obeliscus strictus, 320, 322, 323 Oberholser, Harry, 184 obliquus, Aphonomorphus, 425, 426 obscurifrons, Neoxabea, 399 obscurus, Clidophorus, 332 Rivulus, 111 Tridactylus, 356, 357 occidentalis, Ardea occidentalis, 177 Pelecanus, 158, 173 repens, Ardea, 158, 176, 177 ochracea, Erythrodiplax, 524 ochraceus, Vireo, 256 ocola, Prenes, 509 Octhodromus wilsonius rufinucha, 216 Ocyurus chrysurus, 65 odius, Aganisthos, 493 Odonata (List) Collected on the Isle of Pines.by Mr. J. L. Graf in 1910, and by Mr. G. A. Link in 1912-1913, Now Contained in the Carnegie Museum. By Hugo Kahl, 519-526 Odontogryllus, 384 | (Ecanthide, 347 Synopsis of the South American genera of, 395 CEcanthus, 395 argentinus, 396 _brasiliensis, 397 immaculatus, 396, 397 lineolatus, 396, 398 minutus, 396, 397 niveus, 396, 397 peruvianus, 396, 398 pini, 399 tenuis, 396, 398 varicornis, 396, 398 Synopsis of the South American species of, 396 (Edipoda fenestralis, 545 haitensis, 545 (Edipodide, 545 Oileides zephodes, 504 oleacea straminea, Oleacina, 319, 323 | Oleacina (Lzevoleacina) follicularis, 319, 323 oleacea straminea, 319, 323 solidula, 319, 323 subulata, 319 Oligoplites altus, 62 566 Oligoplites mundus, 62 refulgens, 62 saurus, 62 olisthostomus, Gerres, 67 olivacea, Tiaris olivacea, 159, 283 Vireosylva, 258 onthophagus, Discophogryllus, 390 ophiolepis, Norops, 303 Opisthosiphon, 317 oppositus, Monacanthus, 68 Orbiculoidea lodiensis, 25, 31 Oreodoxia regia, 150 Orestias, 96 Orestiinz, 96 orientalis, Vireo gundlachii, 256 Oriole, Cuban, I51, 275 Oriolus dominicensis, 275 ornata, Diatrypa, 421 Helicina, 318 Ornithology of the Bahama Islands, 146 Orocharis, 417 saulcyi, 423 orpheus, Mimus, 251 Orphula scudderi, 544 Orphulella scuddeii, 545 Orthemis ferruginea, 523 Orthide, 44 Orthis (Schizophoria) striatula, 29 vanuxemi, 44 Orthoptera collected in the Isle of Pines bye J. . uGraferoro ys andes GaarA: Link, (Sts, (Lorz2—191324= Bye Waele Holland and Hugo Kahl, 542-545 Orthopteroid insects: Synopsis of the orders and suborders, 345 Orthorhynchus ricordii, 246 Ortmann, Dr. A. E.: collections of mollusca and crustacea in Tennessee, Orthoceras montanense, 26 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx, 160, 272 Osborn, Mrs. Frank: silverware loaned by, 3II Osprey, 198 Otocinclus spectabilis, 78 otreus, Melanthes, 504 ottawa intermedia, Isochilina, 327 Oven-bird, 264 Owl, Isle of Pines Bare-legged, 234 Pygmy, 149, 152, 232 Stygian, 235 White-winged Barn, 235, 236 Owston, Alan W., Collection of Japa- nese fishes, 5 Oxyechus vociferus rubidus, 158, 215 torquatus, 215 vociferus, 214 INDEX. Pachylia ficus, 511 Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia, 158, 216 Palzanatina, 26 Paleoneilo brevis, 26 Palearctic Spheriid fauna, 430 pallens, Anaxipha, 409, 410 Schistocerca, 545 palliatus, Hematopus, 161 pallida, Anaxipha, 408 pallidifrons, Streptoprocne zonaris, I59, 245 palmarum, Amazona leucocephala, 159, 161, 228 Dendroica, 160, 264 Dendroica hypochrysea, 264 Palmer, William, 147, 155 paludosa, Polygyra, 321 palustris, Pseudemys, 300 Pamphila mago, 507 Pamphiline, 506 panamensis, Felichthys, 59 Pandion haliaétus carolinensis, 198 pandrosa, Hemeroblemma, 514 Pantala flavescens, 526 pantherula, Helicontia, 513 Papilionide, 496 Papilio andreemon; celadon, 500 Papilionine, 500 Paracyclas, 26 Parecanthus, 416 picipes, 422 vicinus, 421, 422 Parenopterus, 414 pare, Peecilia, 132 Paragryllus, 386, 388 paraguayensis, Parodon, 74, 75 parallelus, Centropomus, 64 Parametrypa, 418 pardalis, Tropidophis, 304 Parra cordifera, 219 gymnostoma, 219 variabilis, 219 violacea, 219 parnague, Hemiodus, 87 Parodon affinis, 71, 74, 75 dariensis, 76 ecuadoriensis, 76 paraguayensis, 74, 75 piracicabee, 71, 72 terminalis, 76 Paroquet, Cuban, 228 parra, Hemulon, 65 Parrot of Isle of Pines, 150, 228 parvidens, Ctenodonta, 326, 330, 340 parviflora, Sabal, 150 parvipennis, Gryllodes, 382 Scapteriscus, 352 parviuscula, Modiolopsis, 329, 330, 339 158, INDEX. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna, 160, 285 Passerina collaris, 284 cyanea, 160, 282 passerina aflavida, Chemepelia, 158, 222 Columbigallina, 222 Columba, 222 inornata, Columba, 222 passerinus, Coturniculus savannarum, 285 patao, Gerres, 67 patruelis, Gambusia, 99 Paurotus Wrightii, 150 Peale; Dr. A. C., 13 pectinatus, Pristis, 58 pedimacula, Centropomus, 63 Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 159, 174 fuscus, 173 occidentalis, 158, 173 Pelecypoda, 26, 328 of the Chazy formation. By Percy E. Raymond, 325-343 Pelican, Brown, 173 White, 174 peltacephalus, Bufo, 307 pensilis, Sylvia, 266 Pentacentride, 347, 385 pentaphylla, Tecoma, 153 Peosina pandrosa, 514 peracuta, Ctenodonta, 330 percussus insulae-pinorum, Xiphidiopi- cus, 159, I6I Picus, 240 Xiphidiopicus percussus, 161 peregrina, Helminthophila, 270 Vermivora, 270 peregrinus anatumt, Falco, 160, 195 Perico, 303 Pericopide, 514 Periplaneta americana, 543 Perithemis domitia, 523 perlata furcata, Strix, 159, 235 Perna, Dr. E.,. 29 perrotetti, Pristis, 58 Persian official exhibit, 313 peruviana, Cyrtoxipha, 405 peruvianus, Aphonomerphus, 425 (€canthus, 396, 398 Petchary, Cuban, 151, 248 petechia cruciana, Dendroica, 269 flaviceps, Dendroica, 269 gundlachi, Chrysocantor, 269 Dendroica, 159, 268, 269 Petrochelidon fulva fulva, 159, 259 Pewee, Cuban Wood, 152, 250 phedra, Cydosia, 513 Phaéthon americanus, 161 Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus, 158, I7I 567 Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus, 172 vigua mexicanus, 158, 172 Phalena pyralis florella, 516 reginalis, 516 Phalangida, 307 Phalangopsis, 387 annulipes, 391, 544 marmoratus, 393 | Phalangopsitide, 347, 385, 544 | Synopsis of the South American genera of, 386 Phalloceros, 123 caudomaculatus, 94, 99, 100, IoT, 1245127 Phalloptychus, 94, 120, 123 eigenmanni, 95, 121 januarius, I2I, 122, 126 Key to the species of, 121 Phallostethus dunckeri, 96 Phallotorynus fasciolatus, 95, 126, 128, 129 Phanerotinus, 26 Phemiades antiqua, 509 haitensis, 510 jamaicensis, 510 philipi, Edmondia, 26 Philohela minor, 221 Philypnus dormitor, 69 maculatus, 69 Phocides batabano, 501 phcenicealis, Pyrausta, 517 pheeniceus, Agelaius, 273. 274 Pholus labrusce, 511 phthisicus, Stenogryllus, 415 phyleus, Hylephila, 507 Phyllogryllus, 416 mortuifolia, 419 pipilans, 419 velutinus, 419 Phyllopalpus, 411 Phylloptera marginella, 544 Phylloscirtus, 402 cicindeloides, 410 collurides, 411 similis, 411 Physa cubensis, 322, 323 picipes, Parcecanthus, 422 picta, Eleotris, 69 Pecilia, 133 Picus percussus, 240 varius, 240 Pier, Garrett C., 312 Pierine, 496 Pieris ilaire, 496 monuste, 496 Piestoxiphus, 402 Pigeon, El Bobo, 227 Isle of Pines Plain, 225 Scaly-naped, 225 568 Pigeon, White-crowned, 22 Pineria beathiana, 320, 323 terebra, 320, 323 pineria, Cerion, 320 pini, Gcanthus, 399 pinnimaculatus, A¢lurichthys, 59 Felichthys, 59 pinonensis, Spirifer, 31, 32 Pinus caribaea, 149, 150 pinus, Spindalus pretrei, 281 Pionea fusculalis, 516 pipilans, Phyllogryllus, 419 piracicabe, Apareiodon, 71 Parodon, 72 Pisidium, 478 « genus, 446, 473; for index of species see p. 475 Pisobia minutilla, 211 Pitangus caudifasciatus, 248 Pithecolobium arboreum, 152, 153 pittieri, Poeciliopsis, 120 pityonesica, Cepolis, 321 pityophila, Dendroica, 161 Planorbis lanieriana, 322 lucidus, 322, 323 redfieldi, 322 Platyclymenia americana, 27, 29 polypleura, 27 Platydactylus, 419 saulcyi, 423 platypterus cubanensis, Buteo, 161, 193 Platyzosteria cabrere, 542 finschiana, 542 Plegadis autumnalis, 161 Pleistocene fauna of California, 2 Pleuronectide, 70 plena, Camaroteechia, 338 Pleurodonte auricoma, 321, 323 Plover, Black-bellied, 214 Golden, 214 Semipalmated, 216 Wilson, 216 plumieri, Heemulon, 65 Pluvialis dominicus dominicus, 214 podiceps antillarum, Podilymbus, 170 Podilymbus podiceps, 158, 170 antillarum, 170 Podoscirtide, 348, 416 Synopsis of the South American genera of, 416 Podoscirtus, 417 Poeecilia amates, 120 amazonica, I3I branneri, 134 decem-maculatus, 129, 130 festa, 118 heteristia, 134 januarius, 122 melanzona, 132, 133 INDEX. Pecilia pare, 132 picta, 133 reticulata, 134 sphenops, 136 vivipara pare, 132 Peeciliide, 95 Peeciliid fishes: Aggregations of sperm, or ‘“‘spermo- zeugmata,’’ IOI Birth, 103 Breeding habits, 98 New genera and species, 95 Number of young in some vivi- parous species, 103 Postnatal development, 97 References to literature, 107 Sex ratio, 106 Peeciliopsis amates, 120 colombiana, 120 ~ pittieri, 120 Peecilonetta bahamensis, 161 poeyanus, Spiraxis, 320 poeyi, Gryllodes, 382 PolinssOVGr 5 poliophcea, Grus, 205 Polioptila caerulea cerulea, 160, 254 politus, Tridactylus, 358 ; Polyborus cheriway, 158, 198 vulgaris, 198 Polydactylus approximans, 61 virginicus, 61 polydamas, Papilio, 500 polydorus, Lyriopecten, 26 polyglottos, Mimus, 160, 251 Polygyra albolabris goodrichi, 539 bardenflehti, 321 insularum, 321 lingulata, 321 paludosa, 321, 323 profunda strontiana, 537, 538 solitaria, 540 polylepis, Balistes, 68 Polynemide, 61 Polyphemus solidulus, 319 subulatus, 319 polypleura, Platyclymenia, 27 Pomadaside, 66 Pomadasis branicki, 66 macracanthus, 66 porcatus, Anolis, 302 porosus, Crocodilus, 299 portoricensis, Todus, 238 Porzana flaviventris, 161 Postprolobites cephalapod zone, 29 pratincola furcata, Strix, 235 Prenes corrupta, 509 nero, 500 ocola, 509 presidionis, Poecilia, 119 INDEX. 569 pretrei pinus, Spindalus, 281 Spindalus, 159, 281 Tanagra, 281 Priapichthys episcopi, 116 nigroventralis, 115 Primitia logani, 327 Prionodesmacea, 330 Priotrochatella constellata, 317, 323 stellata, 317, 323 Priotelus temnurus temnurus, 159, 161 vescus, 161, 242 Pristide, 58 Pristis pectinatus, 58 perrotteti, 58 procer, Megalomastoma, 315 Proclamation of the President of the United States, 300 Productella arctirostrata, 25,28, 46 _coloradensis, 25, 45 var. plicata, 25, 46 depressa, 25, 46 hirsuta, 25, 46 hirsutiformis, 25, 46 laminata, 25, 46 spinigera, 25, 45 subaculeata, 25, 46 subalata, 25, 46 Productide, 45 profunda strontiana, Polygyra, 537, 538 Progne cryptoleuca, 159, 260 Prolebias, 96 Proserpina globulosa, 318, 323 Prosthacusta, 386 Protambulyx strigilis carteri, 59 Proteides angasi, 502 idas var. san antonio, 502 proteus, Eudamus, 500 Protoneura amatoria, 521 corculum, 521 Protonotario citrea, 271 Protoparce rustica, 510 sexta, 510 Protremata, 25, 44 Prolobites simplex, 27, 29 proxima, Columba inornata, 161, 226 pruinosa, Urocoptis, 320 Pseudancistrus carnegiei, 83 Pseudemys palustris, 300 Pseudogryllus, 414 elongatus, 415 pseudogula, Eucinostoma, 67 Pseudoneuroptera, 526 Pseudopeecilia, 118 festa, I19 fria, 95, 105, 119 Psinidia fenestralis, 545 Psittacus leucocephalus, 228 Pterinopecten imbecilis, 26 225, Pterinopecten vertumnus, 26 Pterotheca expansa, Pthonia cylindrica, 26 Ptiloxena atroviolacea, 159, 276 pulicaria, Rhipipteryx, 363, 367 Pullman Palace Car model, 312 punctatus, Rivulus, 111 punctulatus, Hippocampus, 60 punicifolia, Eugenia, 151 Pupide, The, 315 pupoides, Tudora, 317 pusillus, Ereunetes, 211 Miogryllus, 381 pustulipes, Gryllodes, 382 Put-in-Bay, shells of, 532 pygogramma, Fitzroyia, 140, 142 Pyramidula alternata eriensis, 532, 535 solitaria albina, 533 mynesites, 535 roseo-apicata, 534 strontiana, 532, 535 Pyrausta cardinalis, 517 pheenicealis, 517 pyrogramma, Fitzroyia, 142 R32 Querquedula discors, 159, 190 quiscala agleus, Quiscalus, 277 Quiscalus atro-violaceus, 276 barytus, 276 gundlachii, 276, 279 quiscula agleus, 277 Raborocado, 303 radiatilis, Ancylus, 322 Rail, Cuban King, 153, 200 Isle of Pines Clapper, I51, 201 Virginia, 202 Rallus elegans ramsdeni, 158, 200 longirostris cubanus, I61 leucophceus, 158, 161, 201 waynei, 202 Ramsden, Charles T., 147, 176, 242, 282 | ramsdeni, Cyanerpes cyaneus, 161 Rallus elegans, 158, 200 Raven, 255 Raymond, Dr. P. E., 24, 30 The Pelecypoda of the formation, 325-343 Chazy | raymondi, Spirifer, 25, 31, 32 Read, Arthur C., Redstart, 260 Red-wing, 153, 273 Reed, William H., 2 reflexa, Ampullaria, 322 refulgens, Oligoplites, 62 147, 156, 157 | regia, Oreodoxia, 150 reginalis, Sylepta, 516 Remigia disseverans, 514 repens, Ardea herodias, 178 570 repens, Ardea occidentalis, 158, 176, 177 Reptiles and Amphibians of the Isle of Pines, by Thomas Barbour, 297- | 308 reticularis, Atrypa, 29 reticulata, Poecilia, 134 reticulatus, Lebistes, 95, 105, 134, 135 retrusus, Myiadestes elisabeth, 252 Rhinobatide, 58 Rhinobatus leucorhynchus, 58 Rhipidomella vanuxemi, 25, 28, 44 Rhipipteryx, 354 atra, 361 biolleyi, 363 boliviana, 361, 364 brullei, 362, 366 carbonaria, 361 circumcincta, 361, 364 cruciata, 362, 365 cyanipennis, 362 forceps, 361, 363 fraterna, 363 hydrodroma, 361 limbata, 361 marginata, 362 marginipennis, 362, 367 mexicana, 363, 367 pulicaria, 363, 367 pulicaria var. peruviana, 367 rivularia, 362, 366 scrofulosa, 363 tricolor, 363 trilobata, 362, 365 Synopsis of the species of, 361 Rhopalocera, 488 Rhytidopoma rugulosum, 316, 323 clathratum, 316, 323 nodulatum, 316, 323 Rhizophora mangle, 151 rhombeus, Gerres, 66 rhombifer, Crocodilus, 299 Rhynchonella acuminata, 29 (Stenocisma) contracta, 43 Rhynchonellide, 38 Riccordia ricordii ricordii, 159, 246 Richmond, Dr. Charles W., 147 ricordii, Eleutherodactylus, 308 Orthorhynchus, 246 Riccordia, 159, 246 Ridgway, Robert, 147, 169 Riley, Joseph H., 147, 155 **Rincon’’ Lagoon, 152 Riparia riparia, 259 rivularia, Rhipipteryx, 362, 366 Rivulus brevis, 112 compressus, 95, III cylindraceus, 108 elegans, 108, 109 godmani, 108 INDEX. Rivulus hartii, 108 holmiz, I10 magdalene, 95, 109 micropus, III obscurus, III punctatus, III roberti, Hyporhamphus, 60 | robinsoni, Cherocampa, 510 Xylophanes, 511 Rodriguez, Sefior V. J., 297 Roioc, Morinda, 151 roseo-apicata, Pyramidula, 534 | Rostrhamus sociabilis, 158, 192 | rousseau, Siphostoma, 60 ruber, Phcenicopterus, 158, 189 | rubidus, Oxyechus vociferus, 158, 215 | sandvicensis acuflavida, rubripes, Mimocichla, 159, 253 Ruedemann, Rudolf, 325 rufescens, Dichromanassa, 158, 179 . ruficollis, Ardea tricolor, 158, 181 rufimentum, Hydranassa tricolor, 181 rufinucha, Octhodromus wilsonius, 216 rufipennis, Luzara, 388 rufinervis, Dythemis, 525 rugulosum nodulatum, 316 rustica, Protoparce, 510 ruticilla, Setophaga, 160, 260 Rhytidopoma, Sabal parviflora, 150 sagre, Myiarchus, 249 Myiarchus sagre, 159 sagrei, Anolis, 301 Salamanquesa, 301 Salamariquita de la Virgen, 301 Salminus affinis, 91, 92 brevidens, 91 hilarii, 91, 92 maxillosus, 91 Key to the species of, 91 Salmoperce, The, 96 Saltatoria, 345 Samea zinghalis, 516 sandarac, Asbolis, 509 Sandpiper, Least, 211 Semipalmated, 211 Spotted, 213 Sterna, 160, 200 Sandy plain of the Isle of Pines, 149 | santiago, Eudamus, 500 Sapo de concha, 308 saturatus, Butorides virescens, 185 Satyrine, 494 saulcyi, Orocharis, 423 Saurothera bahamensis, 231 decolor, 159, I61, 231 merlini, 161, 231 decolor, 231 INDEX. 571 saurus, Oligoplites, 62 Shells: Notes on Land-shells of the savanna, Passerculus sandwichensis, Islands of the Western End of 160, 285 Lake Erie and Descriptions of savannarum, Ammodramus, I61 australis, Ammodramus, 160, 285 Fringilla, 285 scala, Cyrtodonta, 333 Scapteriscus, 349 abbreviatus, 352 agassizi, 352 borellii, 352, 353 camerani, 352 didactylus, 352, 353 mexicanus, 352, 353 oxydactylus, 352 parvipennis, 352 tenuis, 352 variegatus, 352 vicinus, 352, 354 Synopsis of the South American species of, 352 Scaride, 68 Searus croicensis, 68 Schistocerca, 546 inscripta, 546 pallens, 546 Schizodus appressus, 26 Schizophoria striatula var. 25, 44 Schuchertella chemungensis var. arcto- striata, 25, 45 crenistria, 25 inflata, 25, 28 Sciadeichthys troscheli, 59 Scienide, 67 scituliceps, Synodus, 59, 66 sciurus, Hzemulon, 65 scituliceps, Synodus, 60 scopulorum, Eutrochatella, 318 scrofulosa, Rhipipteryx, 363 scudderi, Hemulon, 65 Orphulella, 545 Seiurus aurocapillus, 160, 264 motacilla, 262, 263 noveboracensis notabilis, 160, 263 Selene vomer, 62 semipalmata, Symphemia, 212 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus palmatus, 160, 212 Charadrius, 160, 216 septentrionalis, Cathartes aura, 192 Hyla, 307 Serranide, 64 Sesia fadus, 511 setipinnis, Vomer, 63 Setochalcis cubanensis, 159, 238 Setophaga ruticilla, 160, 260 sexta, Protoparce, 510 Shah Abbas, 314 australis, semi- New Varieties. Clapp, 532-541 List of Land and Fresh-water Shells of the Isle of Pines. By John B. Henderson, 315-324 Shells found at East Sister Island, On- tario, 531 Green Island, Ohio (Formerly Strontian Island), 530 Middle Island, Ontario, 530 Middle Sister Island, Ontario, 531 Mouse Island, Ohio, 531 North Harbor Island, Ontario, 531 West Sister Island, Ohio, 530 Shimer, H. W., 24 Siderone ide, 493 sigillatus, Gryllodes, 382, 544 siju, Glaucidium siju, 161, 232 Noctua, 232 vittatum, Glaucidium, 159, I61 silens, Aphonomorphus, 424, 425 Siluride, 58 By George H. * simillimus, Gerres, 66 similis, Phylloscirtus, 411 simonsi, Galeichthys, 58 simplex, Prolobites, 27 Tornoceras, 29 simplicicollis, Erythemis, 525 Siphostoma eigenmanni, 60 rousseau, 60 Smith, Hugh M.: Appreciation of edi- torial work, 313 Snails, food for chickens, 528 Paradise of, 528 Snipe, Wilson, 210 sociabilis, Rostrhamus, 158, 192 sociale, Leptodesma, 26 solidula, Oleacina, 319 | Solitaire, Cuban, 252, 253 Isle of Pines, 253 solitaria, Pyramidula albina, 533 Cyrtodonta, 332 Polygyra, 540 strontiana, Pyramidula, 532, 535 Tringa, 160 Tringa solitaria, 212 solox, Lyriopecten, 26 soporator, Gobius, 70 South American Crickets, poidea, and Achetoidea. rence Bruner, 344-428 Sowter, T. W. E., 339 sowteri, Modiolopsis, 340 Sowteria canadensis, 326, 342 Gryllotal- By Law- 572 IND Sparide, 66 Sparrow, Grasshopper, 285 Savannah, 285 sparveria dominicensis, Cerchneis, 195 sparverioides, Falco, 158, 195, 196 sparverius, Falco, 195, 196, 197 Spathella typica, 26 spectabilis, Otocinclus, 78 spelaus, Amblyopsis, 97 Spheeriide, 431 Collecting and collecting outfit, 479, 480 Drift-heaps containing, 483 Fossil species of, 431, 483 Method of making collecting net with cheap ring, 480 Preliminary catalog North American, Sterki, 429-477 Preservation of, 484 Shipping for identification, 485 Time for collecting, 482 Variation in species. 429 Well-known only from limited area of Western Continent, 478 | and Aquatic Gastropods: sugges- tions for collecting, 478-486 | the | Victor | of By Spherium, genus, 431, 472; for index -| of species see p. 475 Spherodactylus elegans, 300 cinereus, 301 nigropunctatus, 300 notatus, 300, 301 Sphagebranchus anguiformis, 55, 56 conklini, 55, 56 sphenops, Mollienisia, 136 Peecilia, 136 Spheroides annulatus, 69 testudineus, 69 Sphingide, 510 Sphingoidea, 510 Sphingonotus haitensis, 545 Sphinx alope, 511 fadus, 511 ficus, 511 cingulata, 510 labruscee, 511 lugubris, 511 medor, 510 rustica, 510 sexta, 510 tersa, 511 Sphyrapicus varius varius, 160, 240 Sphyrna tiburo, 58 Sphyrnide, 58 Spindalis, Cuban, 149, 152, 281 pretrei, 159 EX. spinosa, Fulica, 217, 218 gymnostoma, Jacana, 220 Jacana, 220 Spiraxis poeyana, 323 (Glandinella) poeyanus, 320 Spirifer archiaci, 29 argentarius, 31, 32 conoideus, 29 cuspidatus, 25 disjunctus, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36 var. animasensis, 34 elegans, 32 mucronatus, 32 newberryi, 25 pinonensis, 31, 32 raymondi, 25, 31, 32 subequalis, 25 whitneyi, 25, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38 var. animasensis, 25, 34 gallatinensis, 25, 35 monticola, 25, 36, 37 Spiriferide, 31 Spondias Monbin, 149 sponsa, Aix, 161, IOI Spoonbill, Roseate, 188 ““Spur-winged Water-hen,”’ 219 squamosa, Anona, I51 Columba, 158, 225, 227 inornata, Columba, 158, 225, 227 Squatarola squatarola, 160, 214 Starnznas cyanocephala, 158, 220 Steinbach, José, 312 steindachneri, Gnathocharax, 79 Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard, 297 stellata, Priotrochatella, 317 Stenaphonus, 417 steneles, Victorina, 494 Stencecanthus, 417 Stenogryllide, 348 Synopsis of the genera of South American, 414 Stenogryllus, 41, 415 phthisicus, 415 Stenogyride, 315 Sterna anetheta, 161 antillarum, 158 cayennensis, 209 dougalli, 161 fuscata, 161 maxima, 158, 200 sandvicensis acuflavida, 160, 209 Sterki, Victor, A Preliminary. Catalog of the North American Spheriide, 429-477 Stethaprion crenatus, 77, 80, 81 stilbe, Astyanax, 89 Stilt, Black-necked, 210 pinus, 281 spinigera, Productella, 25, 45 stolidus, Anous stolidus, 161 straminea, Oleacina oleacea, 319 INDEX. Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon, 160, 239 Streptoprocne zonaris pallidifrons, 159, 245 | Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. arc- tostriata, 45 striata, Dendroica, 16), 265 striatula var. australis, Schizophoria, 25, 44 Orthis, 29 striatus fringilloides, Accipiter, 161 strigilis carteri, Protambulyx, 510 | Strix furcata, 235 pratincola furcata, 235 strontiana, Polygyra profunda, 537, 538 Pyramidula solitaria, 532, 535 Strophomenacea, 44 Strophomenide, 45 Sturnella argutula, 272 hippocrepis, 272 magna hippocrepis, 159, 272 neglecta, 273 stygius, Asio, 159, 235 siguapa, Nyctalops, 235 subaculeata, Productella, 25, 46 subalata, Productella, 25, 46 subarcuata, Grammysia, 26 subcarinata, Cyrtodonta, 329 subequalis, Spirifer, 25 sublamellosa, Cleiothyridina, 25 subniger, Agelaius, 273, 274 subquadrilateralis, _Modiolopsis, subrecta, Goniaphora, 26 subreniformis, Camarophoria, 29, 42 subulata, Oleacina, 319 Sula leucogastra, 161 _superciliaris, Centurus superciliaris, 161 Colaptes, 241 Melanerpes, 241 murceus, Centurus, 159, I61 surinamensis, Eneoptera,:413 swainsonii, Hylocichla ustulata, 254 Swallow, Bank, 259 Barn, 258 Cuban Cliff, r49, 2590 Rough-winged, 259 Swift, Antillean Collared, 245 Black, 244 Cuban Palm, 245 Sylepta reginalis, 516 330, | 340 | sylvestris, Casearia, 149 Sylvia pensilis, 266 trichas, 261 | virens, 267 | . Symphemia semipalmata, 212 Symphyloxiphus, 402 magnificum, 410 Synchromia cardinalis, 517 Syngamia florella, 516 573 Syngnathide, 60 Synodontide, 59 Synodus scituliceps, 59, 60 jenkinsi, 59 Syntomide, auclorum, 512 syrichtus, Hesperia, 506 Syringothyris carteri, 25, 27 27, 28 Tabebouia lepidophylla, 150 Table indicating the distribution of land and fresh-water shells of the Isle of Pines, 323 Tachornis phenocobia yradii, 159, 245 Tachyris ilaire, 496 Tafalisca, 418 lineatipes, 415 lurida, 416 Tanagra pretrei, 281 Tantalus loculator, 189 Tarentola, 301 taylori, Melopyrrha, 283 Teal, Blue-winged, 190 Tecoma pentaphylla, 153 Telegonus cassander, 503, 504 gerone, 503 habana, 503 hahneli, 503, 504 Telotremata, 25, 31 telskii, Aphonomorphus, 425 temnurus, Trogon, 242 vescus, Priotelus, 161, 242 tenuatus, Lestes, 519 tenuilabris, Helicina, 318 tenuis, GEcanthus, 396, 398 Scapteriscus, 352 Terebra, Pineria, 320 Teretistris fernandine, 159, 262 Terias amelia, 499 citrina, 498 dina, 498 elathea, 499 euterpe, 499 lisa, 499 terminalis, Apareiodon, 71 Parodon, 76 Tern, Cabot, 209 Least, 209 Royal, 209 rookery, 528 Ternstrcemia obovalis, 152 testaceus, Aphonomorphus, 425 testudineus, Spheroides, 69 Tetraodontidez, 69 Tetrazygia bicolor, 152 Tettigonoidea, 346 Thamnoscirtus, 402 cicindeloides, 410 vittatus, 411 Thanaos velasquez, 506 574 Thecla columella, 495 favonius, 495 martialis, 495 theonus, Lycena, 495 Thespis cubensis, 543 Tholymis citrina, 526 Thrush, Grinnell Water-, 263 Louisiana Water-, 262 Olive-backed, 254 Red-legged, 149, 152, 253 thula, Egretta thula, 158, 180 ““Thunder-snakes,’’ 305 Thymelicus nanus, 506 Thysanophora boothiana, 321, 323 Tiaris canora, 284, 285 olivacea olivacea, 159, 283 tibialis, Cyrtoxipha, 405 Laranda, 387, 388 tiburo, Sphyrna, 58 tigrina, Dendroica, 269 timais, Xanthopastis, 513 Timetes eleucha, 493 timidus, Aphonomorphus, 424 ““Tocororo,’’ 244 Todd, W. E. C., The Birds of the Isle of Pines, 146-296 Todus multicolor, 159, 238 portoricensis, 238 Tody, Cuban, 149, 238 Tolmarchus caudifasciatus, 159, 248 Tornoceras crebriseptum, 27 douglassi, 27 simplex, 29 torquatus, Oxyechus vociferus, 215 Tortoise, description of a new species from the Jurassic of Utah. By Charles W. Gilmore, 7-12 Tortricide, 517 Totanus flavipes, 160, 212 melanoleucus, 160, 211 toxiferum, Metopium, 153 Trachinotus culveri, 62 fasciatus, 62 glaucus, 62 Trachycorystes fisheri, 82 Tramea insularis, 526 tranceps, Endodesma, 337 Tretanorhinus insule-pinorum, 306 variabilis, 306 trichas, Geothlypis trichas, 160, 261 ignota, Geothlypis, 261 Sylvia, 261 Trichilia hirta, 149 tricolor, Ara, 159, 227 Rhipipteryx, 363 ruficollis, Ardea, 181 Hydranassa, 158, 181 Tridactylide, 348 Habitat of, 355 INDEX. Tridactylide, Synopsis of the South American genera of, 354 Tridactylus, 354 atratus, 356, 357 australis, 356, 357 (Heteropus) histrio, 359 marginatus, 3606 obscurus, 356, 357 politus, 356, 358 Synopsis of South American species of, 356 Trigonidiide, 348 Synopsis of the genera with special reference to Tropical America, 401 : Trigonidium, 401 pallens, 409 trilobata, Rhipipteryx, 362, 365 Tringa solitaria, 160, 212 tripuncta, Lerodea, 508 Trogon, Isle of Pines, 149, 152, 242 temnurus, 242 Tropidophis pardalis, 304 troscheli, Sciadeichthys, 59 Truxalide, 545 Tschernyschew, Dr. Th., 28 tuberculata, Diatrypa, 421 Tudora moreletiana, 317, 323 pupoides, 317, 323 Turdus carolinensis, 252 | Turkey, Water, 171 Turnstone, Ruddy, 217 tutolia, Amblyscirtes, 508 typica, Eopteria, 336 Tyrannus cubensis, 159, 247 dominicensis dominicensis, 159, 247 magnirostris, 247 Turtles (Morrison Beds), most ancient in North America, 7 Tyto perlata furcata, 159, 235 Ululodes hyalinus, 526 umbrata, Erythrodiplax, 525 Umbrina tumacoénsis, 67 umbrinus, Buteo borealis, 161 | undata, Whiteavsia, 337 undecimalis, Centropomus, 64 unimaculatus, Archosargus, 66 uninotatus, Girardinus, 122 Upeneus grandisquamis, 61 Urania boisduvali, 515 | Urantide, 515 Uranophora chalybea, 512 Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) 320, 323 urophthalmus, Rivulus, 110 uruba, Catharista, 191 Urubitinga anthracina, 193, 194 gundlachii, 158, 193, 194 pruinosa, usnez, Compsothlypis americana, 160, | 270 INDEX. ustulata swainsonii, Hylocichla, 254 utahense, Leiorhynchus, 41 var. ventricosum, 25, 40, 42 Utetheisa venusta, 512 Vanessa lytrea, 492 vanilla, Dione, 490 Vanuxemia limbata, 338 montrealensis, 329 vanuxemi, Orthis, 44 Rhipidomella, 25, 28, 44 variabilis, Parra, 219 Tretanorhinus, 306 varia, Mniotilta, 160, 271 varicornis, Gecanthus, 396, 398 variegata, Cyrtoxipha, 404 Helicina, 318 variegatus, Aphonomorphus, 424 Scapteriscus, 352 varius, Sphyrapicus varius, 240 velutinus, Phyllogryllus, 419 venusta, Utetheisa, 512 verbenata, Erythemis, 525 Vermivora bachmani, 270 peregrina, 270 vermivorus, Helmitheros, 271 vertumnus, Pterinopecten, 26 vescus, Priotelus temnurus, 159, 242 vesiculosa, Erythemis, 525 Lepthemis, 525 vicinus, Parcecanthus, 421, 422 Scapteriscus, 352, 354 Victorina steneles, 493 insularis, 494 vigua mexicanus, Phalacrocorax, T72 violacea, Jacana spinosa, 158, 217 Nyctanassa, 158, 187 Parra, 219 virens, Afschna, 523, Dendroica, 160, 267 Sylvia, 267 Vireo, carmioli, 256 crassirostris, 256 Leiorhynchus, 16, 158, 575 Vireosylva olivacea, 258 virescens, Ardea, 182 cubanus, Butorides, 158, 183, 186 virginianus, Chordeiles, 236 Chordeiles virginianus, 160 Colinus, 199 minor, Chordeiles, 159, 236, 237 | virginicus, Polydactylus, 61 viridis, Centropomus, 64 vittatum, Glaucidium siju, 159, 161, 233 Thamnoscirtus, 411 vittatus, Leiocephalus, 304 vivipara, Peecilia, 97, 98, 131, 132 vocifera, Agialitis, 215 vociferus, Antrostomus, 238 Aramus, 158, 204 Caprimulgus, 238 Oxyechus vociferus, 160, 214 Vomer, setipinnis, 63 vomer, Selene, 62 vulgaris, Nycticorax, 186 Polyborus, 198 Vulture, Southern Turkey, 191 waimacui, Rivulus, 110 Walker, Dr. Bryant, 431, 527, 532 Warbler, Bachman, 270 Blackburnian, 267 Black-poll, 265 Black-throated Blue, 268 Black-throated Green, 267 Black and White, 271 Cape May, 269 Cerulean, 267 Cuban Yellow, 269 Fernandina, 262 Magnolia, 269 Myrtle, 268 Northern Parula, 270 Palm, 264 Prairie, 265 Prothonotary, 271 Worm-eating, 271 Tennessee, 270 Vellow-throated, 151, 266 wardi, Ardea herodias, 177 waynei, Rallus longirostris, 202 gundlachii gundlachii, 159, 255, 256 | Wedekind, Dr. R., 29 orientalis, 256 ochraceus, 256 griseus griseus, 160 Black-whiskered, 149, 152, 257 Gundlach’s, 255 Red-eyed, 258 White-eyed, 256 Yellow-throated, 257 Vireosylva calidris barbatula, 159, 257 calidris, 257 | Weed, Dr. W. H., 22 Whip-poor-will, Cuban, 238 whitneyi, Spirifer, 28, 33, 34, 35, 38 Whiteavsia, undata, 337 expansa, 337 whiteavsiana, Helicotoma, 326 wilcoxi, Chondropoma, 316 Willet, 212 Wilson, Charles, Some 232 marine fishes from Colombia and Ecuador, 57-70 wilsonia, Pagolla wilsonia, 158, 216 wilsonius. rufinucha, Octhodromus, 216 Woodpecker, Isle of Pines, 150, 241 Isle of Pines Green, 152, 240 Yellow-bellied, 240 Wortman, Jacob L., 3 Wrightii, Paurotis, 150 xanthocera, Nyridela, 512 Xanthopastis timais, 513 Xantornus dominicensis, 275 ~ Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinor- um, 159, 161, 240 Xya, 355 notata, 366 Xylophanes robinsoni, 511 tersa, 511 INDEX. Xylopia grandiflora, 152 Yellow-legs, 212 Greater, 211 yradii, Tachornis phzenicobia, 159, 245 Zappey, Walter R., 147, 155 Zenaida zenaida zenaida, 158, 222, 223 Zenaidura carolinensis marginata, 223 macroura, 158, 223 macroura bella, 223 marginata, 223 zinghalis, Crocidophora, 516 zonaris pallidifrons, Hemiprocna, 245 Streptoprocne, 159, 245 Zonitide, 315 Zygoptera, 519° =) Chote Be oy Pac Sah A toes afc tae -$ “ya gH hd se Publications of the Carnegie Museum Serial No. 88 ANNALS OF ‘THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM Were N NOS sae 2. January, 1916. For sale by Messrs. Wm, Wesley & Sons, 28 Essex St. Strand, London: England, Messrs. R. Friedlander, u. Sohn, 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W. 6., Germany; and at the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. A. ai 2 XII. CONTENTS Editorial Notes . ; aise = . . Description of a New Species of Tortoise from the Jurassic of Utah. By CHARLES W. GILMORE ~ a4 A : . The Fauna of the Upper Devonian in Montana. By ae Wish, hens. sie eC er . Description of a New Sphagebranchus from the Ba- hamas. By C. H. EIGENMANN .. : ; SS . Some Marine Fishes from Colombia and Ecuador. By CHARLES WILSON -. : i ; ; eB On Apareiodon, a New Genus of Characid Fishes. oe By Cart H.:EIGENMANN.~. ; , : Set . New or Rare Fishes from South American Rivers. . By Cart H. EIGENMANN. .. : : : oe TT ae . Description of Three New Species of Characid Fishes. : a By Cart H. EIGENMANN AND: ARTHUR W.HENN <> 87°. @ . On the Species of Salminus. By Cart L. EIGEN- — | MANN. 3 ; ; ; ; : s i Ot On Various South American Peeciliid Fishes. By ARTHUR W. HENN ‘ i ; i : pte: A New Species of Apatosaurus. By W. J. HoLLaNn: i Pietged 4 . The Birds of the iste of Pines. - W.E. CLYDE ‘LODD.*.. ‘ ~ 146 The Reptiles and Aniphibiebe % of the Isle of Pines. By Tuomas BARBOUR. ; . ; a a y Sy rnegie Museum —_— Serial No. 90 bat i se” tS 3 ns, 28 Essex St. Strand, London, Englan ee N. W. 6., Germany; and Pittsburgh, Pa., U. S. A. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXII. CONTENTS Editorial Notes A List of the Land and Fresk-Wator Shells of the Isle of Pines. By JOHN B. HENDERSON : The Pelecypoda of the Chazy Formation. By Percy E. RayMonp South American Crickets, Gryllotalpoidea, and Achetoidea. By LAWRENCE BRUNER. A Preliminary Catalog of the North enetipns Spheriide. By Victor STERKI, M.D. Some Directions and Suggestions for Collecting the Spheriide and Aquatic Gastropods. By VICTOR STERKI, M.D. The Lepidoptera of the igs of Pines, Heine a . List of the Species Collected on the Island by Mr. J. L. Graf, in t910, and Mr. G. A. Link, Sr., in 1912-1913. By W. J. HOLLAND A List of the Odonata Collected on the Isle of Pines by Mr. J. L. Graf in 1910, and by Mr. G. A. Link in 1912-1913, Now Contained in the Car- negie Museum. By HuGo KAHL. A Trip to Islands in Lake Erie. By CALVIN een: RCE y a Notes on the bande shells: of the Islandé at the Western End of Lake Erie and Description of New Varieties. By GreorGE H. CLApP A List of the Orthoptera Collected in the Isle af: Pines by J. L. Graf, 1910, and G. A. Link, 1912— 1913. By W. J. HoLtAnpd AnD HuGo Kaai Index . 478 . 487 519 527 532 . 542 547 va es hy cas d ire el Ad abe As E> RS te. dag bs wear 7 yecente tte ’ a eens 5 : see es ennnires eae + ‘ cocci tes , oy Woot ee aret ee eS BRE SNe ty Ai t3e3Seees : + ¥ 2¥e beat ree tesy HY +45 ASS tira reetas ta ue % AS + H ; Y ed be ree 9; eo a ras ey eit ith reaper ttepreameaty Pietra Sa enore er eat r Liat amsrir 7 PRI ied a see ; : = = = pane vs ni : press Tae . ; ; 4 x ¢ re , : | 7 7 | r4 ar enrrr Le add | : neoasinar ines SoS" TTT eagrbreser earn HEHE . . : ze a . aaeeperiine te OAe ert TS. i : BES = : | = ? : ¥ ST cere ee slap ettreet cacy ge genren ts